scholarly journals Infection and pathogenesis of Huaiyangshan virus (a novel tick-borne bunyavirus) in laboratory rodents

2012 ◽  
Vol 93 (6) ◽  
pp. 1288-1293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Ping Chen ◽  
Mei-Li Cong ◽  
Ming-Hui Li ◽  
Yan-Jun Kang ◽  
Yan-Meng Feng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Newborn Rats ◽  
Newborn Mice ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Laboratory Rodents ◽  
Lethal Infection ◽  
Km Mice ◽  
Almost All

A novel tick-borne bunyavirus (Huaiyangshan virus, HYSV), which causes haemorrhagic fever-like disease, has recently been reported in China. So far no animal experiments have been performed to study its pathogenesis. Towards developing an animal model for HYSV fever, newborn and adult mice and rats and golden hamsters were inoculated intracerebrally or intraperitoneally with HYSV. Newborn rats and newborn mice, especially Kunming (KM) mice, appeared highly susceptible. Remarkably, the KM mice that died of the HYSV infection developed large necrotic areas in the liver, while no obvious pathological changes were observed within the other organs. PCR and immunohistochemical analyses of the post-mortem material detected both HYSV antigen and RNA in almost all organs, indicating a systemic infection. Our data demonstrate that HYSV can cause a lethal infection of both newborn mice and newborn rats with apparent pathological damage of the liver. This animal model may help to understand the pathogenesis of the HYSV infection in humans.

scholarly journals Pathogenicity of a natural reassortant hantavirus CGRn9415 in newborn rats and newborn mice

2012 ◽  
Vol 93 (5) ◽  
pp. 1017-1022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Ping Chen ◽  
Juan Yu ◽  
Ming-Hui Li ◽  
Gao-Yu Zhao ◽  
Wen Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Persistent Infection ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Statistical Difference ◽  
Hantaan Virus ◽  
Newborn Rats ◽  
Newborn Mice ◽  
Seoul Virus ◽  
Km Mice ◽  
Low Dosage

To better understand the pathogenicity and infectivity of a natural reassortant CGRn9415 generated from Hantaan virus (HTNV) and Seoul virus (SEOV), CGRn9415, HTNV 76–118 and SEOV L99 were used to infect newborn Kunming (KM) mice and newborn Wistar rats. In KM mice, there was no statistical difference between the death rate with CGRn9415 and that of L99, while 76–118 killed all mice even at low dosage; CGRn9415 killed all infected rats similar to L99 at the dosage of 105 f.f.u., while no death occurred in rats infected with 76–118 even as high as 2×105 f.f.u., suggesting that the reassortant CGRn9415 possesses similar pathogenicity as L99. Furthermore, the reassortant CGRn9415 could establish a persistent infection in both KM mice and Wistar rats more easily than 76–118 or L99. These data suggest that the reassorted hantavirus behaves more like SEOV as far as the pathogenicity is concerned.

scholarly journals Preclinical Testing of Radiopharmaceuticals for the Detection and Characterization of Osteomyelitis: Experiences from a Porcine Model

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (14) ◽  
pp. 4221
Author(s):  
Aage Kristian Olsen Alstrup ◽  
Svend Borup Jensen ◽  
Ole Lerberg Nielsen ◽  
Lars Jødal ◽  
Pia Afzelius
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Porcine Model ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Radioactive Tracers ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Selection Of

The development of new and better radioactive tracers capable of detecting and characterizing osteomyelitis is an ongoing process, mainly because available tracers lack selectivity towards osteomyelitis. An integrated part of developing new tracers is the performance of in vivo tests using appropriate animal models. The available animal models for osteomyelitis are also far from ideal. Therefore, developing improved animal osteomyelitis models is as important as developing new radioactive tracers. We recently published a review on radioactive tracers. In this review, we only present and discuss osteomyelitis models. Three ethical aspects (3R) are essential when exposing experimental animals to infections. Thus, we should perform experiments in vitro rather than in vivo (Replacement), use as few animals as possible (Reduction), and impose as little pain on the animal as possible (Refinement). The gain for humans should by far exceed the disadvantages for the individual experimental animal. To this end, the translational value of animal experiments is crucial. We therefore need a robust and well-characterized animal model to evaluate new osteomyelitis tracers to be sure that unpredicted variation in the animal model does not lead to a misinterpretation of the tracer behavior. In this review, we focus on how the development of radioactive tracers relies heavily on the selection of a reliable animal model, and we base the discussions on our own experience with a porcine model.

scholarly journals The efficiency of murine MLL-ENL–driven leukemia initiation changes with age and peaks during neonatal development

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (15) ◽  
pp. 2388-2399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theresa Okeyo-Owuor ◽  
Yanan Li ◽  
Riddhi M. Patel ◽  
Wei Yang ◽  
Emily B. Casey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Myeloid Leukemia ◽  
Transgene Expression ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Human Infant ◽  
Driver Mutations ◽  
Hematopoietic Progenitors ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Infant Leukemia

Abstract MLL rearrangements are translocation mutations that cause both acute lymphoblastic leukemia and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). These translocations can occur as sole clonal driver mutations in infant leukemias, suggesting that fetal or neonatal hematopoietic progenitors may be exquisitely sensitive to transformation by MLL fusion proteins. To test this possibility, we used transgenic mice to induce one translocation product, MLL-ENL, during fetal, neonatal, juvenile and adult stages of life. When MLL-ENL was induced in fetal or neonatal mice, almost all died of AML. In contrast, when MLL-ENL was induced in adult mice, most survived for >1 year despite sustained transgene expression. AML initiation was most efficient when MLL-ENL was induced in neonates, and even transient suppression of MLL-ENL in neonates could prevent AML in most mice. MLL-ENL target genes were induced more efficiently in neonatal progenitors than in adult progenitors, consistent with the distinct AML initiation efficiencies. Interestingly, transplantation stress mitigated the developmental barrier to leukemogenesis. Since fetal/neonatal progenitors were highly competent to initiate MLL-ENL–driven AML, we tested whether Lin28b, a fetal master regulator, could accelerate leukemogenesis. Surprisingly, Lin28b suppressed AML initiation rather than accelerating it. This may explain why MLL rearrangements often occur before birth in human infant leukemia patients, but transformation usually does not occur until after birth, when Lin28b levels decline. Our findings show that the efficiency of MLL-ENL–driven AML initiation changes through the course of pre- and postnatal development, and developmental programs can be manipulated to impede transformation.

scholarly journals Ferret animal model of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome phlebovirus for human lethal infection and pathogenesis

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 438-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Su-Jin Park ◽  
Young-Il Kim ◽  
Angela Park ◽  
Hyeok-Il Kwon ◽  
Eun-Ha Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Lethal Infection ◽  
Severe Fever

Recent advances in animal model experimentation in autism research

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 264-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mousumi Tania ◽  
Md. Asaduzzaman Khan ◽  
Kun Xia
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Human Condition ◽  
Behavioral Alterations ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Model Study ◽  
Disease Biology ◽  
Animal Model Study

ObjectiveAutism, a lifelong neuro-developmental disorder is a uniquely human condition. Animal models are not the perfect tools for the full understanding of human development and behavior, but they can be an important place to start. This review focused on the recent updates of animal model research in autism.MethodsWe have reviewed the publications over the last three decades, which are related to animal model study in autism.ResultsAnimal models are important because they allow researchers to study the underlying neurobiology in a way that is not possible in humans. Improving the availability of better animal models will help the field to increase the development of medicines that can relieve disabling symptoms. Results from the therapeutic approaches are encouraging remarkably, since some behavioral alterations could be reversed even when treatment was performed on adult mice. Finding an animal model system with similar behavioral tendencies as humans is thus vital for understanding the brain mechanisms, supporting social motivation and attention, and the manner in which these mechanisms break down in autism. The ongoing studies should therefore increase the understanding of the biological alterations associated with autism as well as the development of knowledge-based treatments therapy for those struggling with autism.ConclusionIn this review, we have presented recent advances in research based on animal models of autism, raising hope for understanding the disease biology for potential therapeutic intervention to improve the quality of life of autism individuals.

scholarly journals Longitudinal Raman Spectroscopic Observation of Skin Biochemical Changes due to Chemotherapeutic Treatment for Breast Cancer in Small Animal Model

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Myeongsu Seong ◽  
NoSoung Myoung ◽  
Songhyun Lee ◽  
Hyeryun Jeong ◽  
Sang-Youp Yim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Animal Model ◽  
Raman Spectra ◽  
Fiber Optic ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Fiber Optic Probe ◽  
Small Animal Model ◽  
Biochemical Compositions ◽  
Optic Probe

The cancer field effect (CFE) has been highlighted as one of indirect indications for tissue variations that are insensitive to conventional diagnostic techniques. In this research, we had a hypothesis that chemotherapy for breast cancer would affect skin biochemical compositions that would be reflected by Raman spectral changes. We used a fiber-optic probe-based Raman spectroscopy to perform preliminary animal experiments to validate the hypothesis. Firstly, we verified the probing depth of the fiber-optic probe (~800 μm) using a simple intravenous fat emulsion-filled phantom having a silicon wafer at the bottom inside a cuvette. Then, we obtained Raman spectra during breast cancer treatment by chemotherapy from a small animal model in longitudinal manner. Our results showed that the treatment causes variations of biochemical compositions in the skin. For further validation, the Raman spectra will have to be collected from more populations and spectra will need to be compared with immunohistochemistry of the breast tissue.

scholarly journals Molecular basis of reovirus virulence. Role of the M2 gene.

1980 ◽  
Vol 152 (4) ◽  
pp. 853-868 ◽  
Author(s):  
D H Rubin ◽  
B N Fields
Keyword(s):  
Virulence Gene ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Genome Segment ◽  
Dsrna Segment ◽  
Newborn Mice ◽  
Serotype 1 ◽  
Dsrna Genome ◽  
Outer Capsid

The mammalian reoviruses (serotype 1, strain Lang and serotype 3, strain Dearing) differ in their sensitivity to digestion by chymotrypsin. We have found that the M2 double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) genome segment (encoding the micro1C outer capsid polypeptide) is responsible for this property. In addition to determining response to protease treatement in vitro, we have found that the M2 genome segment also determines the ability of these two viruses successfully to initiate local and systemic infection in newborn mice after peroral inoculation. Thus the M2 dsRNA segment defines a new virulence gene of the mammalian reoviruses.

scholarly journals Modulation of microglial phenotypes improves sepsis-induced hippocampus-dependent cognitive impairments and decreases brain inflammation in an animal model of sepsis

2020 ◽  
Vol 134 (7) ◽  
pp. 765-776 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monique Michels ◽  
Mariane Abatti ◽  
Andriele Vieira ◽  
Pricila Ávila ◽  
Amanda Indalécio Goulart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Cecal Ligation ◽  
Brain Dysfunction ◽  
Brain Inflammation ◽  
Time Points ◽  
M2 Microglia ◽  
Microglial Phenotype ◽  
Cytokine Levels ◽  
Almost All

Abstract Background: In order to modulate microglial phenotypes in vivo, M1 microglia were depleted by administration of gadolinium chloride and the expression of M2 microglia was induced by IL-4 administration in an animal model of sepsis to better characterize the role of microglial phenotypes in sepsis-induced brain dysfunction. Methods: Wistar rats were submitted to sham or cecal ligation and perforation (CLP) and treated with IL-4 or GdCl3. Animals were submitted to behavioral tests 10 days after surgery. In a separated cohort of animals at 24 h, 3 and 10 days after surgery, hippocampus was removed and cytokine levels, M1/M2 markers and CKIP-1 levels were determined. Results: Modulation of microglia by IL-4 and GdCl3 was associated with an improvement in long-term cognitive impairment. When treated with IL-4 and GdCl3, the reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines was apparent in almost all analyzed time points. Additionally, CD11b and iNOS were increased after CLP at all time points, and both IL-4 and GdCl3 treatments were able to reverse this. There was a significant decrease in CD11b gene expression in the CLP+GdCl3 group. IL-4 treatment was able to decrease iNOS expression after sepsis. Furthermore, there was an increase of CKIP-1 in the hippocampus of GdCl3 and IL-4 treated animals 10 days after CLP induction. Conclusions: GdCl3 and IL-4 are able to manipulate microglial phenotype in an animal models of sepsis, by increasing the polarization toward an M2 phenotype IL-4 and GdCl3 treatment was associated with decreased brain inflammation and functional recovery.

scholarly journals Detection of Coccidioides posadasii in a patient with meningitis using metagenomic next-generation sequencing: a case report

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuqiao Mao ◽  
Xia Li ◽  
Haibo Lou ◽  
Xiaoyu Shang ◽  
Yanjun Mai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Next Generation Sequencing ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Pathological Examination ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Coccidioides Posadasii ◽  
Dimorphic Fungi ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Generation Sequencing

Abstract Background Coccidioidomycosis is a systemic infection caused by dimorphic fungi Coccidioides spp. endemic to Southwestern United States and Central and South America. A history of residence and travel in these areas is essential for the diagnostic of coccidioidomycosis, which has highly variable symptoms ranging from asymptomatic to severe, disseminated infection, and even death. Immunocompromised patients of coccidioidomycosis experience a high risk of dissemination, chronic infection, and mortality. Meningitis is one of the most deleterious coccidioidomycosis and can cause various life-threatening complications. Case presentation Here we report a case of Coccidioides posadasii meningitis in a 49-year-old female who returned to China after one and a half years residence in Los Angeles, USA. The repeated routine cultures using CSF for bacteria or fungi were all negative. To hunt for an infectious etiology, the state-of-the-art technology metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) was then utilized, suggesting Coccidioides posadasii. Organizational pathological examination and polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR) results subsequently confirmed the mNGS detection. Conclusion To our knowledge, cases for coccidioidal meningitis have been rarely reported in China. While global travelling may spread this disease across continents and make the diagnosis more difficult. mNGS can detect almost all known pathogens with high sensitivity and specificity, especially for uncommon pathogen, such as Coccidioides posadasii in China.

scholarly journals Role of interferon in the pathogenesis of virus diseases in mice as demonstrated by the use of anti-interferon serum. II. Studies with herpes simplex, Moloney sarcoma, vesicular stomatitis, Newcastle disease, and influenza viruses.

1976 ◽  
Vol 144 (5) ◽  
pp. 1316-1323 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Gresser ◽  
M G Tovey ◽  
C Maury ◽  
M T Bandu
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Influenza Virus Infection ◽  
Rapid Onset ◽  
Subsequent Treatment ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Type I ◽  
Virus Diseases ◽  
Newborn Mice ◽  
Infected Control ◽  
Adult Mice

The effect of potent sheep anti-mouse interferon globulin was investigated in several different experimental virus diseases of mice. In anti-interferon globulin-treated mice infected intraperitoneally with herpes simplex virus (HSV) type I, the latent period was shortened, and the overall LD50 was increased several hundredfold compared to virus-infected control mice. When HSV was inoculated subcutaneously all anti-interferon globulin-treated mice died, whereas only 5% of virus-infected control mice died. Subsequent treatment with anti-interferon globulin of previously HSV-infected mice did not result in reactivation of HSV. Treatment of adult mice with anti-interferon globulin resulted in an earlier appearance of MSV-induced tumors, a greater number of mice bearing tumors, an increase in tumor size, and an increase in the duration of tumors. All tumors eventually regressed despite reinjection of anti-interferon globulin. Anti-interferon globulin treatment resulted in a rapid onset of disease and death in adult mice inoculated (intranasal) with VSV and in newborn mice infected with NDV. Anti-interferon globulin exerted no effect on the course of influenza virus infection of mice. We conclude that the early production of interferon is an importane element in the response of the mouse to several viruses exhibiting different pathogeneses.

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