scholarly journals TheC. elegansephrin EFN-4 functions non-cell autonomously with heparan sulfate proteoglycans to promote axon outgrowth and branching

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicia A Schwieterman ◽  
Alyse N Steves ◽  
Vivian Yee ◽  
Cory J Donelson ◽  
Aaron Pital ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurite Outgrowth ◽  
Motor Neurons ◽  
System Development ◽  
Nervous System Development ◽  
The Body ◽  
Tissue Type ◽  
Eph Receptors ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Core Proteins

The Eph receptors and their cognate ephrin ligands play key roles in many aspects of nervous system development. These interactions typically occur within an individual tissue type, serving either to guide axons to their terminal targets or to define boundaries between the rhombomeres of the hindbrain. We have identified a novel role for theCaenorhabditis elegansephrin EFN-4 in promoting primary neurite outgrowth in AIY interneurons and D-class motor neurons. Rescue experiments reveal that EFN-4 functions non-cell autonomously in the epidermis to promote primary neurite outgrowth. We also find that EFN-4 plays a role in promoting ectopic axon branching in aC. elegansmodel of X-linked Kallmann syndrome. In this context, EFN-4 functions non-cell autonomously in the body wall muscle, and in parallel with HS biosynthesis genes and HSPG core proteins, which function cell autonomously in the AIY neurons. This is the first report of an epidermal ephrin providing a developmental cue to the nervous system.

scholarly journals Differing strategies used by motor neurons and glia to achieve robust development of an adult neuropil in Drosophila

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Enriquez ◽  
Laura Quintana Rio ◽  
Richard Blazeski ◽  
Carol Mason ◽  
Richard S. Mann
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Birth Order ◽  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
System Development ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Nervous System Development ◽  
Factor Code ◽  
Individual Motor

SummaryIn both vertebrates and invertebrates, neurons and glia are generated in a stereotyped order from dedicated progenitors called neural stem cells, but the purpose of invariant lineages is not understood. Here we show that three of the stem cells that produce leg motor neurons in Drosophila also generate a specialized subset of glia, the neuropil glia, which wrap and send processes into the neuropil where motor neuron dendrites arborize. The development of the neuropil glia and leg motor neurons is highly coordinated. However, although individual motor neurons have a stereotyped birth order and transcription factor code, both the number and individual morphologies of the glia born from these lineages are highly plastic, even though the final structure they contribute to is highly stereotyped. We suggest that the shared lineages of these two cell types facilitates the assembly of complex neural circuits, and that the two different birth order strategies – hardwired for motor neurons and flexible for glia – are important for robust nervous system development and homeostasis.

scholarly journals Repression of an activity-dependent autocrine insulin signal is required for sensory neuron development in C. elegans

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren Bayer Horowitz ◽  
Julia P. Brandt ◽  
Niels Ringstad
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
System Development ◽  
Nervous System Development ◽  
P38 Map Kinase ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Neuron Development ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Chemosensory Neuron ◽  
Insulin Receptor Signaling ◽  
Activity Dependent

AbstractNervous system development is instructed both by genetic programs and activity-dependent refinement of gene expression and connectivity. How these mechanisms are integrated remains poorly understood. Here, we report that the regulated release of insulin-like peptides (ILPs) during development of the C. elegans nervous system accomplishes such an integration. We find that the p38 MAP kinase PMK-3, which is required for the differentiation of chemosensory BAG neurons, functions by limiting expression of an autocrine ILP signal that represses a chemosensory-neuron fate. ILPs are released from BAGs in an activity-dependent manner during embryonic development, and regulate neurodifferentiation through a non-canonical insulin receptor signaling pathway. The differentiation of a specialized neuron-type is, therefore, coordinately regulated by a genetic program that controls ILP expression and by neural activity, which regulates ILP release. Autocrine signals of this kind may have general and conserved functions as integrators of deterministic genetic programs with activity-dependent mechanisms during neurodevelopment.

Prox1 inhibits neurite outgrowth during central nervous system development

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valeria Kaltezioti ◽  
Iosifina P. Foskolou ◽  
Matthieu D. Lavigne ◽  
Elpinickie Ninou ◽  
Matina Tsampoula ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurite Outgrowth ◽  
System Development ◽  
Nervous System Development ◽  
Central Nervous System Development

scholarly journals Eph-ephrin signaling in nervous system development

F1000Research ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karina S. Cramer ◽  
Ilona J. Miko
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Neuronal Migration ◽  
System Development ◽  
Nervous System Development ◽  
Eph Receptors ◽  
Binding Affinities ◽  
Developmental Processes ◽  
Axon Targeting

Ephrins and Eph receptors enable contact-mediated interactions between cells at every stage of nervous system development. In spite of their broad binding affinities, Eph proteins facilitate specificity in neuronal migration and axon targeting. This review focuses on recent studies that demonstrate how these proteins interact with each other, and with other signaling pathways, to guide specificity in a diverse set of developmental processes.

scholarly journals Regulation of Gliogenesis by lin-32/Atoh1 in Caenorhabditis elegans

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 3271-3278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert Zhang ◽  
Kentaro Noma ◽  
Dong Yan
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
System Development ◽  
Nervous System Development ◽  
Proneural Gene ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Fundamental Process ◽  
Mutant Phenotypes

Abstract The regulation of gliogenesis is a fundamental process for nervous system development, as the appropriate glial number and identity is required for a functional nervous system. To investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in gliogenesis, we used C. elegans as a model and identified the function of the proneural gene lin-32/Atoh1 in gliogenesis. We found that lin-32 functions during embryonic development to negatively regulate the number of AMsh glia. The ectopic AMsh cells at least partially arise from cells originally fated to become CEPsh glia, suggesting that lin-32 is involved in the specification of specific glial subtypes. Moreover, we show that lin-32 acts in parallel with cnd-1/ NeuroD1 and ngn-1/ Neurog1 in negatively regulating an AMsh glia fate. Furthermore, expression of murine Atoh1 fully rescues lin-32 mutant phenotypes, suggesting lin-32/Atoh1 may have a conserved role in glial specification.

scholarly journals Characterization of RQ1, a mutant involved in nervous system development in C. Elegans

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew M Bueno de Mesquita
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
System Development ◽  
Nervous System Development ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Directional Information ◽  
Double Stranded Rna ◽  
Knock Out ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Strong Candidate

During the development of the nervous system, guidance cues provide directional information to the growth cones of migrating axons. In C. elegans, ventral to dorsal migration is in part mediated by the ligand UNC-6 and its receptor UNC-5. In an UNC-5 null mutant the DA and DB motor neuron axons fail to migrate in a wild type manner to the dorsal cord, despite initial dorsalward outgrowth from the cell bodies. A genetic enhancer screen was conducted in an UNC-5 null strain and one mutant, rq1, was found to have increased axon guidance defects. To identify the mutated gene in rq1, microinjection experiments were performed and were able to rescue two rq1 phontypes. RNAi experiments were performed where double stranded RNA corresponding to all the genes in the region were used individually to knock out the transcripts. Several of these were able to phenocopy the defects of rq1. The rq1 mutation could be located in any one of five genes known to be present on the rescuing cosmid while combined results implicate three strong candidate genes, M03C11.8, H04D03.1 and H04D03.4.

scholarly journals Multiple conserved cell adhesion protein interactions mediate neural wiring of a sensory circuit in C. elegans

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Byunghyuk Kim ◽  
Scott W. Emmons
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Cell Adhesion ◽  
Sensory Neuron ◽  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Synapse Formation ◽  
System Development ◽  
Nervous System Development ◽  
Surface Proteins ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Nervous System Function

ABSTRACTNervous system function relies on precise synaptic connections. A number of widely-conserved cell adhesion proteins are implicated in cell recognition between synaptic partners, but how these proteins act as a group to specify a complex neural network is poorly understood. Taking advantage of known connectivity in C. elegans, we identified and studied cell adhesion genes expressed in three interacting neurons in the mating circuits of the adult male. Two interacting pairs of cell surface proteins independently promote fasciculation between sensory neuron HOA and its postsynaptic target interneuron AVG: BAM-2/neurexin-related in HOA binds to CASY-1/calsyntenin in AVG; SAX-7/L1CAM in sensory neuron PHC binds to RIG-6/contactin in AVG. A third, basal pathway results in considerable HOA-AVG fasciculation and synapse formation in the absence of the other two. The features of this multiplexed mechanism help to explain how complex connectivity is encoded and robustly established during nervous system development.

scholarly journals Multiple conserved cell adhesion protein interactions mediate neural wiring of a sensory circuit in C. elegans

eLife ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Byunghyuk Kim ◽  
Scott W Emmons
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Cell Adhesion ◽  
Sensory Neuron ◽  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Synapse Formation ◽  
System Development ◽  
Nervous System Development ◽  
Surface Proteins ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Nervous System Function

Nervous system function relies on precise synaptic connections. A number of widely-conserved cell adhesion proteins are implicated in cell recognition between synaptic partners, but how these proteins act as a group to specify a complex neural network is poorly understood. Taking advantage of known connectivity in C. elegans, we identified and studied cell adhesion genes expressed in three interacting neurons in the mating circuits of the adult male. Two interacting pairs of cell surface proteins independently promote fasciculation between sensory neuron HOA and its postsynaptic target interneuron AVG: BAM-2/neurexin-related in HOA binds to CASY-1/calsyntenin in AVG; SAX-7/L1CAM in sensory neuron PHC binds to RIG-6/contactin in AVG. A third, basal pathway results in considerable HOA-AVG fasciculation and synapse formation in the absence of the other two. The features of this multiplexed mechanism help to explain how complex connectivity is encoded and robustly established during nervous system development.

scholarly journals Influence of thyroid hormones on nervous system development – brief review

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 82
Author(s):  
Rafael Cisne ◽  
Rayssa Justo ◽  
Edimilson Migowski
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
System Development ◽  
Nervous System Development ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
The Body ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
O2 Uptake ◽  
Neonatal Life ◽  
Mental Slowness

<p>The thyroid gland secretes important hormones for the overall development of organism, which include some related to tissue growth, as well as hormones that stimulate the O2 uptake in the cells and help the regulation of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Therefore influence the body mass and activity level thereof, including the activities of nervous system. The thyroid gland is not essential for life, however their absence or hypofunction during fetal and neonatal life result in severe mental, physical and mental slowness, poor resistance to cold, as well as dwarfism. The hyperfunction of this gland leads to weight loss, nervousness, tachycardia, tremor and production of excess heat.</p>

scholarly journals Transcriptomic changes throughout post-hatch development in Gallus gallus pituitary

2017 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth M Pritchett ◽  
Susan J Lamont ◽  
Carl J Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Nervous Tissue ◽  
System Development ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Tissue Expression ◽  
Nervous System Development ◽  
The Body ◽  
Tissue Development ◽  
Time Points

The pituitary gland is a neuroendocrine organ that works closely with the hypothalamus to affect multiple processes within the body including the stress response, metabolism, growth and immune function. Relative tissue expression (rEx) is a transcriptome analysis method that compares the genes expressed in a particular tissue to the genes expressed in all other tissues with available data. Using rEx, the aim of this study was to identify genes that are uniquely or more abundantly expressed in the pituitary when compared to all other collected chicken tissues. We applied rEx to define genes enriched in the chicken pituitaries at days 21, 22 and 42 post-hatch. rEx analysis identified 25 genes shared between all time points, 295 genes shared between days 21 and 22 and 407 genes unique to day 42. The 25 genes shared by all time points are involved in morphogenesis and general nervous tissue development. The 295 shared genes between days 21 and 22 are involved in neurogenesis and nervous system development and differentiation. The 407 unique day 42 genes are involved in pituitary development, endocrine system development and other hormonally related gene ontology terms. Overall, rEx analysis indicates a focus on nervous system/tissue development at days 21 and 22. By day 42, in addition to nervous tissue development, there is expression of genes involved in the endocrine system, possibly for maturation and preparation for reproduction. This study defines the transcriptome of the chicken pituitary gland and aids in understanding the expressed genes critical to its function and maturation.

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