scholarly journals Successful asexual lineages of the Irish potato Famine pathogen are triploid

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Li ◽  
Qian Zhou ◽  
Kun Qian ◽  
Theo van der Lee ◽  
Sanwen Huang
Keyword(s):  
Mating Types ◽  
Type Locus ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Sexual Progeny ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Potato Famine ◽  
Biotic Environment ◽  
Global Food ◽  
Irish Potato Famine

The oomycetePhytophthora infestanswas the causal agent of the Irish Great Famine and is a recurring threat to global food security. The pathogen can reproduce both sexually and asexually and has a potential to adapt both abiotic and biotic environment. Although in many regions the A1 and A2 mating types coexist, the far majority of isolates belong to few clonal, asexual lineages. As other oomycetes,P. infestansis thought to be diploid during the vegetative phase of its life cycle, but it was observed that trisomy correlated with virulence and mating type locus and that polyploidy can occur in some isolates. It remains unknown about the frequency of polyploidy occurrence in nature and the relationship between ploidy level and sexuality. Here we discovered that the sexuality ofP. infestansisolates correlates with ploidy by comparison of microsatellite fingerprinting, genome-wide polymorphism, DNA quantity, and chromosome numbers. The sexual progeny ofP. infestansin nature are diploid, whereas the asexual lineages are mostly triploids, including successful clonal lineages US-1 and 13_A2. This study reveals polyploidization as an extra evolutionary risk to this notorious plant destroyer.

scholarly journals SUSTAINABLE FOOD SECURITY IN MOROCCO: CHALLENGES & OPPORTUNITIES

AGROFOR ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Larbi Toumi
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Financial Support ◽  
National Authority ◽  
Sustainable Food ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Support Pillar ◽  
Security Index ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Global Food

Food security is a major issue and constant challenge in the developingworld. Morocco has reached the target of the first MDG and, since 1990-1992, hasmaintained the prevalence of undernourishment level of 5%, but it remainsvulnerable to climate change in case of recurrence of drought and external shocks.Researches on food security in Morocco and its relationship with sustainabledevelopment are not been sufficiently developed in the direction ofproposing models of sustainable food security strategies. Then, this study aims toclarify the relationship between food security and sustainable food chain and topropose a roadmap for food security in Morocco, learnt from the visit study toSingapore as a leading country in food security. According to GFSI (Global FoodSecurity Index) of the Economist Intelligence unit, Singapore is ranked second inthe world after United States in 2015. Results outline the issues and challenges offood security at both global and national levels and highlight the strengths andweaknesses of food security in Morocco via the analysis of the Moroccan’s foodsecurity balance through the GFSI (Global Food Security Index) of the EconomistIntelligence Unit. Finally, this study proposes a roadmap to ensure sustainable foodsecurity in Morocco focused on two strategic pillars: governance andorganizational pillar and technical and financial support pillar. The first pillarconcerns the establishment of a national authority in charge of coordination andimplementation of food security strategies. The second pillar includes a set ofrecommendations related to technical and financial support aspects as optimizingstorage foods, increasing agricultural productivity via agro-ecologicalintensification and sensitizing farmers in adoption of sustainable agricultureprinciples.

scholarly journals Resilience and reactivity of global food security

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (22) ◽  
pp. 6902-6907 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samir Suweis ◽  
Joel A. Carr ◽  
Amos Maritan ◽  
Andrea Rinaldo ◽  
Paolo D’Odorico
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Food System ◽  
Trade Policies ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Global Population ◽  
Global Food ◽  
Country Specific

The escalating food demand by a growing and increasingly affluent global population is placing unprecedented pressure on the limited land and water resources of the planet, underpinning concerns over global food security and its sensitivity to shocks arising from environmental fluctuations, trade policies, and market volatility. Here, we use country-specific demographic records along with food production and trade data for the past 25 y to evaluate the stability and reactivity of the relationship between population dynamics and food availability. We develop a framework for the assessment of the resilience and the reactivity of the coupled population–food system and suggest that over the past two decades both its sensitivity to external perturbations and susceptibility to instability have increased.

scholarly journals On the local constitution of global futures. Science and democratic engagement in a decentred world.

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Irwin
Keyword(s):  
Public Engagement ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Technology Governance ◽  
Public Engagement With Science ◽  
Democratic Engagement ◽  
Special Concern ◽  
Global Futures ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Science Technology And Innovation ◽  
Global Food

<div><p>This essay focuses on the relationship between public engagement with science and larger discussions of globalized and decentred democracy. In particular, it asks whether public engagement on very specific issues and in the form of carefully-planned exercises should be seen as a distraction (or irrelevance) with regard to the democratic process or else as an enhancement and invigoration of it. It will be argued that we cannot tackle these issues of engagement and democracy without considering the wider challenges of governing what are very often globalized, socio-culturally complex and generally-wicked problems. There is a tendency for engagement initiatives to operate at the regional or national levels. But what happens when the issues are presented as crossing borders and boundaries, and when the traditional centres of power seem sidelined by the expressed requirement for ‘global’ governance? Going further, issues of science and technology governance often involve a special concern with the future or, more specifically, the multiple futures suggested by science, technology and innovation and their relationship to our sense of the present. I will suggest that the heterogeneous practices of scientific governance represent both a challenge when it comes to issues such as climate change and global food security but also an important focus for STS scholarship. Finally, and in the spirit of more grounded conclusions, I suggest six ‘red blooded’ principles for public engagement which can at least get us started in addressing these issues.</p><div> </div></div>

scholarly journals Genome-wide increased copy number is associated with emergence of super-fit clones of the Irish potato famine pathogen Phytophthora infestans

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian J. Knaus ◽  
Javier F. Tabima ◽  
Shankar K. Shakya ◽  
Howard S. Judelson ◽  
Niklaus J. Grünwald
Keyword(s):  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
Copy Number ◽  
Genomic Analysis ◽  
Irish Potato ◽  
Comparative Genomic ◽  
High Coverage ◽  
Center Of Origin ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Potato Famine ◽  
Irish Potato Famine

AbstractThe plant pathogen that caused the Irish potato famine, Phytophthora infestans, continues to reemerge globally. These modern epidemics are caused by clonally reproducing lineages. In contrast, a sexual mode of reproduction is observed at its center of origin in Mexico. We conducted a comparative genomic analysis of 47 high coverage genomes to infer changes in genic copy number. We included samples from sexual populations at the center of origin as well as several dominant clonal lineages sampled worldwide. We conclude that sexual populations at the center of origin are diploid as was the lineage that caused the famine, while modern clonal lineages showed increased copy number (3x). Copy number variation (CNV) was found genome-wide and did not to adhere to the two-speed genome hypothesis. Although previously reported, tetraploidy was not found in any of the genomes evaluated. We propose a model of super-fit clone emergence supported by the epidemiological record (e.g., EU_13_A2, US-11, US-23) whereby higher copy number provides fitness leading to replacement of prior clonal lineages.

scholarly journals Genome-Wide Increased Copy Number is Associated with Emergence of Dominant Clones of the Irish Potato Famine Pathogen Phytophthora infestans

mBio ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian J. Knaus ◽  
Javier F. Tabima ◽  
Shankar K. Shakya ◽  
Howard S. Judelson ◽  
Niklaus J. Grünwald
Keyword(s):  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
Copy Number ◽  
The United States ◽  
Irish Potato ◽  
Gene Copy ◽  
Center Of Origin ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Potato Famine ◽  
Irish Potato Famine

ABSTRACT The plant pathogen that caused the Irish potato famine, Phytophthora infestans, continues to reemerge globally. These modern epidemics are caused by clonally reproducing lineages. In contrast, a sexual mode of reproduction is observed at its center of origin in Mexico. We conducted a comparative genomic analysis of 47 high-coverage genomes to infer changes in genic copy number. We included samples from sexual populations at the center of origin as well as several dominant clonal lineages sampled worldwide. We conclude that sexual populations at the center of origin are diploid, as was the lineage that caused the famine, while modern clonal lineages showed increased copy number (3×). Copy number variation (CNV) was found genome-wide and did not to adhere to the two-speed genome hypothesis. Although previously reported, tetraploidy was not found in any of the genomes evaluated. We propose a model of dominant clone emergence supported by the epidemiological record (e.g., EU_13_A2, US-11, US-23) whereby a higher copy number provides fitness, leading to replacement of prior clonal lineages. IMPORTANCE The plant pathogen implicated in the Irish potato famine, Phytophthora infestans, continues to reemerge globally. Understanding changes in the genome during emergence can provide insights useful for managing this pathogen. Previous work has relied on studying individuals from the United States, South America, Europe, and China reporting that these can occur as diploids, triploids, or tetraploids and are clonal. We studied variation in sexual populations at the pathogen’s center of origin, in Mexico, where it has been reported to reproduce sexually as well as within clonally reproducing, dominant clones from the United States and Europe. Our results newly show that sexual populations at the center of origin are diploid, whereas populations elsewhere are more variable and show genome-wide variation in gene copy number. We propose a model of evolution whereby new pathogen clones emerge predominantly by increasing the gene copy number genome-wide.

On the Road to Breeding 4.0: Unraveling the Good, the Bad, and the Boring of Crop Quantitative Genomics

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 421-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason G. Wallace ◽  
Eli Rodgers-Melnick ◽  
Edward S. Buckler
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
First Century ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
The Road ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Genome Wide Data ◽  
Line Breeding ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Quantitative Genomics ◽  
Global Food

Understanding the quantitative genetics of crops has been and will continue to be central to maintaining and improving global food security. We outline four stages that plant breeding either has already achieved or will probably soon achieve. Top-of-the-line breeding programs are currently in Breeding 3.0, where inexpensive, genome-wide data coupled with powerful algorithms allow us to start breeding on predicted instead of measured phenotypes. We focus on three major questions that must be answered to move from current Breeding 3.0 practices to Breeding 4.0: ( a) How do we adapt crops to better fit agricultural environments? ( b) What is the nature of the diversity upon which breeding can act? ( c) How do we deal with deleterious variants? Answering these questions and then translating them to actual gains for farmers will be a significant part of achieving global food security in the twenty-first century.

PROGRESSES ON THE NATURE AND BIOTIC STRESS OF POTATO (SOLANUM TUBEROSUM L.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (18) ◽  
pp. 49-54
Author(s):  
Aynur BİLMEZ ÖZÇINAR
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Tuberosum ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum L ◽  
Potato Production ◽  
F1 Hybrid ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Tuber Crop ◽  
Breeding And Genetics ◽  
Potato Famine ◽  
Potential Area ◽  
Irish Potato Famine

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is the third largest crop in terms of consumption by human, most important tuber crop in the world and a vital plant for global food security. Instead, potato breeding is slow compared to other crops. Transforming potato into a diploid F1 hybrid crop is a hopeful method to increase potato genetic gain. Studies on breeding and genetics of potato has big potential to solve many problems exist in potato. Another potential area for these studies are diseases which are seriously targeting this crop worlwide started from Irish potato famine which effected whole Europe continent. Here in this review, some of latest significant problems and approaches related to potato production are given below.

scholarly journals Changing Ploidy as a Strategy: The Irish Potato Famine Pathogen Shifts Ploidy in Relation to Its Sexuality

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Li ◽  
He Shen ◽  
Qian Zhou ◽  
Kun Qian ◽  
Theo van der Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ploidy Level ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Allelic Variation ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Potato Famine ◽  
Selection Of

The oomycete Phytophthora infestans was the causal agent of the Irish Great Famine and is a recurring threat to global food security. The pathogen can reproduce both sexually and asexually, with high potential to adapt to various environments and great risk to break disease resistance genes in potato. As are other oomycetes, P. infestans is regarded to be diploid during the vegetative phase of its life cycle, although some studies reported trisomy and polyploidy. Using microsatellite fingerprinting, genome-wide assessment of single nucleotide polymorphisms, nuclear DNA quantification, and microscopic counting of chromosome numbers, we assessed the ploidy level of a comprehensive selection of isolates. All progenies from sexual populations of P. infestans in nature were found to be diploid, in contrast nearly all dominant asexual lineages, including the most important pandemic clonal lineages US-1 and 13_A2 were triploid. Such triploids possess significantly more allelic variation than diploids. We observed that triploid genotype can change to a diploid genome constitution when exposed to artificial stress conditions. This study reveals that fluctuations in the ploidy level may be a key factor in the adaptation process of this notorious plant destroyer and imposes an extra challenge to control this disease.

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