scholarly journals How sex-biased dispersal affects conflict over parental investment

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bram Kuijper ◽  
Rufus A Johnstone
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Parental Care ◽  
Parental Investment ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Uniparental Care ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Face ◽  
Classical Models ◽  
Limited Dispersal ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Existing models of parental investment have mainly focused on interactions at the level of the family, and have paid much less attention to the impact of population-level processes. Here we extend classical models of parental care to assess the impact of population structure and limited dispersal. We find that sex-differences in dispersal substantially affect the amount of care provided by each parent, with the more philopatric sex providing the majority of the care to young. This effect is most pronounced in highly viscous populations: in such cases, when classical models would predict stable biparental care, inclusion of a modest sex difference in dispersal leads to uniparental care by the philopatric sex. In addition, mating skew also affects sex-differences in parental investment, with the more numerous sex providing most of the care. However, the effect of mating skew only holds when parents care for their own offspring. When individuals breed communally, we recover the previous finding that the more philopatric sex provides most of the care, even when it is the rare sex. Finally, we show that sex-differences in dispersal can mask the existence of sex-specific costs of care, because the philopatric sex may provide most of the care even in the face of far higher mortality costs relative to the dispersing sex. We conclude that sex-biased dispersal is likely to be an important, yet currently overlooked driver of sex-differences in parental care.

scholarly journals Traumatic brain injury among female veterans: a review of sex differences in military neurosurgery

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. E16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lily H. Kim ◽  
Jennifer L. Quon ◽  
Felicia W. Sun ◽  
Kristen M. Wortman ◽  
Maheen M. Adamson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Female Veterans ◽  
Female Representation ◽  
Social Challenges ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Impact

The impact of traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been demonstrated in various studies with respect to prevalence, morbidity, and mortality data. Many of the patients burdened with long-term sequelae of TBI are veterans. Although fewer in number, female veterans with TBI have been suggested to suffer from unique physical, mental, and social challenges. However, there remains a significant knowledge gap in the sex differences in TBI. Increased female representation in the military heralds an increased risk of TBI for female soldiers, and medical professionals must be prepared to address the unique health challenges in the face of changing demographics among the veteran TBI population. In this review, the authors aimed to present the current understanding of sex differences in TBI in the veteran population and suggest directions for future investigations.

scholarly journals O Impacto da Homossexualidade e da Homofobia na Adolescência / The Impact of Homosexuality and Homophobia on Adolescence

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (58) ◽  
pp. 444-461
Author(s):  
Mikely Pereira de Souza ◽  
Hermínia Moreira Coelho da Costa ◽  
Julyanne De Oliveira Paes Barretto ◽  
Samuel Ilo Fernandes de Amorim ◽  
Eliane Da Silva Ferreira Moura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Sexual Diversity ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
Family Perspective ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Impact

 O presente trabalho tem a finalidade de mostrar a urgência na resolução dos problemas contextualizados sobre a homossexualidade e a homofobia na adolescência. Uma visão da perspectiva social e familiar do adolescente homossexual e que, de alguma maneira passou ou passa por situações homofóbicas decorrentes de sua escolha e orientação sexual. No cenário brasileiro atual, nos deparamos com inúmeras violências vividas e sofridas por diferentes grupos que compreendem a diversidade sexual. Esses fatos causam mudanças sociais que impactam, sobretudo, na vida dos adolescentes que definiram sua orientação sexual no âmbito familiar e social. Nesse artigo serão expostas o conceito de homossexualidade e homofobia, o princípio da proteção e os conflitos vividos face a discriminação que perduram em tempos atuais diante deste grupo. Muitas são as mudanças que protegem e amparam as vítimas de homofobia, entretanto, ainda podemos notar alguns aspectos negativos e que existem a milhares de anos dificultando todo o processo de aceitação e identidade da homossexualidade. Faz-se necessário, a correta abordagem do tema, no que concerne o respeito, a tolerância e os direitos dos adolescentes que fazem parte da diversidade sexual. Neste contexto, o trabalho foi construído a partir de pesquisas bibliográficas.---The present work has the purpose of showing the urgency in solving the contextualized problems on homosexuality and homophobia in adolescence. A view of the social and family perspective of the homosexual adolescent and that, in some way, passed through homophobic situations due to their choice and sexual orientation. In the current Brazilian scenario, we are faced with numerous violence experienced and suffered by different groups that understand sexual diversity. These facts cause social changes that impact, above all, the lives of adolescents who defined their sexual orientation in the family and social environment. In this article will be exposed the concept of homosexuality and homophobia, the principle of protection and the conflicts experienced in the face of discrimination that persist in the present times before this group. Many are the changes that protect and support the victims of homophobia; however, we can still notice some negative aspects that have existed for thousands of years, making the whole process of acceptance and identity of homosexuality difficult. It is necessary, the correct approach of the subject, with respect to the respect, the tolerance and the rights of the adolescents that are part of the sexual diversity. In this context, the work was constructed from bibliographical research. 

The Breeding Behaviour of the Pink-Footed Goose: Parental Care and Vigilant Behaviour During the Fledging Period

Behaviour ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 65 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 62-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lazarus John ◽  
Inglis I.R.
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Parental Care ◽  
Group Size ◽  
Parental Investment ◽  
Brood Size ◽  
Time Budget ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Anser Brachyrhynchus ◽  
Term Pair ◽  
Pink Footed Goose

In this study we describe the pattern of parental investment in the pink-footed goose (Anser brachyrhynchus) during the fledging period in Iceland, concentrating particularly on the analysis of vigilant behaviour as one important element of parental care. We quantify parental investment, and its cost to the parent, by comparing the behaviour of parents with that of 'pairs' of adults without young (most of which are probably failed breeders). Each partner's strategy of investment is not expected to be purely selfish in this long-term pair-bonding species, and the sex differences in parental care are examined in this light. The time budgets of parents and pairs differed, parents walking more, grazing more and preening less. Parents also spent more time in the extreme head up posture and less in the head low and head on back postures than pairs but time devoted to the head up posture was the same for both. Brood size had no effect on the time budget. Time spent extreme head up declined over the study period in parents but not in pairs. Spacing patterns and behaviour varied independently in non-breeding birds but families sat closer to other geese when the vigilance level of the parents was low (i.e. in the head on back or head low postures) than when it was high (the head up or extreme head up postures). All agonistic encounters between parents and non-breeders were both initiated and won by the parents. Tied encounters occurred between birds of equivalent status in terms of brood size or non-breeding group size. The potential sources of parental care are summarized (Table 6) and, after considering the evidence for each, it is concluded that (apart from brooding) two types of parental investment are made by parents: (1) enhancement of offspring feeding efficiency by reducing competition through agonistic behaviour, and perhaps avoidance; and (2) protection from predators by (a) active defence, (b) seeking proximity with other geese when resting, and (c) visual scanning for predators (mainly by the male) using the extreme head up posture. Parents paid for this investment by devoting less time to preening and sleeping. The male's investment in predator vigilance was made at the cost of a reduced feeding time and to compensate for this he pecked at a faster rate than his mate. These sex differences are explicable in terms of earlier differences during incubation. The adoption of unrelated goslings was observed and the implications of the phenomenon are discussed. For individuals in non-breeding groups the time spent extreme head up declined as group size increased. The functional significance of this finding is discussed and it is concluded that in sitting groups extreme head up is probably used to scan for predators.

The Breeding Behaviour of the Pink-Footed Goose: Parental Care and Vigilant Behaviour During the Fledging Period

Behaviour ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 65 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 62-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lazarus John ◽  
Inglis I.R.
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Parental Care ◽  
Group Size ◽  
Parental Investment ◽  
Brood Size ◽  
Time Budget ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Anser Brachyrhynchus ◽  
Term Pair ◽  
Pink Footed Goose

In this study we describe the pattern of parental investment in the pink-footed goose (Anser brachyrhynchus) during the fledging period in Iceland, concentrating particularly on the analysis of vigilant behaviour as one important element of parental care. We quantify parental investment, and its cost to the parent, by comparing the behaviour of parents with that of 'pairs' of adults without young (most of which are probably failed breeders). Each partner's strategy of investment is not expected to be purely selfish in this long-term pair-bonding species, and the sex differences in parental care are examined in this light. The time budgets of parents and pairs differed, parents walking more, grazing more and preening less. Parents also spent more time in the extreme head up posture and less in the head low and head on back postures than pairs but time devoted to the head up posture was the same for both. Brood size had no effect on the time budget. Time spent extreme head up declined over the study period in parents but not in pairs. Spacing patterns and behaviour varied independently in non-breeding birds but families sat closer to other geese when the vigilance level of the parents was low (i.e. in the head on back or head low postures) than when it was high (the head up or extreme head up postures). All agonistic encounters between parents and non-breeders were both initiated and won by the parents. Tied encounters occurred between birds of equivalent status in terms of brood size or non-breeding group size. The potential sources of parental care are summarized (Table 6) and, after considering the evidence for each, it is concluded that (apart from brooding) two types of parental investment are made by parents: (1) enhancement of offspring feeding efficiency by reducing competition through agonistic behaviour, and perhaps avoidance; and (2) protection from predators by (a) active defence, (b) seeking proximity with other geese when resting, and (c) visual scanning for predators (mainly by the male) using the extreme head up posture. Parents paid for this investment by devoting less time to preening and sleeping. The male's investment in predator vigilance was made at the cost of a reduced feeding time and to compensate for this he pecked at a faster rate than his mate. These sex differences are explicable in terms of earlier differences during incubation. The adoption of unrelated goslings was observed and the implications of the phenomenon are discussed. For individuals in non-breeding groups the time spent extreme head up declined as group size increased. The functional significance of this finding is discussed and it is concluded that in sitting groups extreme head up is probably used to scan for predators.

scholarly journals Parental Care System and Brood Size Drive Sex Difference in Reproductive Allocation: An Experimental Study on Burying Beetles

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenxia Wang ◽  
Long Ma ◽  
Maaike A. Versteegh ◽  
Hua Wu ◽  
Jan Komdeur
Keyword(s):  
Parental Care ◽  
Parental Investment ◽  
Brood Size ◽  
Life History Theory ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Reproductive Allocation ◽  
Burying Beetle ◽  
Future Reproduction ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Care System

Life-history theory predicts that increased resource allocation in current reproduction comes at the cost of survival and future reproductive fitness. In taxa with biparental care, each parent can adjust investment on current reproduction according to changes in their partner’s effort, but these adjustments may be different for males and females as they may have different reproductive strategies. Numerous theoretical and empirical studies have proposed the mechanism underlying such adjustments. In addition, the value of the brood or litter (brood size) has also been suggested to affect the amount of care through manipulation of brood size. While the two conditions have been studied independently, the impact of their interplay on potential sex-dependent future reproductive performance remains largely unknown. In this study, we simultaneously manipulated both care system (removal of either parent vs. no removal) and brood size in a burying beetle (Nicrophorus vespilloides) to understand their joint effect on reproductive allocation and trade-off between current and future reproduction. Our results show that males compensated for mate loss by significantly increasing the level of care regardless of brood size, while females exhibited such compensation only for small brood size. Additionally, with an increase in allocation to current reproduction, males showed decreased parental investment during the subsequent breeding event as a pair. These findings imply a dual influence of parental care system and brood size on allocation in current reproduction. Moreover, the impact of such adjustments on sex-dependent differences in future reproduction (parental care, larvae number, and average larval mass at dispersal) is also demonstrated. Our findings enhance the understanding of sex roles in parental investment and highlight their importance as drivers of reproductive allocation.

scholarly journals Sex roles and the evolution of parental care specialization

2019 ◽  
Vol 286 (1909) ◽  
pp. 20191312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan M. Henshaw ◽  
Lutz Fromhage ◽  
Adam G. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Parental Care ◽  
Parental Investment ◽  
Sex Roles ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
Female Competition ◽  
Male Mating ◽  
Recent Theory ◽  
Mating Competition ◽  
Uniparental Care

Males and females are defined by the relative size of their gametes (anisogamy), but secondary sexual dimorphism in fertilization, parental investment and mating competition is widespread and often remarkably stable over evolutionary timescales. Recent theory has clarified the causal connections between anisogamy and the most prevalent differences between the sexes, but deviations from these patterns remain poorly understood. Here, we study how sex differences in parental investment and mating competition coevolve with parental care specialization. Parental investment often consists of two or more distinct activities (e.g. provisioning and defence) and parents may care more efficiently by specializing in a subset of these activities. Our model predicts that efficient care specialization broadens the conditions under which biparental investment can evolve in lineages that historically had uniparental care. Major transitions in sex roles (e.g. from female-biased care with strong male mating competition to male-biased care with strong female competition) can arise following ecologically induced changes in the costs or benefits of different care types, or in the sex ratio at maturation. Our model provides a clear evolutionary mechanism for sex-role transitions, but also predicts that such transitions should be rare. It consequently contributes towards explaining widespread phylogenetic inertia in parenting and mating systems.

scholarly journals Family with an adolescent in the face of depression – possible effects in systemic family therapy

1970 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-175
Author(s):  
Syma Marta Al Azab-Malinowska
Keyword(s):  
System Theory ◽  
Family Therapy ◽  
Family Life ◽  
Family System ◽  
Family Life Cycle ◽  
Developmental Tasks ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Face ◽  
Systemic Family Therapy ◽  
The Impact

The aim of this article is to describe the phenomenon of teenage depression in the context of the impact of depression on the functioning of the family system. The first part of the paper shows the understanding of the concept of the family on the basis of the system theory, paying special attention to the family life cycle and the function of symptoms in the family system. The second part of the article presents the etiology, symptoms and specificity of teenage depression. The developmental tasks characteristic for the age of adolescence were also reconstructed. The last part of the article is devoted to the ways in which depressioncan be understood from a systemic and family therapy perspective The possible ways and directions of working with a teenager and his parents are also indicated.

scholarly journals Hearing health of the elderly in the basic attention

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosiane Aparecida da Silva ◽  
Helenice Yemi Nakamura
Keyword(s):  
Elderly People ◽  
Family Health ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Face ◽  
Family Health Team ◽  
Hearing Health ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

The amount of elderly people who reported having some difficulty hearing according to the last Census in 2010 exceeds 21,6% (9.717.328 individuals). The impact of a hearing loss resulting from the aging process may prevent the elderly from fully exercising their daily living activities, their autonomy, the ability to communicate, it also affects family and social relationships and can lead to isolation. The purpose of this study was to discuss hearing health in the face of aging in Primary Care. The sample consisted of elderly individuals, users of a health center, in the city of Campinas-SP. The instruments used in the research were 3 questionnaires. In addition, the elderly underwent inspection of the external acoustic meatus - meatoscopy and the holding of five group meetings to discuss topics related to hearing. Twelve elderly people participated in the study. The ages ranged from 61 to 78 years old. One subject was referred for auditory evaluation following the flow of the auditory health network of the township and two for removal of wax stopper in the care unit. There was evolution in the medical records of all the subjects who participated in the research. Five 30-minute meetings were proposed and held, with specific themes at each meeting. The questionnaires used enabled the referrals to other services. It was possible to sensitize the family health team about how hearing corroborates the quality of life of the elderly people

scholarly journals Access to Resources Shapes Sex Differences Between Caring Parents

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Ratz ◽  
Katerina Kremi ◽  
Lyndon Leissle ◽  
Jon Richardson ◽  
Per T. Smiseth
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Parental Care ◽  
Mass Range ◽  
Environmental Variable ◽  
Burying Beetle ◽  
Access To Resources ◽  
Offspring Performance ◽  
More Care ◽  
Nicrophorus Vespilloides ◽  
The Impact

In species where both parents cooperate to care for their joint offspring, one sex often provides more care than the other. The magnitude of such sex differences often varies both between and within species and may depend on environmental conditions, such as access to resources, predation risk and interspecific competition. Here we investigated the impact of one such environmental variable – access to resources for breeding – on the magnitude of sex differences in parental care in the burying beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides. This species breeds on the carcasses of small vertebrates, which are the sole food source for parents and offspring during breeding. We manipulated access to resources by providing pairs with mouse carcasses from a broad mass range (3.65–26.15 g). We then monitored subsequent effects on the duration and amount of care provided by males and females, male and female food consumption and weight change during breeding, and larval traits related to offspring performance. We found that males increased their duration of care as carcass mass increased, while females remained with the brood until it had completed its development irrespective of carcass mass. There were thus more pronounced sex differences in parental care when parents had access to fewer resources for breeding. Overall, our findings show that sex differences between caring parents vary depending on access to resources during breeding. The finding that males extended their duration of care on larger carcasses suggests that access to more resources leads to a shift toward more cooperation between caring parents.

Mating strategies, parental investment and mutual ornamentation in Iberian Rock Sparrows (Petronia petronia)

Behaviour ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 150 (14) ◽  
pp. 1641-1663 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vicente García-Navas ◽  
Amanda García del Rincón ◽  
Esperanza S. Ferrer ◽  
Hicham Fathi
Keyword(s):  
Parental Care ◽  
Parental Investment ◽  
Paternal Care ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Mating Strategies ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
Social Monogamy ◽  
Uniparental Care ◽  
Female Ornamentation ◽  
Brood Desertion

Relatively few bird species show complex social mating systems whose preponderance in a population is likely to affect the patterns of parental care observed there. In turn, parental investment is likely to be related to the expression of certain ornaments, which may reveal information on the bearer’s individual quality. Here we address both issues in a species characterised by several forms of parental care (both biparental and uniparental care) and in which both sexes possess a yellow breast patch, the rock sparrow (Petronia petronia). In our population, males contributed more to the care of the young in comparison with other populations. Social monogamy was the most frequent mating pattern and the percentage of cases of female (or male) brood desertion was lower with respect to that reported in previous studies, suggesting a flexible behaviour of this species to deal with different social environments. Birds did not pair assortatively with respect to the size of the yellow breast patch and we found no significant relationship between this trait and the frequency with which parents provisioned their chicks. However, we observed a positive relationship between male yellow patch size and nestling tarsus length, which suggests that more ornamented males are better parents. Males, but not females, differentially allocated parental investment in response to female ornamentation, although the benefits that males may gain from choosing more attractive females remain unidentified. Our results on paternal care investment along with previous studies on this species, reinforcing the view that the rock sparrow constitutes a good model to study sexual conflict over parental care under different social environments.

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