scholarly journals Tracing the biogeographical origin of South Asian populations using DNA SatNav

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ranajit Das ◽  
Priyanka Upadhyai
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
South Asian ◽  
South India ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Population History ◽  
Genetic Admixture ◽  
Indian Populations ◽  
Asian Populations ◽  
South Indian ◽  
North And South

AbstractThe Indian subcontinent includes India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, and Sri Lanka that collectively share common anthropological and cultural roots. Given the enigmatic population structure, complex history and genetic heterogeneity of populations from this region, their biogeographical origin and history remain a fascinating question. In this study we carried out an in-depth genetic comparison of the five South Asian populations available in the 1000 Genomes Project, namely Gujarati Indians from Houston, Texas (GIH), Punjabis from Lahore (PJL), Indian Telugus from UK (ITU), Sri Lankan Tamils from UK (STU) and Bengalis from Bangladesh (BEB), tracing their putative biogeographical origin using a DNA SatNav algorithm - Geographical Population Structure (GPS). GPS positioned >70% of GIH and PJL genomes in North India and >80% of ITU and STU samples in South India. All South Asian genomes appeared to be assigned with reasonable accuracy, along trade routes that thrived in the ancient Mauryan Empire, which had played a significant role in unifying the Indian subcontinent and in the process brought the ancient North and South Indian populations in close proximity, promoting admixture between them, ~2300 years before present (YBP). Our findings suggest that the genetic admixture between ancient North and South Indian populations likely first occurred along the Godavari and Krishna river basin in Central-South India. Finally our biogeographical analyses provide critical insights into the population history and sociocultural forces driving migration patterns that may have been instrumental in shaping the population structure of the Indian subcontinent.

scholarly journals The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent

BMC Genetics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ranajit Das ◽  
Vladimir A. Ivanisenko ◽  
Anastasia A. Anashkina ◽  
Priyanka Upadhyai
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
South India ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Population History ◽  
North India ◽  
Geographic Population ◽  
Indian Populations ◽  
History Of

Abstract Background The population structure of the Indian subcontinent is a tapestry of extraordinary diversity characterized by the amalgamation of autochthonous and immigrant ancestries and rigid enforcement of sociocultural stratification. Here we investigated the genetic origin and population history of the Kumhars, a group of people who inhabit large parts of northern India. We compared 27 previously published Kumhar SNP genotype data sampled from Uttar Pradesh in north India to various modern day and ancient populations. Results Various approaches such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Admixture, TreeMix concurred that Kumhars have high ASI ancestry, minimal Steppe component and high genomic proximity to the Kurchas, a small and relatively little-known population found ~ 2500 km away in Kerala, south India. Given the same, biogeographical mapping using Geographic Population Structure (GPS) assigned most Kumhar samples in areas neighboring to those where Kurchas are found in south India. Conclusions We hypothesize that the significant genomic similarity between two apparently distinct modern-day Indian populations that inhabit well separated geographical areas with no known overlapping history or links, likely alludes to their common origin during or post the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization (estimated by ALDER). Thereafter, while they dispersed towards opposite ends of the Indian subcontinent, their genomic integrity and likeness remained preserved due to endogamous social practices. Our findings illuminate the genomic history of two Indian populations, allowing a glimpse into one or few of numerous of human migrations that likely occurred across the Indian subcontinent and contributed to shape its varied and vibrant evolutionary past.

scholarly journals Legacy of draught cattle breeds of South India: Insights into population structure, genetic admixture and maternal origin

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. e0246497
Author(s):  
Vandana Manomohan ◽  
Ramasamy Saravanan ◽  
Rudolf Pichler ◽  
Nagarajan Murali ◽  
Karuppusamy Sivakumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Effective Population Size ◽  
South India ◽  
Genetic Admixture ◽  
Zebu Cattle ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
Cattle Breeds ◽  
South Indian ◽  
Indian Cattle

The present study is the first comprehensive report on diversity, population structure, genetic admixture and mitochondrial DNA variation in South Indian draught type zebu cattle. The diversity of South Indian cattle was moderately high. A significantly strong negative correlation coefficient of -0.674 (P<0.05) was observed between the effective population size of different breeds and their estimated FIS. The genetic structure analysis revealed the distinctness of Kangayam, Vechur and Punganur cattle from the rest of the zebu breeds. The results showed the influence of Hallikar breed in the development of most Mysore type cattle breeds of South India with the exception of Kangayam. Bayesian clustering analysis was performed to assess the taurine admixture in South Indian zebu cattle using purebred Jersey and Holstein-Friesian as reference genotypes. Relatively high levels of taurine admixture (>6.25%) was observed in Punganur, Vechur, Umblachery and Pulikulam cattle breeds. Two major maternal haplogroups, I1 and I2, typical of zebu cattle were observed, with the former being predominant than the later. The pairwise differences among the I2 haplotypes of South Indian cattle were relatively higher than West Indian (Indus valley site) zebu cattle. The results indicated the need for additional sampling and comprehensive analysis of mtDNA control region variations to unravel the probable location of origin and domestication of I2 zebu lineage. The present study also revealed major concerns on South Indian zebu cattle (i) risk of endangerment due to small effective population size and high rate of inbreeding (ii) lack of sufficient purebred zebu bulls for breeding and (iii) increasing level of taurine admixture in zebu cattle. Availability of purebred semen for artificial insemination, incorporation of genomic/molecular information to identify purebred animals and increased awareness among farmers will help to maintain breed purity, conserve and improve these important draught cattle germplasms of South India.

scholarly journals Legacy of draught cattle breeds of South India: Insights into population structure, genetic admixture and maternal origin

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vandana Manomohan ◽  
Ramasamy Saravanan ◽  
Rudolf Pichler ◽  
Nagarajan Murali ◽  
Karuppusamy Sivakumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Effective Population Size ◽  
South India ◽  
Genetic Admixture ◽  
Zebu Cattle ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
Cattle Breeds ◽  
South Indian ◽  
Indian Cattle

ABSTRACTThe present study is the first comprehensive report on diversity, population structure, genetic admixture and mitochondrial DNA variation in South Indian draught type zebu cattle. The diversity of South Indian cattle was moderately higher. A significantly strong negative correlation coefficient of −0.674 (P<0.05) was observed between the effective population size of different breeds and their estimated FIS. The phylogeny and genetic structure analysis revealed the distinctness of Kangayam, Vechur and Punganur cattle from the rest of the zebu breeds. The results showed the influence of Hallikar breed in the development of most Mysore type cattle breeds of South India with the exception of Kangayam. Bayesian clustering analysis was performed to assess the taurine admixture in South Indian zebu cattle using purebred Jersey and Holstein-Friesian as reference genotypes. Relatively high levels of taurine admixture (>6.25%) was observed in Punganur, Vechur, Umblachery and Pulikulam cattle breeds. Two major maternal haplogroups, I1 and I2, typical of zebu cattle were observed, with the former being predominant than the later. The pairwise differences among the I2 haplotypes of South Indian cattle were relatively higher than West Indian (Indus valley site) zebu cattle. The results indicated the need for additional sampling and comprehensive analysis of mtDNA control region variations to unravel the probable location of origin and domestication of I2 zebu lineage. The present study also revealed major concerns on South Indian zebu cattle (i) risk of endangerment due to small effective population size and high rate of inbreeding (ii) lack of sufficient purebred zebu bulls for breeding and (iii) increasing level of taurine admixture in zebu cattle. Availability of purebred semen for artificial insemination, incorporation of genomic/molecular information to identify purebred animals and increased awareness among farmers will help to maintain breed purity, conserve and improve these important draught cattle germplasms of South India.

“Rhythm,” “Beat,” and “Freedom” in South Asian Musical Traditions

2019 ◽  
pp. 314-336
Author(s):  
Richard K. Wolf
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
South India ◽  
Art Music ◽  
Musical Traditions ◽  
Asian Music ◽  
North And South

This chapter argues that a family of common rhythmic conceptions underlies many of the musical traditions of South Asia despite sometimes dramatic regional differences in language, culture, and religion. Two contrasting kinds of rhythmic representation are examined: one that objectifies through names and numbers, and one that points toward freedom and resists numeration. Evidence for the first is drawn from the analysis of ritual drumming in India and Pakistan as well as concepts and structures in the art music traditions of North and South India. The second concerns both drumming and the elastic rhythm of rāga ālāpana. Examination of a range of data turns many common conceptions of rhythm, beat, and freedom in South Asian music on their heads.

Diabetes in South Asians

2011 ◽  
pp. 1799-1803
Author(s):  
A. Ramachandran ◽  
C. Snehalatha
Keyword(s):  
South Asian ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
South Asians ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Asian Populations ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
Diabetic Population

Developing countries, mainly in the Indian subcontinent and China, contribute nearly 80% to the rising global diabetic population. Conservative estimates, based on population growth, ageing of population, and rate of urbanization in Asia, show that India and China will remain the top two countries with the highest number of people with diabetes by 2025: 71 and 38 million, respectively. Two other South Asian countries, Pakistan and Bangladesh, also are in the top ten list. The South Asian populations of Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka are racially heterogeneous, but all have high risk for diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Type 1 diabetes is relatively less common, and nearly 95% of all diabetic cases in these regions are type 2 diabetes. The steady rise in the prevalence of diabetes seen in last three decades coincides with rapid urbanization and industrialization, and associated sociological and political changes, occurring in these countries (1). Among the populations, physical activity has reduced significantly, intake of energy-dense food has increased, and mental and physical stress factors associated with urban living have also increased. A tilt in the energy balance towards conservation and fat deposition has contributed to the alarming increase in the rate of obesity, both in adults and children.

scholarly journals Length Distribution of Ancestral Tracks under a General Admixture Model and Its Applications in Population History Inference

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xumin Ni ◽  
Xiong Yang ◽  
Wei Guo ◽  
Kai Yuan ◽  
Ying Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Asian ◽  
General Model ◽  
Demographic History ◽  
Length Distribution ◽  
Population History ◽  
Population Admixture ◽  
Hapmap Project ◽  
Genome Diversity ◽  
Asian Populations ◽  
Special Cases

Abstract The length of ancestral tracks decays with the passing of generations which can be used to infer population admixture histories. Previous studies have shown the power in recovering the histories of admixed populations via the length distributions of ancestral tracks even under simple models. We believe that the deduction of length distributions under a general model will greatly elevate the power. Here we first deduced the length distributions under a general model and proposed general principles in parameter estimation and model selection with the deduced length distributions. Next, we focused on studying the length distributions and its applications under three typical special cases. Extensive simulations showed that the length distributions of ancestral tracks were well predicted by our theoretical framework. We further developed a new method, AdmixInfer, based on the length distributions and good performance was observed when it was applied to infer population histories under the three typical models. Notably, our method was insensitive to demographic history, sample size and threshold to discard short tracks. Finally, good performance was also observed when applied to some real datasets of African Americans, Mexicans and South Asian populations from the HapMap project and the Human Genome Diversity Project.

South Asia

2020 ◽  
pp. 542-573
Author(s):  
Mehrdad Shokoohy ◽  
Natalie H. Shokoohy
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
South Asian ◽  
South India ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Second Century ◽  
Archaeological Survey ◽  
Historic Sites ◽  
North And South ◽  
The Way

In South Asian archaeology, Buddhist and Hindu sites and monuments dominate, while Muslim ones, with the exception of a few grand edifices, have never been given the priority they deserve. In India, there has been little significant excavation of any Muslim sites, but during the British period the major ones were gradually identified, some of the better-preserved monuments were restored, while the ruins, if regarded as significant, were cleared of debris and rudimentary efforts made to preserve the standing remains. After Partition, the Archaeological Survey of India continued to maintain Muslim sites such as those in Delhi; the forts and monuments of Bidar, Bijapur, Daulatabad, and Gulbarga in the Deccan; scattered remains in Gaur and Pandua (the site of Laknautī, the Muslim capital of Bengal); and the monuments in Jaunpur (Uttar Pradesh) and Sasaram in Bihar. The monuments of Ahmadabad and some other towns of Gujarat have been more extensively studied. Whatever has been undertaken in the way of fresh exploration in North and South India has been mainly by independent scholars and experts. In Pakistan, some excavation has been carried out in the early Muslim sites, including at Banbhore, the site of the ancient port of Daibul, and at Brahmanābād, the site of al-Manṣūra, the seat of the Arab governor of Sind, both dating from the first and second century of the Hijra. In Bangladesh, the historic sites already restored before Partition have been maintained, but funds and resources to carry out fresh excavations or restoration are lacking. Much is left for present and future archaeologists to explore.

scholarly journals Globaler Schrott

2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (176) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Bomhauer-Beins ◽  
Anke Strüver
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
South Asian ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Environmental Problem ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Production Of Space ◽  
South Indian ◽  
Global North ◽  
Ship Breaking

Global Scrap: Global destruction networks, the production of space and socio-economic structures of the Pakistani ship breaking industry. Every year, hundreds of discarded vessels are broken up at South Asian ship breaking yards, including Chittagong in Bangladesh, Alang in India and Gadani in Pakistan. These (waste) flows of end-of-life vessels are being sent from the global north, notably the European Union, to the global south (Indian Subcontinent). This contribution follows the movement of value through global destruction networks by focusing on the Pakistani ship breaking industry at Gadani Beach and linking its significance for the local and national economy to both global processes as well as to labour conditions and environmental problem.

scholarly journals Diversity in the cag pathogenicity island of Helicobacter pylori isolates in populations from North and South India

2010 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sushil Kumar ◽  
Ashok Kumar ◽  
Vinod Kumar Dixit
Keyword(s):  
Helicobacter Pylori ◽  
South India ◽  
Rflp Analysis ◽  
Variable Region ◽  
Pathogenicity Island ◽  
North India ◽  
South Indian ◽  
Pcr Rflp ◽  
H Pylori ◽  
North And South

The cag pathogenicity island (cagPAI) has been reported to be the major virulence determinant in Helicobacter pylori-related diseases. In the present study, the diversity of the cagA gene and the integrity of the cagPAI in 158 H. pylori strains from Varanasi (North India) and Hyderabad (South India) were studied by amplifying the cagA gene (∼3.5 kb), followed by PCR-RFLP analysis. The results revealed significant differences in the cagA gene and the integrity of the cagPAI between North and South Indian isolates. Of 158 isolates, 40 (34.8 %) from Varanasi and 20 (46.5 %) from Hyderabad were found to carry an intact cagPAI. A partially deleted cagPAI was present in 75 (65.2 %) isolates from Varanasi and 23 (53.5 %) from Hyderabad. None of the isolates showed complete deletion of the cagPAI. Differences in the cagA 5′ and 3′ regions were also noted, and 11 isolates (8 from Varanasi and 3 from Hyderabad) that were cagA negative with primers for the 5′ region turned out to be cagA positive with primers for the 3′ variable region. It is tentatively concluded that the 3′ variable region may be a better marker for cagA typing. The results also showed that the majority of the isolates harboured the Western-type EPIYA motif. PCR-RFLP analysis of the cagA gene showed 29 distinguishable digestion patterns, and cluster analysis of RFLP types from a random selection of 32 isolates placed all of the isolates into 5 groups. These results demonstrate that significant differences in the cagPAI occur among isolates from North and South India, and that RFLP of cagA could be employed for elucidating genetic variations among various isolates of H. pylori.

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