sex change
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Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 103
Author(s):  
Lluis Rodas ◽  
Sonia Martínez ◽  
Aina Riera-Sampol ◽  
Hannah J. Moir ◽  
Pedro Tauler

Immune system functionality has been commonly assessed by a whole-blood or isolated-cell stimulation assay. The aim of this study was to determine whether cytokine production in whole-blood-stimulated samples is influenced by age, sex, and smoking. A descriptive cross-sectional study in 253 healthy participants aged 18–55 years was conducted. Whole blood samples were stimulated for 24 h with LPS and concentrations of IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α were determined in the culture media. Among parameters considered, statistical regression analysis indicated that smoking (change in R2 = 0.064, p < 0.001) and sex (change in R2 = 0.070, p < 0.001) were the main predictors for IL-10 production, with higher values for women and non-smokers. Age was also found to be a significant predictor (change in R2 = 0.021, p < 0.001), with higher values for younger ages. Age (change in R2 = 0.089, p = 0.013) and smoking (change in R2 = 0.037, p = 0.002) were found to be negative predictors for IL-6 production. Regarding TNF-α-stimulated production, age (change in R2 = 0.029, p = 0.009) and smoking (change in R2 = 0.022, p = 0.022) were found to be negative predictors. Furthermore, sex (change in R2 = 0.016, p = 0.045) was found to be a significant predictor, with lower values for women. In conclusion, sex, age, and smoking were found to be independent determinants of stimulated cytokine production. While female sex is associated with higher IL-10 and lower TNF-α production, aging and smoking are associated with lower IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α production.


2021 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  

1- The emotional integration of those recovered from the Corona pandemic with educationalbodies. 2. The difference in the correlation of emotional integration of corona pandemic recoverers into educational bodies depending on the sex variables (male-female) and the environment (Rif-Hadar).The researchers relied on the descriptive curriculum, and the current research identifies the educational bodies in the schools of the Directorate of Education of Najaf governorate honorable for government and national education in (center, judiciary, district) and in the environment (rural, urban) for the academic year 2021-2020,and reached the size of the research sample(400)teachers, and were chosen in the proportional intent manner of the research community. To achieve the research objectives, the researchers built a scale (for emotional integration) based on the theory ofDeci & Ryan,1999,and theemotional fusion scale of (32)paragraphs, containing four areas: the first area enjoyment - the second area of anxiety - the third area anger - the fourth field boredom) and the sequometry characteristics of the scale of honesty and stability, where stability was extracted in two ways: retesting and fa kronbach , The findings found: 1- The members of the research sample enjoy astatistically high negative emotional integration, which indicates that recovering teachers have negative internal motives and feel fear, anxiety and boredom at work and react negatively to practical activities that show their abilities. 2. There are statistically significant differences in emotional integration among those recovering from the CORONA pandemic depending on the sex change (male-female) and for the benefit of females. 3- There are statistically significant differences in emotional integration among those recovering from the Corona pandemic depending on the environment change (Rif-Hadar) and for the benefit of the countryside. Keywords: Emotional integration of those recovered from the Corona Pandemic(19 Coved-)witheducational bodies


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Goikoetxea ◽  
S. Muncaster ◽  
E. V. Todd ◽  
P. M. Lokman ◽  
H. A. Robertson ◽  
...  

AbstractThe stunning sexual transformation commonly triggered by age, size or social context in some fishes is one of the best examples of phenotypic plasticity thus far described. To date our understanding of this process is dominated by studies on a handful of subtropical and tropical teleosts, often in wild settings. Here we have established the protogynous New Zealand spotty wrasse, Notolabruscelidotus, as a temperate model for the experimental investigation of sex change. Captive fish were induced to change sex using aromatase inhibition or manipulation of social groups. Complete female-to-male transition occurred over 60 days in both cases and time-series sampling was used to quantify changes in hormone production, gene expression and gonadal cellular anatomy. Early-stage decreases in plasma 17β-estradiol (E2) concentrations or gonadal aromatase (cyp19a1a) expression were not detected in spotty wrasse, despite these being commonly associated with the onset of sex change in subtropical and tropical protogynous (female-to-male) hermaphrodites. In contrast, expression of the masculinising factor amh (anti-Müllerian hormone) increased during early sex change, implying a potential role as a proximate trigger for masculinisation. Collectively, these data provide a foundation for the spotty wrasse as a temperate teleost model to study sex change and cell fate in vertebrates.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Maira Genevieve Oliver

<p>Hermaphroditic reef fish display remarkable diversity in mating strategies, social structure, and the timing of sex change. Understanding spatial variation in reproductive ecology and physiological condition is important in the design of marine reserve systems and fisheries management for species that change sex. I investigated patterns in reproductive ecology, condition, and the influence of the underlying physical environment, for a temperate protogynous (female first) hermaphrodite, the spotty (Notolabrus celidotus) at a small spatial scale. First, I used SCUBA surveys to visually estimate density, sex ratio, and size-frequency to describe the social structure of two populations of spotties located at either end of a 9 km gradient in swell exposure. I then collected individuals from both locations to estimate growth, mortality, and the timing of maturation and sex change for each population. To estimate and compare physiological stress and condition of individuals sampled from these two locations, I used otoliths to quantify fluctuating asymmetry (a measure of stress) and I compared this to other commonly used condition indices. Lastly, I estimated spatial variation in social structure and a set of environmental variables at 30 sites along a gradient of swell exposure to investigate correlations between the physical environment and the density, sex ratio, and size-frequency of spotties. The results revealed that social structure differed markedly between two populations but not always as expected. A low ratio of males to females in sheltered Kau Bay suggested that the rate of sex change was constrained for this population (relative to Wahine Park, a more swell-exposed site, where males were more abundant in the population). Individuals from Kau Bay exhibited slower growth and higher mortality estimates, and in line with predictions of the size advantage model, females appeared to change sex at an early age and smaller size relative to Wahine Park. Contrary to expectations, however, low levels of fluctuating asymmetry suggested the population at Kau Bay was less stressed than Wahine Park, despite evidence for reduced physiological condition (Fulton’s condition factor K) and high density at Kau Bay. Differences in fluctuating asymmetry between sexes and size classes suggested that sex-specific fluctuating asymmetry and stressors later in the life history are important in these populations. Furthermore, correlations between social structure and the physical environment were inconclusive and highlight the necessity for large sampling efforts. Overall, this study concludes that availability of spawning-territory may limit the rate of sex change and influence reproductive potential in this species. This process may be applicable to other protogynous species that rely on territory-defense as a mating strategy. Sex-specific expression of fluctuating asymmetry should be considered in hermaphroditic reef fish and the impact of stressors acting on specific stages in the life history of individuals requires further investigation. Furthermore, my results suggest that condition indices and fluctuating asymmetry cannot be used interchangeably to estimate health for these populations (the metrics may provide complementary information). Overall, these results emphasise complex and variable patterns in the reproductive ecology of hermaphroditic species and my work is among the first to demonstrate such patterns over a small spatial scale. Further work can clarify questions raised in this study and benefit the conservation of hermaphroditic reef fish.</p>


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Maira Genevieve Oliver

<p>Hermaphroditic reef fish display remarkable diversity in mating strategies, social structure, and the timing of sex change. Understanding spatial variation in reproductive ecology and physiological condition is important in the design of marine reserve systems and fisheries management for species that change sex. I investigated patterns in reproductive ecology, condition, and the influence of the underlying physical environment, for a temperate protogynous (female first) hermaphrodite, the spotty (Notolabrus celidotus) at a small spatial scale. First, I used SCUBA surveys to visually estimate density, sex ratio, and size-frequency to describe the social structure of two populations of spotties located at either end of a 9 km gradient in swell exposure. I then collected individuals from both locations to estimate growth, mortality, and the timing of maturation and sex change for each population. To estimate and compare physiological stress and condition of individuals sampled from these two locations, I used otoliths to quantify fluctuating asymmetry (a measure of stress) and I compared this to other commonly used condition indices. Lastly, I estimated spatial variation in social structure and a set of environmental variables at 30 sites along a gradient of swell exposure to investigate correlations between the physical environment and the density, sex ratio, and size-frequency of spotties. The results revealed that social structure differed markedly between two populations but not always as expected. A low ratio of males to females in sheltered Kau Bay suggested that the rate of sex change was constrained for this population (relative to Wahine Park, a more swell-exposed site, where males were more abundant in the population). Individuals from Kau Bay exhibited slower growth and higher mortality estimates, and in line with predictions of the size advantage model, females appeared to change sex at an early age and smaller size relative to Wahine Park. Contrary to expectations, however, low levels of fluctuating asymmetry suggested the population at Kau Bay was less stressed than Wahine Park, despite evidence for reduced physiological condition (Fulton’s condition factor K) and high density at Kau Bay. Differences in fluctuating asymmetry between sexes and size classes suggested that sex-specific fluctuating asymmetry and stressors later in the life history are important in these populations. Furthermore, correlations between social structure and the physical environment were inconclusive and highlight the necessity for large sampling efforts. Overall, this study concludes that availability of spawning-territory may limit the rate of sex change and influence reproductive potential in this species. This process may be applicable to other protogynous species that rely on territory-defense as a mating strategy. Sex-specific expression of fluctuating asymmetry should be considered in hermaphroditic reef fish and the impact of stressors acting on specific stages in the life history of individuals requires further investigation. Furthermore, my results suggest that condition indices and fluctuating asymmetry cannot be used interchangeably to estimate health for these populations (the metrics may provide complementary information). Overall, these results emphasise complex and variable patterns in the reproductive ecology of hermaphroditic species and my work is among the first to demonstrate such patterns over a small spatial scale. Further work can clarify questions raised in this study and benefit the conservation of hermaphroditic reef fish.</p>


Author(s):  
Alyssa Budd ◽  
Julie Robins ◽  
Olivia Whybird ◽  
Dean Jerry

Phenotypic plasticity is an important driver of species resilience. Often mediated by epigenetic changes, phenotypic plasticity enables individual genotypes to express variable phenotypes in response to environmental change. Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) is a protandrous (male-first) sequential hermaphrodite that exhibit plasticity in length-at-sex change between geographic regions. This plasticity is likely to be mediated by changes in DNA methylation (DNAm), a well-studied epigenetic modification. However, region-specific relationships between length, sex and DNAm in sequential hermaphrodites were previously unreported. To investigate these relationships, here we compare DNAm in four conserved vertebrate sex-determining genes in male and female barramundi of differing lengths from three regions of northern Australia. Despite a strong association between increasing length and male-to-female sex change, the data reveal that DNAm becomes more sex-specific (rather than more female-specific) with length. Significant differences in DNAm between males and females of similar lengths suggest that female-specific DNAm arises rapidly during sex change, rather than gradually with growth. The findings also reveal that region-specific differences in length-at-sex change are accompanied by differences in DNAm, and were concurrent with variability in remotely sensed sea temperature and salinity. Together, these findings provide the first in situ evidence for epigenetically and environmentally mediated sex change in a protandrous hermaphrodite, and offer significant insight into the molecular and ecological processes governing the marked and unique plasticity of sex in fish.


Koneksi ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 414
Author(s):  
Giovanni Chendra ◽  
Diah Ayu Candraningrum

Within the community there are several deviations with different categories. One of the deviations in society related to gender can be recognized through the transgender phenomenon. The term transgender is given to individuals who feel that their gender identity is different from their own identity, so that they look and have a lifestyle with a gender that is felt to be in accordance with their identity, whether or not there is a sex change operation. This research focuses on the social construction of transgender acceptance in the Muslim community in South Jakarta. Therefore, this study aims to determine how transgender people can be accepted in the Muslim community in Indonesia with social construction. This type of research uses qualitative research and phenomenological methods. Researchers collected data through interviews with transgender people and religious experts. After conducting interviews, the authors concluded that with regular interactions and meetings, society would be able to accept transgender people by getting to know the person more deeply and going through the process.Di dalam lingkup masyarakat terdapat beberapa penyimpangan dengan kategori yang berbeda-beda. Salah satu penyimpangan di masyarakat terkait jenis kelamin dapat dikenal melalui fenomena transgender. Istilah transgender diberikan kepada individu  yang merasa bahwa identitas kelaminnya berbeda dengan identitas dirinya, sehingga mereka berpenampilan dan memiliki gaya hidup dengan kelamin yang dirasakan sesuai dengan identitas dirinya, dengan adanya maupun tidak adanya operasi penggantian kelamin. Penelitian ini berpusat terhadap konstruksi sosial penerimaan transgender pada masyarakat beragama islam di Jakarta Selatan. Maka dari itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana kaum transgender dapat diterima di masyarakat beragama islam di Indonesia dengan konstruksi sosial. Jenis penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian kualitatif dan metode fenomenologi. Peneliti mengumpulkan data melalui wawancara dengan kaum transgender dan ahli agama. Setelah melakukan wawancara, penulis menyimpulkan bahwa dengan adanya interaksi dan pertemuan secara berkala, maka masyarakat akan bisa menerima  transgender  dengan mengenal orang itu lebih dalam lagi dan melewati prosesnya.


2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-109
Author(s):  
Mochamad Ade Syukur NUR ALAM ◽  
Abdul Rachmad BUDIONO ◽  
Abdul MADJID ◽  
Istislam

Gender change is the right of every citizen, but this invites pros and cons in society. Although the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia has regulated human rights, there is no specific mention of human rights related to sex change. This study aims to determine, examine, and analyze the meaning of "the right to a prosperous life born and inner" as referred to in Article 28H paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia and Article 9 paragraph (2) of the Human Rights Law, from the perspective of justice related to sex change in Indonesia. Indonesia. This research is a normative legal research with philosophical, legislative, conceptual, case and comparative approaches. The analysis technique uses descriptive, comparative, evaluative and argumentative techniques. The results of the study indicate that the meaning of the right to live in physical and spiritual prosperity in the perspective of gender change is the right to conditions in which an individual with a gender disorder gets health care, safety, and is free from all kinds of disturbances and suffering in order to develop physically, mentally, and physically. spiritual, and social so that the individual realizes his own abilities, can cope with pressure, can work productively, and is able to contribute to himself, his family, community, and society in his environment.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soma Tokunaga ◽  
Tatsuru Kadota ◽  
Yuuki Y. Watanabe ◽  
Tetsuo Kuwamura ◽  
Yuuki Kawabata

AbstractSex change is a well-known phenomenon in teleost fishes, and it takes several days to a few months depending on the species and direction of sex change. However, the underlying factors influencing the time required for sex change (TS) remain unclear. Given that the time for producing a new gonad largely determines TS, the gonad type (i.e., whether fish retain the gonad of opposite sex or not [delimited or non-delimited]) and metabolic rate are the ultimate determinants of TS. This study sought to test two hypotheses: (1) the delimited gonad shortens TS; and (2) TS scales with mass0.1–0.2, because the metabolic scaling exponent (β) in fishes is 0.8–0.9 and biological times scale with mass1−β in general. We compiled data on TS for 12 female-to-male and 14 male-to-female sex-changing species from the literature. Results of individual examinations of the effects of gonad type and mass were consistent with our hypotheses. However, upon simultaneous examination of the effects of gonad type and mass, these effects became unclear because of their strong multicollinearity. The compiled data for delimited and non-delimited gonads were biased toward the smaller and larger species, respectively, precluding us from being able to statistically distinguish between these effects. Small species with non-delimited gonads and large species with delimited gonads exist; however, their TS has not been measured with high temporal resolution thus far. Therefore, additional experiments on these species are required to statistically distinguish between, as well as to better understand, the effects of gonad type and mass on TS.


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