scholarly journals Risk Factors for Chikungunya Outbreak in Kebridhar City, Somali Ethiopia, 2019. Unmatched Case-Control Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikias Alayu ◽  
Tesfalem Teshome ◽  
Hiwot Amare ◽  
Solomon Kinde ◽  
Desalegn Belay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Chikungunya Virus ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Bed Nets ◽  
P Value ◽  
Water Holding ◽  
Control Study ◽  
Full Body

AbstractBackgroundChikungunya Virus is a Ribose Nucleic Acid (RNA) virus transmitted by a mosquito bite. Aedes Aegypti and Aedes Albopictus are responsible vectors for Chikungunya Virus transmission. CHIKV outbreaks are characterized by rapid spread and infection rates as high as 75%. A combination of health system efforts and healthy behavior practices by the community is essential for effective control.MethodsUnmatched case control study was done to identify risk factors of this outbreak. One case to two controls ratios was calculated. All cases during the study period (74 cases) and 148 controls were included in the study. Bivariate and multivariable analysis were implemented. Serum samples were tested by Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction at Ethiopian Public Health Institute laboratory.ResultsA total of 74 chikungunya fever cases were reported starting from 19th May 2019 to 8th June 2019. Not using bed net at day time sleeping (P- value < 0.001, AOR 20.8, 95CI 6.4 – 66.7), presence of open water holding container (P- value 0.023, AOR 4, 95CI 1.2 – 13.5), presence of larvae in water holding container (P- value 0.015, AOR 4.8, 95CI 1.4 – 16.8), ill person with similar sign and symptoms in the family or neighbors (P- value <0.001, AOR 27.9, 95CI 6.5 – 120.4) and wearing not full body cover clothes (P- value 0.002, AOR 8.1, 95CI 2.2 – 30.1) were significant risk factors.ConclusionUsing bed nets at day time sleeping, cover the water holding containers, wearing full body cover cloths are protective factors.

scholarly journals Risk Factors for Chikungunya Virus Outbreak in Somali Region of Ethiopia, 2019: Unmatched Case-Control Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Mikias Alayu ◽  
Tesfalem Teshome ◽  
Hiwot Amare ◽  
Solomon Kinde ◽  
Desalegn Belay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Chikungunya Virus ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Case Control ◽  
The Family ◽  
Water Holding ◽  
Control Study ◽  
Full Body

Background. Chikungunya virus is a ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus transmitted by a mosquito bite. Chikungunya virus outbreaks are characterized by rapid spread, and the disease manifests as acute fever. This study aimed at determining risk factors for chikungunya virus outbreak to apply appropriate prevention and control measures. Methods. Unmatched case-control study was performed to identify risk factors of chikungunya outbreak in Somali region of Ethiopia in 2019. Cases and controls were enrolled with 1 : 2 ratio. All cases during the study period (74 cases) and 148 controls were included in the study. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were implemented. The serum samples were tested by real-time polymerase chain reaction at Ethiopian Public Health Institute Laboratory. Results. A total of 74 chikungunya fever cases were reported starting from 19th May 2019 to 8th June 2019. Not using bed net at daytime sleeping (adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 20.8; 95% confidence interval (CI): 6.4–66.7), presence of open water holding container (AOR: 4.0; CI: 1.2–3.5), presence of larvae in water holding container (AOR: 4.8; CI: 1.4–16.8), ill person with similar signs and symptoms in the family or neighbors (AOR: 27.9; CI: 6.5–120.4), and not wearing full body cover clothes (AOR: 8.1; CI: 2.2–30.1) were significant risk factors. Conclusion. Not using bed net at daytime sleeping, presence of open water holding container, presence of larvae in water holding container, ill person with similar signs and symptoms in the family or neighbors, and not wearing full body cover clothes are risk factors for chikungunya virus outbreak.

Risk Factors Associated With Dengue Fever Outbreak in Taiz Governorate, Yemen, 2018: Case-control Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulkareem Ali Hussein Nassar ◽  
Amr Abdulaziz Torbosh ◽  
Yassin Abdulmalik Mahyoub ◽  
Mohammed Abdullah Al Amad
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Dengue Fever ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Case Definition ◽  
P Value ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Background: Dengue Fever (DF) is a significant health problem in Yemen especially in the coastal areas. On November 6, 2018, Taiz governorates surveillance officer notified the Ministry of Public Health and Population on an increase in the number of suspected DF in Al Qahirah and Al Mudhaffar districts, Taiz governorate. On November 7, 2018, Field Epidemiology Training Program sent a team to perform an investigation. The aims were to confirm and describe the outbreak by person, place and time in Taiz governorate, and identify its risk factors.Methodology: Descriptive and case-control study (1:2 ratio) were conducted. WHO case definition was used to identify cases in Al Qahirah or Al Mudhaffar districts during August-November 2018. Control was selected from the same districts who did not suffer from DF. Predesigned questionnaire was used to collect data related to sociodemographic, behavioral and environmental characteristics. Bivariate and multivariate backward stepwise analyses were used. The adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated. A P value < 0.05 was considered as the cut point for statistically significant. Epi info version 7.2 was used.Results: A total of 50 DF cases were found. Almost 52% were males and 76% were <30 years of age. The overall attack rate was 1/10,000 of the population. Case fatality rate was 4%. In multivariate analysis, not working (aOR = 26.6, 95% CI: 6.8–104.7), not using mosquito repellent (aOR = 13.9, 95% CI:1.4–136.8), wearing short sleeves/pants (aOR = 27.3, 95% CI: 4.8–156.8), poor sanitation (aOR = 5.4, 95% CI: 1.4–20.3), presence of outdoor trees (aOR = 13.2, 95% CI: 2.8–63.0) and houses without window nets (aOR = 15.7, 95% CI: 3.9–63.4) were statistically significant risk factors associated with DF outbreak. Eleven 11 (58%) of blood samples were positive for DF IgM.Conclusions: DF outbreak in Al Qahirah and Al Mudhaffar districts, Taiz governorate was confirmed. This study provides evidence-based information regarding the identified risk factors that contributed to the occurrence of this outbreak. Raising community awareness on the importance of personal protection measures and improving the sanitation services are strongly recommended.

scholarly journals A Case-Control Study for Assessing Risk Factors for Congenital Anomalies among Children in Sulaimani City

2018 ◽  
pp. 90-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niaz Mustafa Kamal ◽  
Nasih Othman
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Congenital Anomalies ◽  
Maternal Obesity ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Case Control ◽  
P Value ◽  
Maternal Risk ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Control Study

Congenital anomalies comprise a wide range of abnormalities in body structure or function that are present at birth and are of prenatal origin. These are defined as structural changes that have significant medical, social or cosmetic consequences for the affected individual, and typically require medical intervention. According to our Knowledge, research is scarce on these conditions in Sulaimaniyah city. Therefore, the current study was conducted to investigate potential risk factors for congenital anomalies. A case-control study was carried out from March to August 2017 involving 400 children (200 cases and 200 controls) aged 0-5 years. Required data were obtained on the risk factors through face to face interviews with mothers of cases and controls. The data were using descriptive statistical methods, Chi-square and Logistic Regression using STATA 11, calculating odds ratios and condensing P value less than 0.05 as statistically significant. The mean age of the children was 1.9 years and age of their mothers at the time of pregnancy was 28 years. Congenital heart anomalies were the commonest type accounting for 27.5%. Significant risk factors for congenital anomalies were family history (OR=2.24, P= 0.007), maternal obesity (OR= 2.26, P= 0.001), mothers age over 30 (OR=2.78, P= 0.002) and mothers not using folic acid during pregnancy (OR=2.12, P= 0.0007). In general, in order to control and prevent the cases of CM, it is important to provide health education and policies to reduce environmental and maternal risk factors. Further, studies with larger sample size are needed to investigate incidence and risk factors of congenital anomalies.

scholarly journals Sachet water consumption as a risk factor for cholera in urban settings: Findings from a case control study in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo during the 2017–2018 outbreak

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. e0009477
Author(s):  
Placide Mbala-Kingebeni ◽  
Florian Vogt ◽  
Berthe Miwanda ◽  
Tresor Sundika ◽  
Nancy Mbula ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
P Value ◽  
Republic Of The Congo ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
Control Study

Background Behavioural risk factors for cholera are well established in rural and semi-urban contexts, but not in densely populated mega-cities in Sub-Saharan Africa. In November 2017, a cholera epidemic occurred in Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, where no outbreak had been recorded for nearly a decade. During this outbreak, we investigated context-specific risk factors for cholera in an urban setting among a population that is not frequently exposed to cholera. Methodology/Principal findings We recruited 390 participants from three affected health zones of Kinshasa into a 1:1 matched case control study. Cases were identified from cholera treatment centre admission records, while controls were recruited from the vicinity of the cases’ place of residence. We used standardized case report forms for the collection of socio-demographic and behavioural risk factors. We used augmented backward elimination in a conditional logistic regression model to identify risk factors. The consumption of sachet water was strongly associated with the risk of being a cholera case (p-value 0.019), which increased with increasing frequency of consumption from rarely (OR 2.2, 95% CI 0.9–5.2) to often (OR 4.0, 95% CI 1.6–9.9) to very often (OR 4.1, 95% CI 1.0–16.7). Overall, more than 80% of all participants reported consumption of this type of drinking water. The risk factors funeral attendance and contact with someone suffering from diarrhoea showed a p-value of 0.09 and 0.08, respectively. No socio-demographic characteristics were associated with the risk of cholera. Conclusions/Significance Drinking water consumption from sachets, which are sold informally on the streets in most Sub-Saharan African cities, are an overlooked route of infection in urban cholera outbreaks. Outbreak response measures need to acknowledge context-specific risk factors to remain a valuable tool in the efforts to achieve national and regional targets to reduce the burden of cholera in Sub-Saharan Africa.

scholarly journals RISK FACTORS FOR WOUND DEHISCENCE AFTER LAPAROTOMY: A CASE-CONTROL STUDY

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 84-88
Author(s):  
Tomas Poškus ◽  
Vilius Mačiūnas ◽  
Marius Kryžauskas ◽  
Saulius Mikalauskas ◽  
Donatas Danys ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Wound Dehiscence ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Midline Laparotomy ◽  
Control Study

Background. Wound dehiscence is a life-threatening complication with the mortality rate up to 25 %. The objective of this study is to identify the risk factors for wound dehiscence after midline laparotomy in adult population. Methods. The case control study of patients, operated from January 2012 to May 2016, was performed. Patients, who underwent repeated laparotomy for wound dehiscence, were the cases group. Each case was matched by 3 control group patients undergoing similar primary operation. Following characteristics were observed: demographic, past medical and social history, concomitant diseases, intraoperative details, postoperative outcomes and were compared between the groups. Difference was significant, if p value was less than 0.05. Results. 100 patients were included in the study. There were 25 (25 %) patients of the cases group and 75 (75 %) patient of the control group. The majority of the patients were males (69 %). The mean age was 66.7 ± 10.8 years. Three risk factors were identified in the univariate analysis: male gender (88.0 %), wound infection (56 %) and cardiovascular diseases (88 %) for wound dehiscence with the mortality rate of 20 %. Conclusions. Wound dehiscence is a serious complication with a high mortality rate. The identification of preoperative and early postoperative risk factors may allow preventing and reduce the rate of wound dehiscence.

scholarly journals Sachet water consumption as a risk factor for cholera in urban settings: findings and implications from a case control study in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo during the 2017-2018 outbreak

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Placide Mbala-Kingebeni ◽  
Florian Vogt ◽  
Berthe Miwanda ◽  
Tresor Sundika ◽  
Nancy Mbula ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
P Value ◽  
Republic Of The Congo ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
Control Study ◽  
Sachet Water

Abstract Background: Cholera is endemic in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Starting in 2016, a cholera epidemic swept through the country and in November 2017 reached the capital of Kinshasa, which had not experienced a cholera outbreak for nearly a decade. Behavioural risk factors for cholera are well established in rural and semi-urban contexts but not in densely populated mega-cities from Sub-Saharan Africa. Such information is crucial to guide context-specific control measures. We seized the outbreak in Kinshasa as an opportunity to investigate context-specific risk factors for cholera in this urban setting among a mobile population that is not frequently exposed to cholera. Methods: We recruited 390 participants into a 1:1 age-matched case control study from three affected health zones of Kinshasa between 1 and 28 February 2018. Cases were identified from cholera treatment centre admission records, while controls were recruited from the neighbourhood of the cases’ place of residence. We collected data on socio-demographic and behavioural risk factors using standardized case report forms. We used augmented backward elimination in a conditional logistic regression model to identify risk factors, using a p-values of 0.05 as cut-off to define statistical significance. Results: The consumption of sachet water was significantly associated with the risk of being a cholera case (p-value 0.019), which increased with increasing frequency of consumption from rarely [OR 2.223, 95% CI 0.944-5.235] to often [OR 4.031, 95% CI 1.642-9.891] to very often [OR 4.144, 95% CI 1.029-16.653]. Overall, more than 80% of all participants reported consumption of this type of drinking water. Funeral attendance and recent contact with someone suffering from diarrhoea were borderline insignificant risk factors (p-value 0.09 and 0.08, respectively). No socio-demographic characteristics were associated with the risk of cholera. Conclusions: Drinking water consumption from sachets, which are sold informally on the streets in most Sub-Saharan African cities, should be considered as a potential route of infection during future cholera outbreaks in similar urban settings. Outbreak investigation and response need to acknowledge context-specific risk factors to remain a valuable tool in the efforts to achieve national and regional targets to reduce the burden of cholera in Africa.

scholarly journals Determinants of Therapy Failure Among Adults on First-line Antiretroviral Therapy in Asmara, Eritrea: A Multicenter Retrospective Matched Case-control Study

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Tekle Mengistu ◽  
Ghirmay Ghebrekidan Ghebremeskel ◽  
Hermon Berhe Ghebrat ◽  
Oliver Okoth Achila ◽  
Nahom Asmerom Yohannes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Viral Load ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
P Value ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
First Line ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Background Information on treatment failure (TF) in People living with HIV in data-poor jurisdictions is necessary to counter the rapidly escalating epidemic of TF to first-line combined anti-retroviral therapies (cART) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). In this study, we examined the risk factors associated with TF in Asmara, Eritrea.Methods: A multicenter, retrospective 1:2 matched (by age and gender) case-control study was conducted in four major hospitals in Asmara, Eritrea on adults aged >15 years who were on treatment for at least 6 months. Cases were patients with viral load ≥1000 copies/mL anytime between 2019-2021 and/or patients switched to second line cART. Controls were randomly selected from patients on first-line ART with viral load < 1000 copies/mL. Data was extracted using a checklist from the master data set and analyzed using SPSS version 26. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify risk factors for TF. All p-values were 2-sided and the level of significance was set at p < 0.05 for all analyses.Results: Of the 1068 participants, 585 (54.7%) were females. The median age at treatment initiation was 46 years (interquartile range (IQR): 39–51). Median time to combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) failure was 37 months (IQR =24–47). In multivariate analysis factors associated with increased likelihood of virologic failure (VF) were the type of initially used nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) backbone ( (Zidovudine+Lamivudine (AZT+3TC): adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 2.70; 95% Confidence interval (CI): 1.65-4.41, p-value<0.001), (Abacavir+lamivudine (ABC+3TC): aOR: 4.73; 95%CI: 1.18-18.92, p-value=0.028), and (Stavudine+Lamivudine (D4T+3TC): aOR: 5.00; 95% CI: 3.03-8.20, p-value<0.001), prior exposure to ART (aOR: 2.28; 95%CI:1.35–3.86; p=0.002), record of sub-optimal drug adherence (aOR: 3.08; 95%CI: 2.22–4.28; p<0.001), ambulatory/bedridden at presentation (aOR:1.61; 95%CI: 1.12-4.28; p-value=0.010), presence of comorbidities (aOR: 2.37; 95%CI: 1.36-4.10, p-value=0.002), duration of cART (<5 years: aOR: 5.90; 95% CI: 3.95-8.73, p-value<0.001), and use of SMX-TMP prophylaxis ( aOR : 2.00, 95%CI, 1.44-2.78, p-value<0.001). Conclusion: Our findings underscore the importance of optimizing cART adherence, diversification of cART regimens, and interventions directed at enhancing early HIV diagnosis, prompt initiations of treatment and improved patient focused monitoring of treatment response.

scholarly journals The assessment of risk factors for the Central/East African Genotype of chikungunya virus infections in the state of Kelantan: a case control study in Malaysia

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Faudzi Yusoff ◽  
Amal Nasir Mustafa ◽  
Hani Mat Husaain ◽  
Wan Mansor Hamzah ◽  
Apandi Mohd Yusof ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Chikungunya Virus ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
The State ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
East African ◽  
Control Study

scholarly journals Risk Factors of Hyperbilirubinemia - A Case-Control Study in a Tertiary Level Hospital in Rural Central India

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (25) ◽  
pp. 1904-1909
Author(s):  
Sinduja Selvam ◽  
Amar Taksande
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Birth Asphyxia ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia ◽  
P Value ◽  
Feeding Problems ◽  
Maternal Risk ◽  
Control Study

BACKGROUND Hyperbilirubinemia is the most common cause of hospital readmission in neonates affecting about 60 % of term and 85 % of preterm neonates. Often, it is a benign condition but may result in neurological sequelae like bilirubin induced encephalopathy and kernicterus spectrum of disorders. We wanted to evaluate the foetal and maternal risk factors of hyperbilirubinemia and also identify the modifiable risk factors of it in neonates. METHODS An observational case - control study was carried out from July 2018 to July 2020. Neonates with hyperbilirubinemia levels in the range of phototherapy as described by the age and gestation by the American Academy of Paediatrics were taken as cases and neonates without hyperbilirubinemia were taken as controls. Detailed demographic-, prenatal-, perinatal-, family-history and physical-examination was undertaken for all the neonates included in the study and various risk factors were assessed such as the presence of maternal illness, intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), premature rupture of membranes (PROM), prematurity, ABO and Rh incompatibility, previous history of phototherapy in siblings, breast feeding problems and birth asphyxia. RESULTS Multivariate logistic regression studies of data collected has shown a significant association between IUGR (P value 0.01), prematurity (P value 0.002), ABO incompatibility (P value 0.009), breast feeding problems (P value 0.001), birth asphyxia (P value 0.05) and presence of PROM (P value 0.05) with neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. CONCLUSIONS Early identification of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and prompt intervention reduces the morbidity and mortality associated with this common condition. KEY WORDS Jaundice of Neonate, Neonatal Jaundice, Icterus Neonatorum

scholarly journals Risk factors associated with pre-term birth in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: a case-control study

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fanaka A. Mahapula ◽  
Kitindi Kumpuni ◽  
Joyce P. Mlay ◽  
Theresia F. Mrema
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Dar Es Salaam ◽  
P Value ◽  
Community Based Interventions ◽  
Term Birth ◽  
Control Study

Background: Preterm birth remains one of the most serious problems in obstetrics care. Its aetiology is complex and multifactorial. This study was carried out to determine risk factors for preterm birth in Dar es Salaam City in Tanzania.Methods: This case-control study was conducted in three municipal hospitals namely, Amani, Mwananyamala and Temeke in Dar es Salaam. It involved 377 pairs of women with preterm birth (cases) and term birth (controls). Eligible women who agreed to participate and who signed the consent form completed a short interview regarding demographic and lifestyle factors, had their baby examined for maturity, and had their medical records abstracted. All cases and controls were interviewed face-to-face using a specially designed questionnaire. Multivariate logistic regression after controlling for potential confounders was used to measure the strength of associations between preterm birth and related factors.Results: Several significant risk factors associations with pre-term birth were multiple pregnancies (AOR = 8.6; 95%CI 4.5-16.5; p-value <0.001), untreated vaginal discharge (AOR = 5.2; 95%CI 1.1-24.4; p-value 0.034), public prenatal care (AOR = 2.1; 95%CI 1.1-4.1; p-value 0.017), untreated urinary tract infection (AOR = 2.7; 95%CI 1.2-6.1; p-value 0.016), complication during pregnancy (AOR = 2.7; 95%CI 1.3-5.3; p-value 0.004), cervical incompetence (AOR = 11.6; 95%CI 1.1-121.5; p-value 0.04), polyhydramnios (AOR = 8.3; 95%CI 1.7-40.2; p-value 0.008), and lack of antenatal visits  (AOR = 5.1; 95%CI 1.4-17.8; p-value 0.042).Conclusion: This study has identified several risk factors for preterm birth in the city of Dar es Salaam. It is important that planners design community-based interventions to address complications from preterm birth.

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