scholarly journals Pattern of early human-to-human transmission of Wuhan 2019-nCoV

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julien Riou ◽  
Christian L. Althaus
Keyword(s):  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Stochastic Simulations ◽  
World Health ◽  
Unknown Aetiology ◽  
Transmission Characteristics ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Control ◽  
The City ◽  
Early Human ◽  
Current Screening

ABSTRACTOn December 31, 2019, the World Health Organization was notified about a cluster of pneumonia of unknown aetiology in the city of Wuhan, China. Chinese authorities later identified a new coronavirus (2019-nCoV) as the causative agent of the outbreak. As of January 23, 2020, 655 cases have been confirmed in China and several other countries. Understanding the transmission characteristics and the potential for sustained human-to-human transmission of 2019-nCoV is critically important for coordinating current screening and containment strategies, and determining whether the outbreak constitutes a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC). We performed stochastic simulations of early outbreak trajectories that are consistent with the epidemiological findings to date. We found the basic reproduction number, R0, to be around 2.2 (90% high density interval 1.4—3.8), indicating the potential for sustained human-to-human transmission. Transmission characteristics appear to be of a similar magnitude to severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the 1918 pandemic influenza. These findings underline the importance of heightened screening, surveillance and control efforts, particularly at airports and other travel hubs, in order to prevent further international spread of 2019-nCoV.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) in Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-132
Author(s):  
OJ Daniel ◽  
JO Bamidele
Keyword(s):  
World Health ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Unknown Aetiology ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Health Measures ◽  
First Case ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Control

In late December 2019, there was an outbreak of a new Coronavirus infection in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, which caused acute respiratory syndrome of unknown aetiology. The World Health Organization (WHO) named the virus Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV2) or COVID-19 and declared the infection a pandemic on the 11th of March 2020. The first case of COVID-19 in Nigeria was reported on the 27th of February 2020 and since then the numbers of confirmed cases has been on the increase, at least in Nigeria. With no vaccine or cure in sight, only public health measures that include personal protective measures, physical distancing, environmental and travel-related measures have been recommended to mitigate and contain the spread of the disease. There is need to make testing for COVID-19 widely available so that the true burden of the infection will be described. This step should assist policy makers in making evidence-based decisions in the prevention and control of the disease.

scholarly journals COVID-19 outbreak and control in Kenya- Insights from a mathematical model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Waema Mbogo ◽  
Titus Okello Orwa
Keyword(s):  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Capital City ◽  
World Health ◽  
Transmission Model ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Rate Of Recovery ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Control

Abstract The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic reached Kenya in March 2020 with the initial cases reported in the capital city Nairobi and in the coastal area Mombasa. As reported by the World Health Organization, the outbreak of COVID-19 has spread across the world, killed many, collapsed economies and changed the way people live since it was first reported in Wuhan, China, in the end of 2019. As of May 25,2020 It had led to over 100,000 confirmed cases in Africa with over 3000 deaths. The trend poses a huge threat to global public health. Understanding the early transmission dynamics of the infection and evaluating the effectiveness of control measures is crucial for assessing the potential for sustained transmission to occur in new areas.We employed a SEIHCRD mathematical transmission model with reported Kenyan data on cases of COVID-19 to estimate how transmission varies over time. The model is concise in structure, and successfully captures the course of the COVID-19 outbreak, and thus sheds light on understanding the trends of the outbreak. The next generation matrix approach was adopted to calculate the basic reproduction number (R0) from the model to assess the factors driving the infection . The results from the model analysis shows that non-pharmaceutical interventions over a relatively long period is needed to effectively get rid of the COVID-19 epidemic otherwise the rate of infection will continue to increase despite the increased rate of recovery.

scholarly journals COVID-19 outbreak and control in Kenya- Insights from a mathematical model

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Waema Mbogo ◽  
Titus Okello Orwa
Keyword(s):  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Capital City ◽  
World Health ◽  
Transmission Model ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Rate Of Recovery ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Control

Abstract The coronavirus disease 2019 ( COVID -19) pandemic reached Kenya in March 2020 with the initial cases reported in the capital city Nairobi and in the coastal area Mombasa. As reported by the World Health Organization, the outbreak of COVID -19 has spread across the world, killed many, collapsed economies and changed the way people live since it was first reported in Wuhan, China, in the end of 2019. As of May 25,2020 It had led to over 100,000 confirmed cases in Africa with over 3000 deaths. The trend poses a huge threat to global public health. Understanding the early transmission dynamics of the infection and evaluating the effectiveness of control measures is crucial for assessing the potential for sustained transmission to occur in new areas. We employed a SEIHCRD mathematical transmission model with reported Kenyan data on cases of COVID -19 to estimate how transmission varies over time. The model is concise in structure, and successfully captures the course of the COVID -19 outbreak, and thus sheds light on understanding the trends of the outbreak. The next generation matrix approach was adopted to calculate the basic reproduction number ( $R_0$ ) from the model to assess the factors driving the infection . The results from the model analysis shows that non-pharmaceutical interventions over a relatively long period is needed to effectively get rid of the COVID -19 epidemic otherwise the rate of infection will continue to increase despite the increased rate of recovery.

scholarly journals Role of Physiotherapy Health Care Professionals in Infection Prevention and Control of COVID -19 – A Pandemic Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
pp. 1215-1217
Author(s):  
Jarapla Srinivas Nayak ◽  
Tittu Thomas James ◽  
Shubham Menaria ◽  
Dr. Centina Rose John ◽  
Dr. Dhargave Pradnya
Keyword(s):  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Infection Prevention ◽  
World Health ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Control ◽  
The City

COVID-19 is a new pandemic disease which was reported initially at the city of Wuhan in the Hubei province ofChina on 31 December 2019. 1Recent events have reported its presence in more than 150 countries and with 132758 confirmed cases and a total of 4955 deaths as on 13th March 2020.2Although the death rate due to the disease is 6% or less, the persons who are affected in a short span of time is at an alarming rate.3 In this context, World Health Organization (WHO) have declared the disease as pandemic on 11th March 2020.

scholarly journals COVID-19 THERAPEUTICAL OPTIONS: OVERVIEW ON CURRENTLY ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTICOAGULANT DRUGS USED

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World Health ◽  
Research Protocols ◽  
Anticoagulant Drugs ◽  
Initial Symptoms ◽  
Treatment Measures ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Control ◽  
The City ◽  
Global Health Problem

Since December 2019, an outbreak of viral infection causing respiratory disease with a new virus, the Coronaviridae family, emerged in the city of Wuhan, China to worldwide. With initial symptoms similar to Coronavirus related to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and an increase in the speed of spread the World Health Organization (WHO) decrees a pandemic situation on March 11, 2020. Moreover, approximately 3.4 million deaths worldwide and 165 million cases were confirmed. Thus, contributing to an important global health problem responsible for changes in economic and social paradigms. There is no available treatment for COVID-19 until today. Although, several drugs are being used as alternative therapeutics against the diseases, mainly in severe cases. This review aimed to highlight the current anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant alternatives treatment measures for control of COVID 19 infection. Here we discuss the drugs, pharmacological proprieties, and the respective studies COVID-19 related, and also, several research protocols to respond and control the pandemic for the prophylaxis and treatment.

scholarly journals A Study on Comparative Analysis of COVID-19 Datasets

SEEU Review ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-120
Author(s):  
Genc Hamzaj ◽  
Zamir Dika ◽  
Isak Shabani
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
World Health ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Johns Hopkins University ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Credible World ◽  
And Control ◽  
The City

Abstract In December 2019 a virus named COVID-19 appeared in China, precisely in the city of Wuhan. This virus was declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization in March 2020. Since no adequate medical treatment has yet been discovered for this virus, many world institutions are committed to share with each other the data they collect and process in their laboratories. A large amount of these data is shared with citizens in order to inform about the risk that threaten us by virus COVID-19. Various credible world institutions such as the World Health Organization (WHO), Johns Hopkins University (JHU), the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), etc., are providing various statistical data to address the issues raised by this emergent situation, but these reports in some cases are putting doubts on the completeness and the transparency of the data, which are not sufficiently processed and which then create confusion about the risks that we are facing. In this paper we are conducting a study of the quality of current global datasets from the must credible sources related to COVID-19. Also, we are comparing datasets collected from Republic of Kosovo and Republic of North Macedonia with corresponding data from WHO, ECDC and JHU datasets. To analyze datasets from different sources, we are using Power BI tool, making the improvement through the implementation of adequate dimensions and methods of improving the quality of datasets.

COVID-19: A comparative study of SARS, MERS and COVID-19

Coronaviruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 01 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandra Mohan ◽  
Vinod Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Central China ◽  
World Health ◽  
Unknown Aetiology ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Past Life ◽  
Current Article ◽  
Disease Spreading ◽  
Health Organization

: World Health Organization (WHO) office in China received the information of pneumonia cases of unknown aetiology from Wuhan, central China on 31st December 2019, subsequently this disease spreading in china and rest of world. Till the March 2020 end, more than 2 lakhs confirmed cases with more than 70000 deaths were reported worldwide, very soon researchers identified it as novel beta Corona virus (virus SARS-CoV-2) and its infection coined as COVID-19. Health ministries of various countries and WHO together fighting to this health emergency, which not only affects public health, but also started affecting various economic sectors as well. The main aim of the current article is to explore the various pandemic situations (SARS, MERS) in past, life cycle of COVID-19, diagnosis procedures, prevention and comparative analysis of COVID-19 with other epidemic situations.

Non-Communicable Diseases and Global Health Politics

2019 ◽  
pp. 626-659
Author(s):  
Roger Magnusson
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
World Health ◽  
Global Response ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Health Politics ◽  
Chronic Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
High Level ◽  
And Control

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases, and diabetes, are responsible for around 70 percent of global deaths each year. This chapter describes how NCDs have become prevalent and critically evaluates global efforts to address NCDs and their risk factors, with a particular focus on the World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations (UN) system. It explores the factors that have prevented those addressing NCDs from achieving access to resources and a priority commensurate with their impact on people’s lives. The chapter evaluates the global response to NCDs both prior to and since the UN High-Level Meeting on Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases, held in 2011, and considers opportunities for strengthening that response in future.

Effectiveness of a New Fluoride Varnish for Caries Prevention In Pre-School Children

2013 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
V Pitchika ◽  
C Kokel ◽  
J Andreeva ◽  
A Crispin ◽  
R Hickel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Status ◽  
Model Potential ◽  
World Health ◽  
Fluoride Varnish ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Carious Lesions ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Control ◽  
Caries Lesions ◽  
Initial Statistical Analysis

Objective: To investigate the effectiveness of a new fluoride varnish (Clinpro White Varnish, 3M Espe, Seefeld, Germany) with regard to the caries incidence within a 2-year period. Study design: A non-randomized sample of 400 children from the Kyffhäuser district (Thuringia, Germany) was divided into a fluoride group (FG, biannual application of fluoride varnish) and control group (CG, no intervention). (Non-)cavitated caries lesions were recorded using World Health Organization (WHO) and Universal Visual Scoring System (UniViSS) criteria. Parents were given questionnaires to gather information about their socio-economic status (SES). Non-parametric methods and binomial logistic regression were used for data analysis. Results: There was a significant increase in caries incidence in both groups. The number of non-cavitated carious lesions was significantly lower in the FG (mean 2.2; sd 2.3) compared with the CG (mean 2.9; sd 1.9). Initial statistical analysis revealed that fluoride varnish might prevent non-cavitated carious lesions. When including SES as a confounder into regression model, potential preventive effect was lost. Conclusions: This study underlines the importance of the multi-factorial etiology of caries and illustrates that the effectiveness of biannual fluoride varnish application was evident in non-cavitated carious lesions only.

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