scholarly journals Epidemiology of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) in Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-132
Author(s):  
OJ Daniel ◽  
JO Bamidele
Keyword(s):  
World Health ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Unknown Aetiology ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Health Measures ◽  
First Case ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Control

In late December 2019, there was an outbreak of a new Coronavirus infection in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, which caused acute respiratory syndrome of unknown aetiology. The World Health Organization (WHO) named the virus Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV2) or COVID-19 and declared the infection a pandemic on the 11th of March 2020. The first case of COVID-19 in Nigeria was reported on the 27th of February 2020 and since then the numbers of confirmed cases has been on the increase, at least in Nigeria. With no vaccine or cure in sight, only public health measures that include personal protective measures, physical distancing, environmental and travel-related measures have been recommended to mitigate and contain the spread of the disease. There is need to make testing for COVID-19 widely available so that the true burden of the infection will be described. This step should assist policy makers in making evidence-based decisions in the prevention and control of the disease.

scholarly journals Universal Epidemiology of Insidious Meningococcal Syndrome

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Gjovalin Valsa ◽  
Enkelejda Shkurti
Keyword(s):  
Neisseria Meningitidis ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
World Health ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
Meningitis Belt ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Control

Neisseria meningitidis is one of the principal sources of bacterial meningitis worldwide and can as well cause sepsis, pneumonia, and further expressions. In states with elevated widespread rates, the illness load puts a huge tension on the public health structure. The universal epidemiology of persistent meningococcal disease (IMD) diverges distinctly by area and in due course. This appraisal summarizes the burden of IMD in diverse states and recognizes the highest-incidence countries where habitual preventive programs aligned with Neisseria meningitidis would be essentially profitable in offering security. Accessible epidemiological figures from the past 20 years in World Health Organization and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control assortments and available articles are comprised in this review, in addition to straight statements with important specialists in the area. The nations were clustered into high-, moderate-, and low-occurrence states. The mainstream of countries in the elevated-occurrence set are located in the African meningitis belt; several reasonable-occurrence states are located in the European and African areas, and Australia, whereas low-occurrence countries comprise numerous from Europe and the Americas. Precedence nations for vaccine involvement are high- and restrained-incidence nations where vaccine-avoidable serogroups prevail. Epidemiological records on burden of IMD are required in nations where this is not distinguished, predominantly in South- East Asia and Eastern Mediterranean areas, so evidence-based assessments concerning the application of meningococcal vaccines can be created.

scholarly journals Pattern of early human-to-human transmission of Wuhan 2019-nCoV

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julien Riou ◽  
Christian L. Althaus
Keyword(s):  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Stochastic Simulations ◽  
World Health ◽  
Unknown Aetiology ◽  
Transmission Characteristics ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Control ◽  
The City ◽  
Early Human ◽  
Current Screening

ABSTRACTOn December 31, 2019, the World Health Organization was notified about a cluster of pneumonia of unknown aetiology in the city of Wuhan, China. Chinese authorities later identified a new coronavirus (2019-nCoV) as the causative agent of the outbreak. As of January 23, 2020, 655 cases have been confirmed in China and several other countries. Understanding the transmission characteristics and the potential for sustained human-to-human transmission of 2019-nCoV is critically important for coordinating current screening and containment strategies, and determining whether the outbreak constitutes a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC). We performed stochastic simulations of early outbreak trajectories that are consistent with the epidemiological findings to date. We found the basic reproduction number, R0, to be around 2.2 (90% high density interval 1.4—3.8), indicating the potential for sustained human-to-human transmission. Transmission characteristics appear to be of a similar magnitude to severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the 1918 pandemic influenza. These findings underline the importance of heightened screening, surveillance and control efforts, particularly at airports and other travel hubs, in order to prevent further international spread of 2019-nCoV.

scholarly journals Epidemic Situation and Forecasting if COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia using SIR model

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haitham Khoj ◽  
Alaa F Mujallad
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Sir Model ◽  
World Health ◽  
Peak Time ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Second Peak

AbstractBackgroundSaudi Arabia is one of the countries affected by COVID-19 pandemic. This will lead to negative impacts in many sectors. Saudi Arabia not only plays an important role on the economical side because it is the leading country in oil production, but also because it is considered the heart of the Islamic countries. Although protective measures have been implemented in Saudi Arabia, the number of COVID-19 cases has increased.Aims of the studyThis study aimed to employ SIR model to forecast the peak of COVID-19 progression and an estimation of it is end in Saudi Arabia.MethodBased on the World Health Organization data on COVID-19 progression in Saudi Arabia from March 3rd to April 29th, 2020, we reliably estimate the constant parameters and make predictions on the inflection point and potential ending time. Susceptible, Infected, and Recovered are the main components of the SIR model that were used to run the analysis.ResultThe data showed an interesting result about the peak of the disease progression. It is projected to occur around the 20th day after running the model. According to the model, the peak time will be around the 20th of May. Then the cases will decrease until the 55th day, which is around June 20th.ConclusionThe result predicts a second peak and an estimation end of COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia. This data can inform the policy makers, who should try to contain the virus, to be prepared for what is coming next.Key Messages:

scholarly journals Predicting the evolution of SARS-Covid-2 in Portugal using an adapted SIR Model previously used in South Korea for the MERS outbreak

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Teles
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Sir Model ◽  
World Health ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
European Continent ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
First Case ◽  
The Government ◽  
Health Organization

AbstractThe covid-19 has spread very quickly worldwide, leading the World Health Organization (WHO) to declare a state of pandemic. Moreover, the WHO has announced that the European continent is now the main centre of the pandemic.One of the questions many governments are asking is how the spread is going to evolve in time. In this study, an adapted SIR model previously used in South Korea to model the MERS outbreak was applied to estimate the evolution of the curve of active cases in the case of the Portuguese situation. As some of the parameters were unknown, and the data for Portugal is still scarce, given that the outbreak started later (first case on the 2nd of March) I used Italian data (first reported case in Italy on the 31st of January) to predict them. I then construct five different scenarios for the evolution of covid-19 in Portugal, considering both the effectiveness of the mitigation measurements implemented by the government, and the self-protective measures taken by the population, as explained in the South Korean model.In the out of control scenario, the number of active cases could reach as much as 40,000 people by the beginning of April. In the best-case-scenario considered, the active cases could reach circa 7,000 people. The actual figure probably lies between the interval (7,000-13,000) and the peak will be reached between 9th and the 20th of April 2020.Without control and self-protective measures, this model predicts that the figures of active cases of SARS-covid-2 would reach a staggering 40,000 people It shows the importance of control and self-protecting measure to bring down the number of affected people by following the recommendations of the WHO and health authorities. With the appropriate measures, this number can be brought down to 7,000-13,000 people

A Report of Five Child Tetanus Cases

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (04) ◽  
pp. 200-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oksana Boyarchuk ◽  
Lubov Volyanska ◽  
Vira Synytska ◽  
Grygoriy Korytsky ◽  
Emilia Burbela
Keyword(s):  
World Health ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Infected Wound ◽  
Treatment Protocols ◽  
The Past ◽  
Health Measures ◽  
Recovery Treatment ◽  
Western Ukraine ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Based Medicine

AbstractWe present five cases of generalized tetanus in children 5 to 13 years old, who were admitted to the intensive care unit of Ternopil Regional Children's Hospital (Western Ukraine) during the past 6 years (2012–2017). In our study, four children were unvaccinated and one received the full series of vaccinations. Proper vaccination in cases of infected wound may not prevent the development of the disease but improves the prognosis for recovery. Treatment of tetanus in Ukraine requires standardization of treatment protocols according to the World Health Organization recommendations, including making human tetanus immune globulin available, as specified by evidence-based medicine. Vaccines availability and education of physicians and parents about the benefits of immunization should be priority national health measures to prevent tetanus.

Summaries of selected publications from the Health Evidence Network of World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 506-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leena Eklund
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
World Health ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Regional Office ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Policy Issues ◽  
Specific Policy ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Evidence Network ◽  
World Health Organization Regional

The Health Evidence Network (HEN) was established approximately 3 years ago as a service to the health policy makers in the fifty-two member states of World Health Organization (WHO) Europe. The objective of the HEN is to (i) make it easier for policy makers to access evidence-based studies in the field of health, and to (ii) provide synthesis of available evidence around specific policy issues in health.

scholarly journals Impact of Covid 19 on Different Sectors of the Economy

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
pp. 998-999
Author(s):  
Dr. Y. Arundhathi
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
Public Health Emergency ◽  
World Health ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
First Case ◽  
Entire World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Impact

Millions of people affected with the outbreak of Corona virus. The entire world is affected with this virus and World Health Organization declared it as Pandemic. This virus has an unprecedented impact on the Global Economy. WHO declared public health emergency on 30th January 2020. Most of the countries are declared lockdown and affected normal life . As a result socio economic disruption , inhabiting the growth of entire economies. Almost all sectors of the economies affected with this pandemic and entire economic system needs emergency attention of the governments. In India the first case of COVID19 reported in Kerala on January 30th 2020 and multiplied within two months. Government has declared lockdown on 24th march 2020. The estimated loss of corona virus is 26 billion US dollars in India by the end of June 2020. Lock down has restricted the economic and business activity of 1.3 billion people. In this paper an attempt is made to identify the impact of corona virus on different sectors of the Indian economy and highlight the reasons. So that it can be benefited in the post pandemic period for policy makers.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Pandemic: Perception, Practices and Preparedness in Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grace I. Olasehinde ◽  
Paul A. Akinduti ◽  
Olayemi O. Akinnola ◽  
Abiodun F. Ipadeola ◽  
Glory P. Adebayo
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Initial Response ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
World Health ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
First Case ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Control

Since Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic was declared a public health emergency of international concern by the World Health Organization (WHO) on the 30th of January, 2020. Nigeria, with 343 cases and 10 deaths as at April 14, 2020 is classified as one of the countries at high risk of importation of the disease from China. The ability to limit and control local transmission after importation depends on the application and execution of strict measures of detection, prevention and control. The initial response of some percentage of the population was of doubt due to the ignorance of the far-reaching effect of the virus. More than 1,700 leaders of religious groups and communities in all 36 States and FCT were therefore sensitized to increase awareness level and consequences of COVID-19 among the populace. Major response activities were initiated before the first case was reported and were upgraded within weeks after the number of cases began to rise. Based on previous experience of perception, and awareness of other viral disease outbreaks, COVID-19 infection prevention and control interventions recommended by WHO are yet to be fully entrenched in the Nigerian public health system in order to reduce the general risk of contracting SARS-CoV-2 from infected individuals. There is therefore the need to execute strict measures of detection, prevention and control and drive compliance with the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) and WHO guidelines in Nigeria.

scholarly journals Coronavirus: COVID-19-Epidemiology, Treatment, Prevention and Control

2020 ◽  
pp. 46-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Udegbe, Chinemerem Dorathy ◽  
Effiong, E. Bassey
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Viral Origin ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Novel Virus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Control

Coronavirus infection is a zoonotic disease of viral origin. The SARS-CoV-2 is the novel virus that causes the ongoing pandemic affecting the global community hence a very big threat to the global public health. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was first detected Wuhan, China and reported to World Health Organization (WHO) country office in China on 31st December 2019. It has since been spreading, resulting in an ongoing pandemic. As at 19 May, there are about 4.8 million cases of Covid-19 with 316,169 deaths reported in more 188 countries of the world. The initial transmission appeared to be from an animal source, but there has been person to person transmission in the affected countries. A lot of preventive and control measures have employed to severe transmission. Strategies in the control of an outbreak are containment or suppression and mitigation. Currently there is no specific vaccine or treatment for COVID-19. This work reviewed the Coronavirus Disease 19, its epidemiology, pathogenesis, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control.

scholarly journals Healing after Covid-19: Are Survivors at Risk for Development of Pulmonary Fibrosis?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay T McDonald
Keyword(s):  
World Health ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Fibrotic Disease ◽  
Term Outcome ◽  
Long Term Outcome ◽  
First Case ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
One Year ◽  
Health Organization

The novel SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, responsible for Covid-19 disease, was first reported in Wuhan, China in December of 2019. The virus rapidly spread, and the World Health Organization declared a pandemic by March 2020. With millions of confirmed cases world-wide, there is growing concern and considerable debate regarding the potential for coronavirus infection to contribute to an appreciable burden of chronic respiratory symptoms or fibrotic disease among recovered individuals. As the first case of Covid-19 was documented less than one year ago, data regarding long-term clinical outcomes are not yet available and predictions for long-term outcome are speculative at best. However, due to the staggering number of cases and the severity of disease in many individuals, there is a critical need to consider the potential long-term implications of Covid-19. This review examines current basic and clinical data regarding fibrogenic mechanisms of viral injury in the context of SARS-CoV-2. Several intersecting mechanisms between coronavirus infection and fibrotic pathways are discussed to highlight factors and processes that may be targetable to improve patient outcome. Reports of post-infection sequelae from previous coronavirus outbreaks are presented toward the goal of improved recognition of potential contributing risk factors for fibrotic disease.

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