Is glycaemia associated with poorer brain health and risk of dementia? Cross sectional and follow-up analysis of the UK Biobank
ABSTRACTObjectiveTo understand the relationship across the glycaemic spectrum with incident dementia, brain structure, and cognitive decline.Research Design and Methods: UK Biobank participants, aged 40-69 at recruitment. HbA1c and diabetes diagnosis define baseline glycaemic categories. Outcomes included incident vascular dementia (VD), Alzheimer’s dementia (AD), hippocampal volume (HV), white matter hyperintensity (WMH) volume, cognitive function and decline. All results are in reference to normoglycaemic individuals (HbA1c 35-<42 mmol/mol).Results210433 (47%), 15246 (3%), 3280 (0.7%), 20793 (5%) individuals had low HbA1c, pre-diabetes, undiagnosed diabetes, and known diabetes, respectively. Pre- and known diabetes markedly increased incident VD, (hazard ratios (HR) 1.51, 95%CI=1.01;2.25 and 1.96, 95%CI=1.49;2.58, respectively), less so AD (1.18, 0.92;1.52 and 1.13 0.95,1.33), adjusting for demographic and socioeconomic variables. For VD, multivariate adjustment, driven by antihypertensives, attenuated associations, HR 1.27, 0.84;1.91 and 1.45,1.07;1.97. Pre- and known diabetes conferred elevated risks of cognitive decline (odds ratio OR 1.53, 1.02;2.29 and 1.49, 1.02;2.18, respectively). People with pre-diabetes, undiagnosed and known diabetes had higher WMH volumes (4%, 30%, 3%, respectively), and lower HV (34.51 mm3, 11.73 mm3 and 61.13 mm3 respectively). People with low-normal HbA1c (<35 mmol/mol) had 5% lower WMH volume and 13.6 mm3 greater HV than normoglycaemic individuals.ConclusionsPre and known diabetes increase VD risks, less so AD. Excess VD risks were largely accounted for by treated hypertension. Hyperglycaemic states were associated with adverse, whereas low normal HbA1c was associated with favourable brain structure compared to normoglycaemic individuals. Our findings have implications for cardiovascular medication in hyperglycaemia for brain health.Type-2 diabetes and, more generally, hyperglycaemic states, have been associated with poorer cognitive function (such as learning and memory)(1), increased risk of dementia(2) and alterations in key brain structures, particularly the hippocampus(3). In contrast, recent evidence from a randomised crossover trial also suggests that, in people with diabetes, even modest hypoglycaemia has a detrimental effect on cognitive function(4). Thus, it is also important to explore how low levels of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) relate to these outcomes. A previous paper explored the cross sectional association between baseline diabetes and two cognition measures in the UK Biobank (reaction time and visual memory)(5). The authors found that diabetes was associated with poorer scores on the reaction time test, but paradoxically, better scores on the visual memory test. They did not explore other outcomes or lesser glycaemic states.Memory loss is the most conclusively reported adverse effect of hyperglycaemia on cognitive function(6). Hippocampal atrophy is a crucial feature of age-related memory loss and the hippocampus is particularly vulnerable to the neurotoxic consequences of diabetes(7). Evidence relating diabetes to the presence and progression of white matter hyperintensities is equivocal(8), but some research suggests that those with diabetes have greater volumes of white matter hyperintensities(9,10). Although there have been numerous studies in this area, the role of glycaemia in brain health across the entire glycaemic spectrum remains unclear, in particular no studies have investigated how lesser hyperglycaemic states relate to these outcomes, as most studies have focused on diagnosed diabetes only.Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the associations between five glycaemic states across the entire spectrum (low HbA1c, normoglycaemia, pre-diabetes, undiagnosed diabetes and known diabetes) and Alzheimer’s dementia (AD) risk, vascular dementia (VD) risk, baseline cognitive function and cognitive decline, hippocampal volume, and white matter hyperintensities volume in the UK Biobank. We hypothesised that there would be a U-shaped association between glycaemia and our outcomes of interest, such that those with lower and higher HbA1c would have worse outcomes than those with normal glycaemic levels.