scholarly journals Swine Growth Promotion with Antibiotics or Alternatives can Increase Antibiotic Resistance Gene Mobility Potential

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna Muurinen ◽  
Jacob Richert ◽  
Carmen Wickware ◽  
Brian Richert ◽  
Timothy A. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Resistance Gene ◽  
Community Composition ◽  
Bacterial Community Composition ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Gene ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Growth Promoter ◽  
Growth Promoters

AbstractEven though the use of antibiotics for food-producing animals may contribute to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance, antibiotics are still used as growth promoters. Due to consumer and regulatory pressures, the use of alternatives to antibiotics as growth promoters is increasing, thus more information is needed on their capability to disseminate antimicrobial resistance compared to antibiotics. We investigated the impacts of carbadox (antibiotic), copper sulfate and zinc oxide (metals) and mushroom powder (natural product) on the pig fecal resistome and microbiome. Antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) and mobile genetic element (MGE) abundances were measured using a high-throughput qPCR array with 382 primer pairs. Bacterial community composition was determined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. More ARGs co-occurred with MGEs in the growth promoter group samples than in the control group samples. Community composition could not be linked to resistome in the growth promoter group samples, indicating a potential decoupling of ARGs and phylogeny. Additionally, machine-learning methods aided in defining the community and resistome differences in response to treatments. Since increased ARG mobility potential was the primary response to the dietary additives used in this study, we suggest that ARG mobility should be considered when designing antimicrobial use policies and antimicrobial resistance surveillances.

scholarly journals Swine growth promotion with antibiotics or alternatives can increase antibiotic resistance gene mobility potential

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna Muurinen ◽  
Jacob Richert ◽  
Carmen L. Wickware ◽  
Brian Richert ◽  
Timothy A. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Resistance Gene ◽  
Community Composition ◽  
Bacterial Community Composition ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Gene ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Growth Promoter ◽  
Growth Promoters

AbstractEven though the use of antibiotics for food-producing animals may contribute to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance, antibiotics are still used as growth promoters. Due to consumer and regulatory pressures, the use of alternatives to antibiotics as growth promoters is increasing, thus more information is needed on their capability to disseminate antimicrobial resistance compared to antibiotics. We investigated the impacts of carbadox (antibiotic), copper sulfate and zinc oxide (metals) and mushroom powder (natural product) on the pig fecal resistome and microbiome. Antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) and mobile genetic element (MGE) abundances were measured using a high-throughput qPCR array with 382 primer pairs. Bacterial community composition was determined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. More ARGs co-occurred with MGEs in the growth promoter group samples than in the control group samples. Community composition could not be linked to resistome in the growth promoter group samples, indicating a potential decoupling of ARGs and phylogeny. Additionally, machine-learning methods aided in defining the community and resistome differences in response to treatments. Since increased ARG mobility potential was the primary response to the dietary additives used in this study, we suggest that ARG mobility should be considered when designing antimicrobial use policies and antimicrobial resistance surveillances.

scholarly journals Antibiotic Resistance Gene Transformation and Ultrastructural Alterations of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Resulting from Sulfadiazine Accumulation in Culture Solution

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1451
Author(s):  
Liang Mei ◽  
Ying-Xin Chen ◽  
Chao Wang ◽  
Jia-Hua Chen ◽  
Zhi-Jin Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Gene ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Gene ◽  
Gene Transformation ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Culture Solution ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Root Endophyte ◽  
Endophyte Community

The research herein explored the possible mechanism of toxicity of the antibiotic sulfadiazine (SD) and the related antibiotic resistance gene transformation in lettuce by systematically investigating its growth responses, ultrastructural changes, and antibiotic resistance gene transformation via solution culture experiments. The results showed that SD mainly accumulated in the roots of lettuce at concentrations ranging from 6.48 to 120.87 μg/kg, which were significantly higher than those in leaves (3.90 to 16.74 μg/kg). Lower concentrations of SD (0.5 and 2.0 mg/L) in the culture nutrient solution exerted little effect on lettuce growth, while at SD concentrations higher than 10 mg/L, the growth of lettuce was significantly inhibited, manifesting as shorter root length and lower dry matter yield of whole lettuce plants. Compared with that for the control group, the absolute abundance of bacteria in the root endophyte, rhizosphere, and phyllosphere communities under different concentrations of SD treatment decreased significantly. sul1 and sul2 mainly accumulated in the root endophyte community, at levels significantly higher than those in the leaf endophyte community. Studies of electrolyte leakage and ultrastructural characteristics of root and leaf cells indicated that lettuce grown in culture solutions with high SD concentrations suffered severe damage and disintegration of the cell walls of organs, especially chloroplasts, in leaves. Furthermore, the possible mechanism of SD toxicity in lettuce was confirmed to start with the roots, followed by a free flow of SD into the leaves to destroy the chloroplasts in the leaf cells, which ultimately reduced photosynthesis and decreased plant growth. Studies have shown that antibiotic residues have negative effects on the growth of lettuce and highlight a potential risk of the development and spread of antibiotic resistance in vegetable endophyte systems.

scholarly journals Gut microbiota composition does not associate with Toxoplasma infection in rats

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Taggart ◽  
Craig Liddicoat ◽  
Wen Han Tong ◽  
Martin Breed ◽  
Philip Weinstein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Community Composition ◽  
Bacterial Community Composition ◽  
Chronic Phase ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Gastrointestinal Microbiota ◽  
Toxoplasma Infection ◽  
Behavioural Changes

Toxoplasma infection in intermediate host species closely associates with inflammation. This association has led to suggestions that the behavioural changes associated with infection may be indirectly driven by the resulting sustained inflammation rather than a direct behavioural manipulation by the parasite. If this is correct, sustained inflammation in chronically infected rodents should present as widespread changes in the gastrointestinal microbiota due to the dependency between the composition of these microbiota and sustained inflammation. We conducted a randomized controlled experiment in rats that were assigned to a Toxoplasma-treatment, placebo-treatment or negative control group. We sacrificed rats during the chronic phase of infection, collected their cecal stool samples and sequenced the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene to characterise the bacterial community in these samples. Toxoplasma infection did not induce widespread changes in the bacterial community composition of the gastrointestinal tract of rats. Rather, we found sex differences in the bacterial community composition and only minor changes in Toxoplasma infected rats. We conclude that it is unlikely that sustained inflammation is the mechanism driving the highly specific behavioural changes observed in Toxoplasma-positive rats.

scholarly journals Aerosol antibiotic resistance gene dissemination among hospital departments by culture-facilitated comparative metagenomics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang Li ◽  
Ziqi Wu ◽  
Chenyuan Dang ◽  
Miao Zhang ◽  
Bixi Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
16S Rrna ◽  
Resistance Gene ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Gene ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Similar Distribution ◽  
Gaseous State ◽  
Comparative Metagenomics

Abstract Background: Genes make microorganisms resistant to antibiotics are overwhelmingly present in environments, and those in the air seem to consistently worsen human health, especially in built-in hospitals. In this study, we sampled two distinct seasonal solid-, liquid- and gaseous-state samples in a large occupied hospital, and mainly aim to study the temporal and spatial micro-ecology and antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) distribution patterns within hospital settings using culture-facilitated comparative metagenomics in combinations with other widely applied methods. Results: Hospital aerosol resistome showed concentration of 0.00042 copies per 16S rRNA gene which was comparable to that of drinking water (0.00024 copies/16S rRNA). Winter aerosols showed higher resistome concentration and exhibited similar distribution patterns among different departments; while evident microbial accumulation and stronger level of inter-species ARG exchange was observed in summer aerosol samples. Network analysis and cultural isolate whole genome sequencing results confirmed some of these exchanges were mediated via plasmids. Additionally, ARGs and microbial community source tracking results illustrated Outpatient hall could serve as a major resistome pollution source all year long. Conclusions: The state-of-art metagenomics analyses and culture facilitated sequencing with strict cutoff guarantee the result accuracy of resistome pattern observed in built-in hospital environment, and our novel genotype sharing network confirmed the plasmid-mediated transferring mechanism in hospital air for the first time. Overall, this study illustrated valuable and quality hospital aerosol dissemination patterns and our effort will encourage more metagenomics applications in hospital studies.

scholarly journals Fate of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Abandoned Swine Feedlots in China: Seasonal Variation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Na Li ◽  
Jianguo Chen ◽  
Chong Liu ◽  
Binxu Li ◽  
Changxiong Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Community Composition ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Bacterial Community Composition ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Variation Patterns

Abstract Background: Environmental hygiene concerns are needed to be settled before the reuse of abandoned swine feedlot sites. However, few researchers have focused on the fate of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in soil microbiota around abandoned swine feedlots. In this study, we examined the seasonal alterations of ARGs and bacterial community composition in soil using quantitative PCR and high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene. Results: The seasonal variation patterns were different for different ARG subtypes and soil sampling sites. The bacterial community composition at the genus level generally showed no significant alteration from winter to summer. Moreover, the co-occurrence network suggested that the bacterial genera host range of ARGs was broader in the summer than in the winter. Conclusion: This study offers further data on ARG transfer risk in soil, emphasizing the necessity of continuous concern before reuse of abandoned feedlots.

scholarly journals Exposure to Oxy-Tetracycline Changes Gut Bacterial Community Composition in Rainbow Trout: A Preliminary Study

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3404
Author(s):  
Aritra Roy Choudhury ◽  
Ji-Young Park ◽  
Do Young Kim ◽  
Jeongyun Choi ◽  
Satabdi Acharya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Community Composition ◽  
Bacterial Community Composition ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Scaling Analysis ◽  
Treated Fish ◽  
Aquaculture Management

The extensive use of antibiotics is evident in most of the livestock and aquaculture management for inhibiting pathogen infection. Korean aquaculture depends on the usage of oxy-tetracycline for growing rainbow trout. Hence, this study was conducted to evaluate the changes in gut bacterial community profiles of rainbow trout exposed to oxy-tetracycline and predict the metabolic functioning of the bacterial community. The gut bacterial community composition of oxy-tetracycline treated fish was assessed by amplicon sequencing targeting the 16S rRNA gene of bacteria and comparing with the control group that did not receive any antibiotic. The principle coordinate analysis and non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis had shown two distinct clusters that implies the changes in community composition. In phyla level, the relative abundances of Tenericutes and Firmicutes were observed to be significantly higher in oxy-tetracycline treated fish compared to the control. Furthermore, the prediction based metabolic profiling revealed the processes that are affected due to the shift in community profiles. For example, metabolic functioning of membrane efflux system, amino acid metabolism and glycolysis were significantly higher in oxy-tetracycline treated fish compared to the control. This study describes alteration in gut bacterial community composition and potential metabolic profiles of the community that might be responsible for surviving in antibiotic rich environment.

scholarly journals Probiotics impact the antibiotic resistance gene reservoir along the human GI tract in a person-specific and antibiotic-dependent manner

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Montassier ◽  
Rafael Valdés-Mas ◽  
Eric Batard ◽  
Niv Zmora ◽  
Mally Dori-Bachash ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Resistance Gene ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Gene ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Direct Sampling ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽  
The Impact

AbstractAntimicrobial resistance poses a substantial threat to human health. The gut microbiome is considered a reservoir for potential spread of resistance genes from commensals to pathogens, termed the gut resistome. The impact of probiotics, commonly consumed by many in health or in conjunction with the administration of antibiotics, on the gut resistome is elusive. Reanalysis of gut metagenomes from healthy antibiotics-naïve humans supplemented with an 11-probiotic-strain preparation, allowing direct assessment of the gut resistome in situ along the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, demonstrated that probiotics reduce the number of antibiotic resistance genes exclusively in the gut of colonization-permissive individuals. In mice and in a separate cohort of humans, a course of antibiotics resulted in expansion of the lower GI tract resistome, which was mitigated by autologous faecal microbiome transplantation or during spontaneous recovery. In contrast, probiotics further exacerbated resistome expansion in the GI mucosa by supporting the bloom of strains carrying vancomycin resistance genes but not resistance genes encoded by the probiotic strains. Importantly, the aforementioned effects were not reflected in stool samples, highlighting the importance of direct sampling to analyse the effect of probiotics and antibiotics on the gut resistome. Analysing antibiotic resistance gene content in additional published clinical trials with probiotics further highlighted the importance of person-specific metagenomics-based profiling of the gut resistome using direct sampling. Collectively, these findings suggest opposing person-specific and antibiotic-dependent effects of probiotics on the resistome, whose contribution to the spread of antimicrobial resistance genes along the human GI tract merit further studies.

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