scholarly journals The onset and offset of noxious stimuli robustly modulate perceived pain intensity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benedict J. Alter ◽  
Mya Sandi Aung ◽  
Irina A. Strigo ◽  
Howard L. Fields
Keyword(s):  
Pain Intensity ◽  
Stimulus Intensity ◽  
Stimulus Change ◽  
Noxious Stimulus ◽  
Noxious Heat ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Hot Temperature ◽  
Experienced Pain ◽  
Subjective Pain ◽  
Higher Temperature

AbstractReported pain intensity depends not only on stimulus intensity but also on previously experienced pain. A painfully hot temperature applied to the skin evokes a lower subjective pain intensity if immediately preceded by a higher temperature, a phenomenon called offset analgesia. This is typically evoked using a three-step noxious heat stimulus. In other clinical and laboratory settings, prior pain experience may increase pain intensity as well. Therefore, we hypothesized that even small increases in stimulus intensity within the noxious range would be accompanied by enhanced reported pain intensity. To test this possibility, we inverted the intensity order of the three-step stimulus, so that the same hot temperature is immediately preceded by an increase from a transiently lowered temperature. Using healthy volunteer subjects, we observed a disproportionate increase in pain intensity during the novel, inverted, three-step stimulus. This disproportionate increase is similar in magnitude to that of offset analgesia. Control stimuli demonstrate that these changes in pain intensity are distinct from habituation. The magnitudes of offset analgesia and the disproportionate increase in pain intensity correlate with each other but not with the absolute noxious stimulus temperature. These observations suggest that the disproportionate increase in pain intensity represents an “onset hyperalgesia.” Finally, the magnitude of both offset analgesia and onset hyperalgesia depends on preceding temperature changes. Overall, this study finds that perceptual enhancement of noxious stimulus change occurs bidirectionally and that this depends on the intensity and direction of change of the immediately preceding stimulus.

scholarly journals Onset hyperalgesia and offset analgesia: Transient increases or decreases of noxious thermal stimulus intensity robustly modulate subsequent perceived pain intensity

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0231124
Author(s):  
Benedict J. Alter ◽  
Mya Sandi Aung ◽  
Irina A. Strigo ◽  
Howard L. Fields
Keyword(s):  
Pain Intensity ◽  
Stimulus Intensity ◽  
Noxious Stimulus ◽  
Thermal Stimulus ◽  
Experienced Pain ◽  
Perceived Pain ◽  
Subjective Pain ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Absolute Magnitudes ◽  
Lower Temperature

Reported pain intensity depends not only on stimulus intensity but also on previously experienced pain. A painfully hot temperature applied to the skin evokes a lower subjective pain intensity if immediately preceded by a higher temperature, a phenomenon called offset analgesia. Previous work indicated that prior pain experience can also increase subsequent perceived pain intensity. Therefore, we examined whether a given noxious stimulus is experienced as more intense when it is preceded by an increase from a lower temperature. Using healthy volunteer subjects, we observed a disproportionate increase in pain intensity at a given stimulus intensity when this intensity is preceded by a rise from a lower intensity. This disproportionate increase is similar in magnitude to that of offset analgesia. We call this effect onset hyperalgesia. Control stimuli, in which a noxious temperature is held constant, demonstrate that onset hyperalgesia is distinct from receptor or central sensitization. The absolute magnitudes of offset analgesia and onset hyperalgesia correlate with each other but not with the noxious stimulus temperature. Finally, the magnitude of both offset analgesia and onset hyperalgesia depends on preceding temperature changes. Overall, this study demonstrates that the perceptual effect of a noxious thermal stimulus is influenced in a bidirectional manner depending upon both the intensity and direction of change of the immediately preceding thermal stimulus.

scholarly journals Does EEG activity during painful stimulation mirror more closely the noxious stimulus intensity or the subjective pain sensation?

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 192-198
Author(s):  
Stefanie F. Bunk ◽  
Stefan Lautenbacher ◽  
Jascha Rüsseler ◽  
Karin Müller ◽  
Jana Schultz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stimulus Intensity ◽  
Noxious Stimulus ◽  
Pain Sensation ◽  
Eeg Activity ◽  
Painful Stimulation ◽  
Subjective Pain

scholarly journals Brain oscillations differentially encode noxious stimulus intensity and pain intensity

NeuroImage ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 148 ◽  
pp. 141-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moritz M. Nickel ◽  
Elisabeth S. May ◽  
Laura Tiemann ◽  
Paul Schmidt ◽  
Martina Postorino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pain Intensity ◽  
Stimulus Intensity ◽  
Noxious Stimulus ◽  
Brain Oscillations

scholarly journals Neural markers of nociceptive input and pain intensity coding: a signal detection approach

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brianna Beck ◽  
Stephanie Cook ◽  
Giandomenico Iannetti ◽  
Patrick Haggard
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Signal Detection ◽  
Pain Intensity ◽  
Stimulus Intensity ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
Electrical Stimulus ◽  
Afferent Input ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Subjective Pain

The N2 and P2 vertex waves are the largest electroencephalographic (EEG) responses evoked by transient nociceptive stimuli. N2 and P2 amplitudes often correlate with both stimulus energy and pain intensity. However, studies using paradigms that dissociated afferent input from stimulus salience suggested the N2 and P2 waves primarily reflect supramodal salience, rather than being selective for nociception or pain. Here we investigated how well EEG responses to nociceptive laser stimuli discriminate stimulus intensities and subjective pain in healthy human volunteers. Specifically, we applied signal detection theory (SDT) to calculate how well single-trial amplitudes of stimulus-related EEG responses (contralateral N1 wave, vertex N2 and P2 waves, and gamma-band oscillations) discriminate between two laser energies (neuro-d’obj), and between participants’ reports of “high” or “low” pain intensity (neuro-d’subj). As a control, we applied the same procedure to similar brain potentials evoked by non-painful electrical stimulation. Participants’ perceptual sensitivity to stimulus intensity (d’) was similar between modalities, indicating that laser and electrical stimulus discriminations were similarly difficult. Laser-evoked N1, N2 and P2 waves were sensitive to stimulus intensity, whereas the same waves evoked by electrical stimulation showed minimal sensitivity. Inter-individual differences in laser-evoked N1, N2 and P2 neuro-d’obj also predicted inter-individual variability in nociceptive sensitivity (d’). Together, these findings show that the laser-evoked potential—elicited by stimuli at long, variable intervals—reflects nociceptive intensity discrimination. Further, the laser-evoked N2 wave captured trial-by-trial variability in pain perception that was unrelated to stimulus intensity. This indicates that the N2 carries particular information about subjective pain intensity.

Circle therapy for headache management: case studies

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-104
Author(s):  
Muhammad Rafiq
Keyword(s):  
Pain Intensity ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Psychological Pain ◽  
Current Case ◽  
Paired Samples ◽  
Subjective Pain ◽  
Headache Management ◽  
Test Use ◽  
Pain Rating Scale

Recent findings have indicated that hypnotic interventions produce significant decrease in pain intensity. This current case studies are focused to highlight significant impact on pain management including headache. All the patients underwent a complete observation and clinical interview and only patients with psychological pain were included in the study group. For the management of headache, a novel hypnotic intervention - Circle Therapy (CT), was applied on a group of ten patients indicating their pain intensity in the range of 8-10 on subjective pain rating scale. According to rating scale, headache above 8 was considered as severe, 5-8 moderate and < 5 as mild.  CT is a brief hypnotic technique limited to about 10 min. Post hypnosis ratings were also measured. The pre and post hypnosis data were recorded and analyzed by paired samples t test. Use of CT showed significant results between pre and post rating e.g. 9 ± 0.25 vs. 1 ± 0.21 (p < 0.001). This brief CT intervention provided an immediate relief from headache, however, this is limited to few case studies focusing on just headache. So, we recommend large sample studies to document the effects of CT in different types of pain. Citation: Rafiq M. Circle therapy for headache management: case studies. Anaesth pain intensive care 2020;24(1):__ DOI: https://doi.org/10.35975/apic.v24i1. Received – 28 December 2019; Reviewed – 10 January 2020; Accepted - 10 January 2020;

scholarly journals Peripheral arterial stiffness during electrocutaneous stimulation is positively correlated with pain-related brain activity and subjective pain intensity: an fMRI study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshio Tsuji ◽  
Fumiya Arikuni ◽  
Takafumi Sasaoka ◽  
Shin Suyama ◽  
Takashi Akiyoshi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arterial Stiffness ◽  
Pain Intensity ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Electrocutaneous Stimulation ◽  
Pain Matrix ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
Subjective Pain ◽  
Peripheral Arterial

AbstractBrain activity associated with pain perception has been revealed by numerous PET and fMRI studies over the past few decades. These findings helped to establish the concept of the pain matrix, which is the distributed brain networks that demonstrate pain-specific cortical activities. We previously found that peripheral arterial stiffness $${\beta }_{\text{art}}$$ β art responds to pain intensity, which is estimated from electrocardiography, continuous sphygmomanometer, and photo-plethysmography. However, it remains unclear whether and to what extent $${\beta }_{\text{art}}$$ β art aligns with pain matrix brain activity. In this fMRI study, 22 participants received different intensities of pain stimuli. We identified brain regions in which the blood oxygen level-dependent signal covaried with $${\beta }_{\text{art}}$$ β art using parametric modulation analysis. Among the identified brain regions, the lateral and medial prefrontal cortex and ventral and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex were consistent with the pain matrix. We found moderate correlations between the average activities in these regions and $${\beta }_{\text{art}}$$ β art (r = 0.47, p < 0.001). $${\beta }_{\text{art}}$$ β art was also significantly correlated with self-reported pain intensity (r = 0.44, p < 0.001) and applied pain intensity (r = 0.43, p < 0.001). Our results indicate that $${\beta }_{\text{art}}$$ β art is positively correlated with pain-related brain activity and subjective pain intensity. This study may thus represent a basis for adopting peripheral arterial stiffness as an objective pain evaluation metric.

Attenuation of Experimental Pain by Tactile Stimulation: Effect of Vibration at Different Levels of Noxious Stimulus Intensity

1964 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 311-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard Blitz ◽  
Albert J. Dinnerstein ◽  
Milton Lowenthal
Keyword(s):  
Stimulus Intensity ◽  
Tactile Stimulation ◽  
Experimental Pain ◽  
Pain Tolerance ◽  
Noxious Stimulus ◽  
Noxious Stimulation ◽  
Vibratory Stimulus ◽  
Vibratory Stimulation ◽  
Electric Shocks ◽  
Different Levels

The present study was concerned with the masking and pain-attenuating effect of vibration at different levels of intensity of noxious stimulation. Forty Ss were given noxious stimulation in the form of increasingly painful electric shocks in trials where such shocks were presented with and without concurrent vibratory stimulation. The masking or pain-attenuating effect of the vibration was greatest at the lowest level of noxious stimulus intensity and decreased as the noxious stimulation intensity increased. At the highest level of noxious stimulation the effect of vibration was not significant although there was a tendency for Ss with higher pain tolerance to show summation. The possible relevance of the intensity of the vibratory stimulus to this pattern of results was discussed.

scholarly journals The Confounding Effect of Assessor Ethnicity on Subjective Pain Reporting in Women

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Jacob Miguel Vigil ◽  
Patrick Coulombe ◽  
Lauren Nikki Rowell ◽  
Chance Strenth ◽  
Eric Kruger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pain Intensity ◽  
Severe Pain ◽  
Pain Sensitivity ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Pain Tolerance ◽  
Random Effects Models ◽  
Subjective Pain ◽  
Lower Pain ◽  
Pain Reporting ◽  
Hispanic White

The current study examines how subjective pain reporting is influenced by the concordant and discordant nature of the ethnic identities of pain expressers (participants) and pain assessors (experimenters). Three discomfort conditions that varied in stimuli intensity (Study 1: mild pain; Study 2: severe pain), and distraction components (Study 3) were used to assess whether pain intensity and tolerance reporting differ with the ethnic identification of the participant and the experimenter. Specifically, 87 Hispanic and 74 Non-Hispanic White (NHW) women (18–51 yrs., Mage = 20.0, SD = 4.3) underwent a cold pressor pain task (CPT) after engaging in minimal procedural interactions with one of the 22 research experimenters (47% Hispanic, 42% females). The procedural interactions with the experimenters included only consenting and instructions, with no interaction between experimenter and participant during the actual CPT. Random-effects models showed that between the 0% and 18% of the variance in pain sensitivity (intensity and tolerance scores) was attributable to characteristics of the experimenters. Controlling for self-esteem, baseline pain levels, and the gender of the experimenter, Hispanic subjects showed higher pain sensitivity (as marked by lower pain tolerance and higher pain intensity scores) following interactions with an NHW rather than a Hispanic experimenter in response to the most severe pain intensity stimuli. These results question the validity of common findings of ethnic differences in pain sensitivity from studies that have not accounted for the ethnic identity of the pain assessor (and the general communicative nature of pain reporting).

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