scholarly journals Statistical methods for batch screening of input populations by stage and group in COVID-19 nucleic acid testing

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng Yuan Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Swab ◽  
Nucleic Acid Testing ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Positive Group ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Test Result

AbstractPurposeTo screen for COVID-19 patients in immigration using minimal nucleic acid testing (NAT).MethodsIn the first phase, nasopharyngeal swab samples from the inbound population were numbered and grouped. The samples in the group were mixed together, and a NAT test was performed. When the test result is negative, it means that everyone in the group is not infected and the screening of the group is complete. When the test results were positive, the group moved on to the second stage. In the second stage, all samples in the positive group will be tested individually for NAT.ResultsThe advantages and considerations of the method are discussed. Prevalence in the incoming population was a determinant of the sample size within the group. The lower the incidence, the larger the sample size within the group, the higher the savings in NAT and testing costs.ConclusionThis method has significant efficiency and cost advantages in COVID-19 screening. It can also be used to screen other populations, such as community populations and people at high risk of infection, etc.

scholarly journals Acute myelitis after SARS-CoV-2 infection: a case report

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kang Zhao ◽  
Jucun Huang ◽  
Dan Dai ◽  
Yuwei Feng ◽  
Liming Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Flaccid Paralysis ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Swab ◽  
Comprehensive Treatment ◽  
Nucleic Acid Testing ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Microbiological Test ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Post Infectious

AbstractWe report a case of acute myelitis in a patient infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). A 66-year-old man with coronavirus disease 2019 was admitted with acute flaccid paralysis of the bilateral lower limbs and urinary and bowel incontinence. All serum microbiological test results were negative, except for SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid testing. Clinical findings indicated post-infectious acute myelitis. He received treatment containing ganciclovir, lopinavir/ritonavir, moxifloxacin, dexamethasone, human immunoglobulin, and mecobalamin. With a diagnosis of post-infectious acute myelitis and comprehensive treatment, paralysis of the bilateral lower extremities ameliorated. After two negative novel coronavirus RNA nasopharyngeal swab tests, he was discharged and transferred to a designated hospital for isolation and rehabilitation therapy.

scholarly journals Differential diagnosis for suspected cases of coronavirus disease 2019: a retrospective study

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiong Chi ◽  
Xinjian Dai ◽  
Xiangao Jiang ◽  
Lefei Zhu ◽  
Junyan Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Multiplex Pcr ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Nucleic Acid Testing ◽  
Negative Group ◽  
Positive Group ◽  
Imaging Characteristics ◽  
Imaging Results ◽  
Wbc Count

Abstract Background Since December 2019, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has infected more than 12,322,000 people and killed over 556,000 people worldwide. However, Differential diagnosis remains difficult for suspected cases of COVID-19 and need to be improved to reduce misdiagnosis. Methods Sixty-eight cases of suspected COVID-19 treated in Wenzhou Central Hospital from January 21 to February 20, 2020 were divided into confirmed and COVID-19-negative groups based on the results of real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) nucleic acid testing of the novel coronavirus in throat swab specimens to compare the clinical symptoms and laboratory and imaging results between the groups. Results Among suspected patients, 17 were confirmed to COVID-19-positive group and 51 were distinguished to COVID-19-negative group. Patients with reduced white blood cell (WBC) count were more common in the COVID-19-positive group than in the COVID-19-negative group (29.4% vs 3.9%, P = 0.003). Subsequently, correlation analysis indicated that there was a significant inverse correlation existed between WBC count and temperature in the COVID-19-positive patients (r = − 0.587, P = 0.003), instead of the COVID-19-negative group. But reduced lymphocyte count was no different between the two groups (47.1% vs 25.5%, P = 0.096). More common chest imaging characteristics of the confirmed COVID-19 cases by high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) included ground-glass opacities (GGOs), multiple patchy shadows, and consolidation with bilateral involvement than COVID-19-negative group (82.4% vs 31.4%, P = 0.0002; 41.2% vs 17.6% vs P = 0.048; 76.5% vs 43.1%, P = 0.017; respectively). The rate of clustered infection was higher in COVID-19-positive group than COVID-19-negative group (64.7% vs 7.8%, P = 0.001). Through multiplex PCR nucleic acid testing, 2 cases of influenza A, 3 cases of influenza B, 2 cases of adenovirus, 2 cases of Chlamydia pneumonia, and 7 cases of Mycoplasma pneumoniae were diagnosed in the COVID-19-negative group. Conclusions WBC count inversely correlated with the severity of fever, GGOs, multiple patchy shadows, and consolidation in chest HRCT and clustered infection are common but not specific features in the confirmed COVID-19 group. Multiplex PCR nucleic acid testing helped differential diagnosis for suspected COVID-19 cases.

scholarly journals Impact of the Beta-Glucan Test on Management of Intensive Care Unit Patients at Risk for Invasive Candidiasis

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonios Kritikos ◽  
Julien Poissy ◽  
Antony Croxatto ◽  
Pierre-Yves Bochud ◽  
Jean-Luc Pagani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Invasive Candidiasis ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Beta Glucan ◽  
High Risk Patients ◽  
Therapeutic Decisions ◽  
Risk Patients ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Test Result

ABSTRACT The 1,3-beta-d-glucan (BDG) test is used for the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis (IC) in intensive care units (ICUs). However, its utility for patient management is unclear. This study assessed the impact of BDG test results on therapeutic decisions. This was a single-center observational study conducted in an ICU over two 6-month periods. All BDG test requests for the diagnosis of IC were analyzed. Before the second period, the ICU physicians received a pocket card instruction (algorithm) for targeted BDG testing in high-risk patients. The performance of the BDG test for IC diagnosis was assessed, as well as its impact on antifungal (AF) prescription. Overall, 72 patients had ≥1 BDG test, and 14 (19%) patients had an IC diagnosis. The BDG test results influenced therapeutic decisions in 41 (57%) cases. The impact of the BDG test was positive in 30 (73%) of them, as follows: AF abstention/interruption following a negative BDG result (n = 27), and AF initiation/continuation triggered by a positive BDG test result and subsequently confirmed IC (n = 3). In 10 (24%) cases, a positive BDG test result resulted in AF initiation/continuation with no further evidence of IC. A negative BDG result and AF abstention with subsequent IC diagnosis were observed in one case. The positive predictive value (PPV) of BDG was improved if testing was restricted to the algorithm’s indications (80% versus 36%, respectively). However, adherence to the algorithm was low (26%), and no benefit of the intervention was observed. The BDG result had an impact on therapeutic decisions in more than half of the cases, which consisted mainly of safe AF interruption/abstention. Targeted BDG testing in high-risk patients improves PPV but is difficult to achieve in ICU.

scholarly journals Differential diagnosis for suspected cases of coronavirus disease 2019: a retrospective study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiong Chi ◽  
Xinjian Dai ◽  
Xiangao Jiang ◽  
Lefei Zhu ◽  
Junyan Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Nucleic Acid Testing ◽  
Negative Group ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Positive Group ◽  
Imaging Characteristics ◽  
Imaging Results ◽  
Wbc Count

Abstract Background Since December 2019, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has infected more than 2,310,000 people and killed over hundreds of thousands people worldwide. However, Differential diagnosis remains difficult for suspected cases of COVID-19 and need to be improved to reduce misdiagnosis. Methods Sixty-eight cases of suspected COVID-19 treated in Wenzhou Central Hospital from January 21 to February 20, 2020 were divided into confirmed and COVID-19-negative groups based on the results of real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) nucleic acid testing of the novel coronavirus in throat swab specimens to compare the clinical symptoms and laboratory and imaging results between the groups. Results Among suspected patients, 17 were confirmed to COVID-19-positive group and 51 were distinguished to COVID-19-negative group. Patients with reduced white blood cell (WBC) count were more common in the COVID-19-positive group than in the COVID-19-negative group (29.4% vs 3.9%, P = 0.003). Subsequently, correlation analysis indicated that there was a significant inverse correlation existed between WBC count and temperature in the COVID-19-positive patients (r=-0.587, p = 0.003), instead of the COVID-19-negative group. But reduced lymphocyte count was no different between the two groups (47.1% vs 25.5%, P = 0.096). More common chest imaging characteristics of the confirmed COVID-19 cases by high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) included ground-glass opacities (GGOs), multiple patchy shadows, and consolidation with bilateral involvement than COVID-19-negative group (82.4% vs 31.4%, p = 0.0002; 41.2% vs 17.6% vs p = 0.048; 76.5% vs 43.1%, p = 0.017; respectively). Through multiplex RT-PCR nucleic acid testing, 2 case of influenza A, 3 cases of influenza B, 2 cases of adenovirus, 2 cases of Chlamydia pneumonia, and 7 cases of Mycoplasma pneumoniae were diagnosed in the COVID-19-negative group. Conclusions Reduced WBC count inversely correlating with the severity of fever, GGOs, multiple patchy shadows, and consolidation in chest HRCT and clustered infection are features in the confirmed COVID-19 group but not unique. Multiplex RT-PCR nucleic acid testing helped exclude pathogenic diagnosis in COVID-19 patients.

scholarly journals Is Pool Testing Method of COVID-19 Employed in Germany and India Effective?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia Liu ◽  
Yi Chen ◽  
Kefan Xie ◽  
Xiaohong Chen
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Nucleic Acid Detection ◽  
Testing Method ◽  
Optimal Sample ◽  
The One ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Test Result

Abstract At present, several countries, such as Germany and India, have employed a pool testing method on the nucleic acid testing of COVID-19 for the shortage of detection kits. In this method, the testing is performed on several samples of the cases together as a bunch. If the test result of the bunch is negative, then it is shown that none of the cases in the bunch has been infected with the novel coronavirus. On the contrary, if the test result of the bunch is positive, then the samples are tested one by one to confirm which cases are infected. We verified that the pool testing method of COVID-19 is effective in the situation of the shortage of nucleic acid detection kits based on probabilistic modeling. Moreover, the following interesting results are also obtained. (1) If the infection rate is extremely low, while the same number of detection kits are used, the expected number of cases that can be tested by the pool testing method is far more than that by the one-by-one testing method. (2) The pool testing method is effective only when the infection rate is less than 0.3078. While the infection rate decreases from 0.3078 to 0.0018, the optimal sample sizes in one bunch increases from 3 to 25. In general, the higher the infection rate, the smaller the optimal sample size in one bunch. (3) If N samples are tested by the pool testing method, while the sample size in one bunch is G, the number of detection kits required is in the interval (N/G, N). Additionally, the lower the infection rate, the fewer detection kits are needed. Therefore, the pool testing method is not only suitable for the situation of the shortage of detection kits, but also the situation of the overall or sampling detection for a large population.

scholarly journals Differential diagnosis for suspected cases of coronavirus disease 2019: a retrospective study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiong Chi ◽  
Xinjian Dai ◽  
Xiangao Jiang ◽  
Lefei Zhu ◽  
Junyan Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Multiplex Pcr ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Nucleic Acid Testing ◽  
Negative Group ◽  
Positive Group ◽  
Imaging Characteristics ◽  
Imaging Results ◽  
Wbc Count

Abstract Background: Since December 2019, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has infected more than 12,310322,000 people and killed over 556,000 people worldwide. However, Differential diagnosis remains difficult for suspected cases of COVID-19 and need to be improved to reduce misdiagnosis.Methods: Sixty-eight cases of suspected COVID-19 treated in Wenzhou Central Hospital from January 21 to February 20, 2020 were divided into confirmed and COVID-19-negative groups based on the results of real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) nucleic acid testing of the novel coronavirus in throat swab specimens to compare the clinical symptoms and laboratory and imaging results between the groups.Results: Among suspected patients, 17 were confirmed to COVID-19-positive group and 51 were distinguished to COVID-19-negative group. Patients with reduced white blood cell (WBC) count were more common in the COVID-19-positive group than in the COVID-19-negative group (29.4% vs 3.9%, P = 0.003). Subsequently, correlation analysis indicated that there was a significant inverse correlation existed between WBC count and temperature in the COVID-19-positive patients (r=-0.587, P=0.003), instead of the COVID-19-negative group. But reduced lymphocyte count was no different between the two groups (47.1% vs 25.5%, P= 0.096). More common chest imaging characteristics of the confirmed COVID-19 cases by high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) included ground-glass opacities (GGOs), multiple patchy shadows, and consolidation with bilateral involvement than COVID-19-negative group (82.4% vs 31.4%, P=0.0002; 41.2% vs 17.6% vs P=0.048; 76.5% vs 43.1%, P=0.017; respectively). The rate of clustered infection was higher in COVID-19-positive group than COVID-19-negative group (64.7% vs 7.8%, P=0.001). Through multiplex PCR nucleic acid testing, 2 cases of influenza A, 3 cases of influenza B, 2 cases of adenovirus, 2 cases of Chlamydia pneumonia, and 7 cases of Mycoplasma pneumoniae were diagnosed in the COVID-19-negative group.Conclusions: WBC count inversely correlated with the severity of fever, GGOs, multiple patchy shadows, and consolidation in chest HRCT and clustered infection are common but not specific features in the confirmed COVID-19 group.Reduced WBC count inversely correlating with the severity of fever, GGOs, multiple patchy shadows, and consolidation in chest HRCT and clustered infection are features in the confirmed COVID-19 group but not unique. Multiplex PCR nucleic acid testing helped differential diagnosis for suspected COVID-19 casesexclude pathogenic diagnosis in COVID-19 patients.

scholarly journals HPV co-testing as cervical screening test, Experience of Alweiya early detection cervical clinic: one-year Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zainab J Al-Jobawi ◽  
Besmah M. Ali ◽  
Asan A Al-Niyazee ◽  
Mustafa H Ibraheem
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Abnormal Cytology ◽  
Normal Cytology ◽  
Papilloma Virus ◽  
Hpv Test ◽  
Primary Test ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Test Result

Objectives: The high-risk Human papilloma virus test with conventional cytology (HPVco-test) was firstly introduced in our institute at May 2019 so we aimed to estimate the prevalence of abnormal cytology and positive high-risk human papillomavirus test results in a screening woman and to assess the accuracy between cytology and Human papilloma virus testing to evaluate the feasibility of integrating the latter as a primary test in the national cervical cancer screening program. Methods: A prospective study for women attending to early detection cervical clinic, during the period from May 2019 to May 2020. Patients who were sexually active were included in the study. Samples for conventional cytology and HPV by using real-time polymerase chain reaction technique for high risk types were taken concurrently. The prevalence of positive screening results and the difference in accuracy between two testing were estimated by McNemar’s χ2 test. Result: A total of 388 women were included in the study. The prevalence of positive test for hr-HPV was 2.1%(8) while the prevalence of abnormal cytology test was 19.1%(74), Concerning discordant pairs, 0.8%(3) of women had normal cytology with a positive hr-HPV test result and 17.8%(69) of women had abnormal cytology with a negative  hr-HPV test result. A total of 311 (80.1%) women had normal cytology and negative hr-HPV test results. The proportion of women with abnormal cytology and positive hr-HPV test results was 1.3% (5 women). the difference in accuracy between the two results was statistically significant (<0.0001). The prevalence of positive hr-HPV test decreased with increasing age, whereas the prevalence of abnormal cytology showed a bimodal age pattern. Conclusion: The prevalence of abnormal cytology was high to that of hr-HPV testing, which could not allow for the implementation of hr-HPV as a primary test in the national screening program in Iraq.

scholarly journals Provider Utilization of High-Risk Donor Organs and Nucleic Acid Testing: Results of Two National Surveys

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 1197-1204 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Kucirka ◽  
R. Namuyinga ◽  
C. Hanrahan ◽  
R. A. Montgomery ◽  
D. L. Segev
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Nucleic Acid Testing ◽  
National Surveys ◽  
Donor Organs

scholarly journals Machine Learning Highlights Downtrending of COVID-19 Patients with a Distinct Laboratory Profile

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
He S. Yang ◽  
Yu Hou ◽  
Hao Zhang ◽  
Amy Chadburn ◽  
Lars F. Westblade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
New York ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Laboratory Test ◽  
Laboratory Test Result ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Laboratory Test Results ◽  
Laboratory Profile ◽  
Test Result

Background. New York City (NYC) experienced an initial surge and gradual decline in the number of SARS-CoV-2-confirmed cases in 2020. A change in the pattern of laboratory test results in COVID-19 patients over this time has not been reported or correlated with patient outcome. Methods. We performed a retrospective study of routine laboratory and SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test results from 5,785 patients evaluated in a NYC hospital emergency department from March to June employing machine learning analysis. Results. A COVID-19 high-risk laboratory test result profile (COVID19-HRP), consisting of 21 routine blood tests, was identified to characterize the SARS-CoV-2 patients. Approximately half of the SARS-CoV-2 positive patients had the distinct COVID19-HRP that separated them from SARS-CoV-2 negative patients. SARS-CoV-2 patients with the COVID19-HRP had higher SARS-CoV-2 viral loads, determined by cycle threshold values from the RT-PCR, and poorer clinical outcome compared to other positive patients without the COVID12-HRP. Furthermore, the percentage of SARS-CoV-2 patients with the COVID19-HRP has significantly decreased from March/April to May/June. Notably, viral load in the SARS-CoV-2 patients declined, and their laboratory profile became less distinguishable from SARS-CoV-2 negative patients in the later phase. Conclusions. Our longitudinal analysis illustrates the temporal change of laboratory test result profile in SARS-CoV-2 patients and the COVID-19 evolvement in a US epicenter. This analysis could become an important tool in COVID-19 population disease severity tracking and prediction. In addition, this analysis may play an important role in prioritizing high-risk patients, assisting in patient triaging and optimizing the usage of resources.

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