scholarly journals Cryptic transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Washington State

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trevor Bedford ◽  
Alexander L. Greninger ◽  
Pavitra Roychoudhury ◽  
Lea M. Starita ◽  
Michael Famulare ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Sequencing ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Genomic Data ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Washington State ◽  
The State ◽  
Large Majority ◽  
Local Spread ◽  
The World

AbstractFollowing its emergence in Wuhan, China, in late November or early December 2019, the SARS-CoV-2 virus has rapidly spread throughout the world. Genome sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 strains allows for the reconstruction of transmission history connecting these infections. Here, we analyze 346 SARS-CoV-2 genomes from samples collected between 20 February and 15 March 2020 from infected patients in Washington State, USA. We found that the large majority of SARS-CoV-2 infections sampled during this time frame appeared to have derived from a single introduction event into the state in late January or early February 2020 and subsequent local spread, indicating cryptic spread of COVID-19 before active community surveillance was implemented. We estimate a common ancestor of this outbreak clade as occurring between 18 January and 9 February 2020. From genomic data, we estimate an exponential doubling between 2.4 and 5.1 days. These results highlight the need for large-scale community surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 and the power of pathogen genomics to inform epidemiological understanding.

scholarly journals Protecting Women’s Rights And Freedoms In Uzbekistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (04) ◽  
pp. 353-358
Author(s):  
Marguba Makhsudovna Nosirova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Women's Rights ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The State ◽  
Women’S Rights ◽  
Gender Policy ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
The World ◽  
State Programs

This article deals with the situation with violations of women's rights and freedoms in the world in recent years and the increase in violence against them during the COVID-19 pandemic, measures taken in our country on gender policy, a number of presidential decrees. The large-scale work on increasing the participation of women in society and the state, based on the tasks set out in the state programs and responded also was analyzed.

scholarly journals Geomechanical Modelling of Railroad Ballast: A Review

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yahia Alabbasi ◽  
Mohammed Hussein
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Behavior ◽  
Mechanical Behaviour ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
The World ◽  
Modelling Approach ◽  
Main Material ◽  
Modelling Approaches

AbstractTraditional ballasted tracks have been used intensively around the world with ballast as the main material for tracks. Ballast has a significant contribution to the track alignment, stability and sustainability. After service, ballast deforms and degrades. Periodic ballast maintenance is needed which is a time and cost expensive activity. Understanding the mechanical behaviour of railroad ballast leads to better design and efficient maintenance. From the literature, there are two main approaches used to understand the mechanical behaviour of railroad ballast; large scale experimental and modelling. This paper aims to review the state of the art of literature on the modelling approaches used to understand ballast mechanical behaviour. It discusses the key findings from each modelling approach in understanding ballast mechanical behavior. It presents the main concerns and limitations of each modelling approach from different perspectives related to ballast modelling. It summarizes the limitations, gaps and gaps’ developments of the researches used to understand ballast behaviour via modelling approach.

scholarly journals Turkey, from Negotiation to War

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Seevan Saeed
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Cultural Nationalism ◽  
The State ◽  
The Past ◽  
Guerrilla War ◽  
The World ◽  
Kurdish Question ◽  
First Time ◽  
Kemal Ataturk ◽  
Peace And Reconciliation

"While Mustafa Kemal Ataturk claimed on reconciliation within his country and with the world, we are now witnessing Turkish conflicts and tensions with all the countries of the region and the Turkish interior, with various factions and with the Kurds in particular. After 30 years of costly war between the state and the Kurdish movement, for the first time public negotiations began between the two. The famous speech of Ocalan was announced in Diyarbakir (March 2013). The movement has invested in this relatively peaceful environment and has begun to promote the Cultural Nationalism for the Kurds and other minorities on a large scale. But this atmosphere of peace and freedom did not last long. The state abruptly overthrew the peace process with representatives of the Kurdish movement by detaining thousands of its leaders. The guerrilla war began again, in many areas. The army has chased activists in houses and streets in cities such as Sur, Jazira, Naseebin and Sirnak. Some parts of the Kurdish areas have been destroyed, displacing about one million civilians. This research has tried to explain why the state has returned to its old policy of security and military approach, although in the past few years it has repeatedly claimed that it is possible to deal with the Kurdish question through peace and reconciliation. The research tries to study the complex relationship between these two poles."

Women in economic and social transformation era: Issues and challenges

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalthum Hassan ◽  
Rohana Yusof
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Social Transformation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The State ◽  
Livelihood Strategies ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Corporate World ◽  
The World

This book was motivated by the desire of the authors to reveal various issues and livelihood strategies of women in developing countries managing current socio-economic challenges as the state of the world is changing rapidly.The changes have brought about problems and opportunities to women globally as women have become one of the key actors in promoting the changes.Women in the developing countries have gone through various phases of socio-economic changes that have changed their roles from family affairs managers to corporate/institutional managers and workers and small and large scale entrepreneurs.However, different from men, the roles as family affairs managers remain even though women have assumed various other roles in government and corporate world.

scholarly journals Practical guide for managing large-scale human genome data in research

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-52
Author(s):  
Tomoya Tanjo ◽  
Yosuke Kawai ◽  
Katsushi Tokunaga ◽  
Osamu Ogasawara ◽  
Masao Nagasaki
Keyword(s):  
Data Processing ◽  
Whole Genome Sequencing ◽  
Human Genome ◽  
Genome Sequencing ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Genomic Data ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
Genome Data ◽  
Human Genome Data

AbstractStudies in human genetics deal with a plethora of human genome sequencing data that are generated from specimens as well as available on public domains. With the development of various bioinformatics applications, maintaining the productivity of research, managing human genome data, and analyzing downstream data is essential. This review aims to guide struggling researchers to process and analyze these large-scale genomic data to extract relevant information for improved downstream analyses. Here, we discuss worldwide human genome projects that could be integrated into any data for improved analysis. Obtaining human whole-genome sequencing data from both data stores and processes is costly; therefore, we focus on the development of data format and software that manipulate whole-genome sequencing. Once the sequencing is complete and its format and data processing tools are selected, a computational platform is required. For the platform, we describe a multi-cloud strategy that balances between cost, performance, and customizability. A good quality published research relies on data reproducibility to ensure quality results, reusability for applications to other datasets, as well as scalability for the future increase of datasets. To solve these, we describe several key technologies developed in computer science, including workflow engine. We also discuss the ethical guidelines inevitable for human genomic data analysis that differ from model organisms. Finally, the future ideal perspective of data processing and analysis is summarized.

scholarly journals Ownership Pattern of Public Debt in India: A Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 16-24
Author(s):  
B Pradeep Kumar ◽  
R Ramya
Keyword(s):  
Mutual Funds ◽  
State Government ◽  
Public Debt ◽  
Commercial Banks ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The State ◽  
Treasury Bills ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government

To bridge the inevitable gap between the expenditure and revenue of governments, public debt has been resorted to increasingly by the government all over the world. In India, too, public debt has been reckoned as a device though which governments attempt to garner enough resources for both developmental and non-developmental activities. The present paper looks into the change and pattern in the ownership of public debt in India in recent years. In recent times, there has been a slight decline in the State government securities issued in India. Provident Funds have become dominant and permanent owners of state government securities in Indi, especially in recent times. Commercial banks in India are the main owners of GOI dated securities. Half of the T-Bills have been held by the Commercial Banks in the country. Mutual Funds also have been buying the Treasury Bills on a large scale. Provident Funds (PFs) do not seem to be interested in engaging in Treasury Bills operations in the country.

Lawmaking and State-Making as Vigilantism

2019 ◽  
pp. 191-212
Author(s):  
Nicholas Rush Smith
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Control Strategy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Crime Control ◽  
African State ◽  
The State ◽  
Police Reform ◽  
Police Violence ◽  
The World

As apartheid collapsed, South Africa set out on one of the most ambitious police reform projects the world had ever seen. However, in 2008, senior state officials began calling for restrictions on police violence to be lifted with the effect that high rates of police violence have become a primary crime control strategy. This chapter examines this shift in the context of the South African state’s failure to bring the country’s persistent vigilante violence under control. It does so in two ways. First, the chapter examines the contradictory ways in which South African state officials navigate the tensions between advocating for the post-apartheid rights regime while arguing that such rights may inhibit the state’s ability to fight crime. Second, it examines how young men in Durban’s underworld experience the state, showing how rumors of procedureless police violence creates an image for them of the state as a large-scale vigilante organization.

scholarly journals Controlling the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, insights from large scale whole genome sequences generated across the world

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jody Phelan ◽  
Wouter Deelder ◽  
Daniel Ward ◽  
Susana Campino ◽  
Martin L. Hibberd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Sequencing ◽  
Molecular Diagnostics ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Selection Pressures ◽  
Infected People ◽  
The World ◽  
Genome Sequencing Effort

ABSTRACTBackgroundSARS-CoV-2 most likely evolved from a bat beta-coronavirus and started infecting humans in December 2019. Since then it has rapidly infected people around the world, with more than 4.5 million confirmed cases by the middle of May 2020. Early genome sequencing of the virus has enabled the development of molecular diagnostics and the commencement of therapy and vaccine development. The analysis of the early sequences showed relatively few evolutionary selection pressures. However, with the rapid worldwide expansion into diverse human populations, significant genetic variations are becoming increasingly likely. The current limitations on social movement between countries also offers the opportunity for these viral variants to become distinct strains with potential implications for diagnostics, therapies and vaccines.MethodsWe used the current sequencing archives (NCBI and GISAID) to investigate 15,487 whole genomes, looking for evidence of strain diversification and selective pressure.ResultsWe used 6,294 SNPs to build a phylogenetic tree of SARS-CoV-2 diversity and noted strong evidence for the existence of two major clades and six sub-clades, unevenly distributed across the world. We also noted that convergent evolution has potentially occurred across several locations in the genome, showing selection pressures, including on the spike glycoprotein where we noted a potentially critical mutation that could affect its binding to the ACE2 receptor. We also report on mutations that could prevent current molecular diagnostics from detecting some of the sub-clades.ConclusionThe worldwide whole genome sequencing effort is revealing the challenge of developing SARS-CoV-2 containment tools suitable for everyone and the need for data to be continually evaluated to ensure accuracy in outbreak estimations.

From the history of higher musical education of Uzbekistan in the years of independence

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sahodat Murtazova
Keyword(s):  
Music Education ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Faculty Training ◽  
The State ◽  
Academic Disciplines ◽  
State University ◽  
State Institute ◽  
Musical Education ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of

This article is devoted to the study of the history of the period of independence of higher musical education in Uzbekistan. It summarizes the implementation of the first days of independence of fundamental reforms in all spheres of life in Uzbekistan, including education, in particular, in the system of music education, as well as the adoption of decrees and resolutions related to the field, the changes that have occurred in the field of music, and successes other. Along with this, the peoples of the world are currently carrying out serious activities to study, promote their culture and spirituality, carefully preserve and develop their rich traditions, establish creative cooperation, organize international festivals, scientific and practical conferences, conduct research, in this regard, a special place For the development of the sphere, the system of higher musical education is of great importance. The article highlights information about the establishment in the system of higher musical education of teaching music education, training at the State Conservatory of Uzbekistan, the State Institute of Arts and Culture, at some regional pedagogical institutes, state universities, and about their achievements. It was analyzed that the opening of the pop art faculty, the development of jazz art at the State Conservatory of Uzbekistan, the teaching of new academic disciplines based on the requirements of our time is important. In particular, in universities and higher educational institutions of the pedagogical direction, carrying out their activities in the regions of the republic, a number of cases are being carried out to prepare specialists in musical art, which is examined by the example of the music departments of Navoi State Pedagogical Institute, Bukhara State University and Karshi State University. Thus, it is analyzed that from the first years of independence, the attitude towards national identity, spiritual heritage, traditional values, the Uzbek national musical heritage, music education and training, the implementation of large-scale reforms in recent years to widely familiarize the world community with our rich spiritual heritage at the international level, special attention paid to the faculty, training talent s staff in higher music education.

scholarly journals BANK’S INVESTMENT ACTIVITY

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-115
Author(s):  
Svitlana Gutkevych ◽  
Virginija Jureniene
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
System Development ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
International Investment ◽  
The State ◽  
Investment Activity ◽  
Monetary System ◽  
The World

The article considers the investment system that is determined by the investment activity of financial institutions. The banking system is a dynamic system, the basis of the economic infrastructure of the market. The bank's investment operations are a complex process because the bank can be both an object and an investor. The bank's investment choices are influenced by the following major factors: expected rate of return, tax characteristics, mortgage requirements, risks.The stability of the banking system depends on the general equilibrium conditions between accumulation and investment demand. The state of the banking system affects investment. The structure of the modern banking system in Ukraine is in line with Western counterparts, and the domestic legal framework in the banking sector is perfect enough to regulate banking processes and ensure the stability of the banking sector. In a broader context, international investment processes are influenced by: the state of development of the world economy, international factor and investment markets; stability of the world monetary system; development of international investment infrastructure and the like. In the context of globalization, international investment is influenced by the interacting processes of trans nationalization and regional economic integration. The effects of global economic factors, on the one hand, offset some of the differences between countries, and on the other, it creates a macro environment for large-scale activity of international entities and investment institutions.

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