Nonmedical Masks in Public for Respiratory Pandemics: Droplet Retention by Two-Layer Textile Barrier Fully Protects Germ-free Mice from Bacteria in Droplets

ABSTRACTDue to the shortage of masks during the pandemic, we recently demonstrated that household textiles are effective environmental droplet barriers (EDBs) with identical droplet retention potential as medical masks. To further promote the implementation of a universal community droplet reduction solution based on a synchronized encouragement/enforcement of mask utilization by the public based on widely available textiles (mask fabrication without the need for sewing machines), here we conducted a study using germ-free mice to determine to what extent textiles were effective in vivo. Using a bacterial-suspension spray simulation model of droplet ejection (mimicking a sneeze), we quantified the extent by which 100% cotton textile prevented the contamination of germ-free animals on the other side of the textile-barrier (simulating a properly worn mask). Of relevance, all mice protected with textiles remained germ-free after two sprays (inoculation dose: >600 bacterial droplet units per 56.75cm2) compared to the contamination of mice not protected by a textile (0/12 vs 6/6, Fisher’s exact, p<0.0001). In a second phase of the experiment with 12 germ-free mice exposed again to 10-fold more droplets remained germ-free, while 100% of mice at 180cm became colonized with a single spray (0/8 vs 4/4, Fisher exact, p=0.002). Collectively, barriers protected all mice (even with low-density textiles, heavy vs. light fabric, T-test, p=0.0028) when using textile-EDB to cover the cages (0/20 vs 10/10, Fisher exact, p<0.0001). This study demonstrated, in vivo, that widely available household textiles are 100% effective at preventing contamination of the environment and the exposed animals by microbe-carrying droplets.

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Textile Masks and Surface Covers – A ‘Universal Droplet Reduction Model’ Against Respiratory Pandemics

10.1101/2020.04.07.20045617 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Alex Rodriguez-Palacios ◽

Fabio Cominelli ◽

Abigail R. Basson ◽

Theresa T. Pizarro ◽

Sanja Ilic

Keyword(s):

Health Care Workers ◽

Minimum Distance ◽

Double Layers ◽

Bacterial Suspension ◽

Respiratory Pathogens ◽

Droplet Dispersion ◽

The Public ◽

Droplet Ejection ◽

Care Workers ◽

Asymptomatic Individuals

ABSTRACTThe main form of COVID-19 transmission is via ‘oral-respiratory droplet contamination’ (droplet; very small drop of liquid) produced when individuals talk, sneeze or cough. In hospitals, health-care workers wear facemasks as a minimum medical ‘droplet precaution’ to protect themselves. Due to the shortage of masks during the pandemic, priority is given to hospitals for their distribution. As a result, the availability/use of medical masks is discouraged for the public. However, given that asymptomatic individuals, not wearing masks within the public, can be highly contagious for COVID-19, prevention of ‘environmental droplet contamination’ (EnDC) from coughing/sneezing/speech is fundamental to reducing transmission. As an immediate solution to promote ‘public droplet safety’, we assessed household textiles to quantify their potential as effective environmental droplet barriers (EDBs). The synchronized implementation of a universal ‘community droplet reduction solution’ is discussed as a model against COVID-19. Using a bacterial-suspension spray simulation model of droplet ejection (mimicking a sneeze), we quantified the extent by which widely available clothing fabrics reduce the dispersion of droplets onto surfaces within 1.8m, the minimum distance recommended for COVID-19 ‘social distancing’. All textiles reduced the number of droplets reaching surfaces, restricting their dispersion to <30cm, when used as single layers. When used as double-layers, textiles were as effective as medical mask/surgical-cloth materials, reducing droplet dispersion to <10cm, and the area of circumferential contamination to ∼0.3%. The synchronized implementation of EDBs as a ‘community droplet reduction solution’ (i.e., face covers/scarfs/masks & surface covers) could reduce EnDC and the risk of transmitting or acquiring infectious respiratory pathogens, including COVID-19.

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Enhancement of ADP-induced Platelet Aggregation by Adrenaline in Vivo and Its Prevention

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1647788 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 29 (02) ◽

pp. 490-498 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Hiroh Yamazaki ◽

Itsuro Kobayashi ◽

Tadahiro Sano ◽

Takio Shimamoto

Keyword(s):

Platelet Count ◽

Platelet Aggregation ◽

Platelet Rich Plasma ◽

The Other ◽

Endothelial Surface ◽

Important Interaction ◽

Blood Coagulability ◽

The Difference

SummaryThe authors previously reported a transient decrease in adhesive platelet count and an enhancement of blood coagulability after administration of a small amount of adrenaline (0.1-1 µg per Kg, i. v.) in man and rabbit. In such circumstances, the sensitivity of platelets to aggregation induced by ADP was studied by an optical density method. Five minutes after i. v. injection of 1 µg per Kg of adrenaline in 10 rabbits, intensity of platelet aggregation increased to 115.1 ± 4.9% (mean ± S. E.) by 10∼5 molar, 121.8 ± 7.8% by 3 × 10-6 molar and 129.4 ± 12.8% of the value before the injection by 10”6 molar ADP. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.01-0.05). The above change was not observed in each group of rabbits injected with saline, 1 µg per Kg of 1-noradrenaline or 0.1 and 10 µg per Kg of adrenaline. Also, it was prevented by oral administration of 10 mg per Kg of phenoxybenzamine or propranolol or aspirin or pyridinolcarbamate 3 hours before the challenge. On the other hand, the enhancement of ADP-induced platelet aggregation was not observed in vitro, when 10-5 or 3 × 10-6 molar and 129.4 ± 12.8% of the value before 10∼6 molar ADP was added to citrated platelet rich plasma (CPRP) of rabbit after incubation at 37°C for 30 second with 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 or 100 µg per ml of adrenaline or noradrenaline. These results suggest an important interaction between endothelial surface and platelets in connection with the enhancement of ADP-induced platelet aggregation by adrenaline in vivo.

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Platelet Microtubules in Clot Structure Formation and Contractile Force Generation: Investigation of a Controversy

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1661596 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 56 (01) ◽

pp. 023-027 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

C J Jen ◽

L V McIntire

Keyword(s):

Network Formation ◽

Contractile Force ◽

Second Phase ◽

Clot Retraction ◽

Forming Process ◽

Microtubule Organization ◽

Physiological Processes ◽

Fibrin Network ◽

Two Parameters

SummaryWhether platelet microtubules are involved in clot retraction/ contraction has been controversial. To address this question we have simultaneously measured two clotting parameters, clot structural rigidity and isometric contractile force, using a rheological technique. For recalcified PRP clots these two parameters began rising together at about 15 min after CaCl2 addition. In the concentration range affecting microtubule organization in platelets, colchicine, vinca alkaloids and taxol demonstrated insignificant effects on both clotting parameters of a recalcified PRP clot. For PRP clots induced by adding small amounts of exogenous thrombin, the kinetic curves of clot rigidity were biphasic and without a lag time. The first phase corresponded to a platelet-independent network forming process, while the second phase corresponded to a platelet-dependent process. These PRP clots began generating contractile force at the onset of the second phase. For both rigidity and force parameters, only the second phase of clotting kinetics was retarded by microtubule affecting reagents. When PRP samples were clotted by adding a mixture of CaCl2 and thrombin, the second phase clotting was accelerated and became superimposed on the first phase. The inhibitory effects of micro tubule affecting reagents became less pronounced. Thrombin clotting of a two-component system (washed platelets/ purified fibrinogen) was also biphasic, with the second phase being microtubule-dependent. In conclusion, platelet microtubules are important in PRP clotted with low concentrations of thrombin, during which fibrin network formation precedes platelet-fibrin interactions. On the other hand they are unimportant if a PRP clot is induced by recalcification, during which the fibrin network is constructed in the presence of platelet-fibrin interactions. The latter is likely to be more analogous to physiological processes in vivo.

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Listening for the “Still Small Voice” of Mendelssohn’s Domestic Elijah

Journal of Musicology ◽

10.1525/jm.2015.32.1.40 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 40-77

Author(s):

Peter Mercer-Taylor

Keyword(s):

Second Phase ◽

Divine Presence ◽

Final Phase ◽

Public And Private ◽

The Public ◽

The Third ◽

Interpretive Approach ◽

Will To Live ◽

Three Phases

The notion that there might be autobiographical, or personally confessional, registers at work in Mendelssohn’s 1846 Elijah has long been established, with three interpretive approaches prevailing: the first, famously advanced by Prince Albert, compares Mendelssohn’s own artistic achievements with Elijah’s prophetic ones; the second, in Eric Werner’s dramatic formulation, discerns in the aria “It is enough” a confession of Mendelssohn’s own “weakening will to live”; the third portrays Elijah as a testimonial on Mendelssohn’s relationship to the Judaism of his birth and/or to the Christianity of his youth and adulthood. This article explores a fourth, essentially untested, interpretive approach: the possibility that Mendelssohn crafts from Elijah’s story a heartfelt affirmation of domesticity, an expression of his growing fascination with retiring to a quiet existence in the bosom of his family. The argument unfolds in three phases. In the first, the focus is on that climactic passage in Elijah’s Second Part in which God is revealed to the prophet in the “still small voice.” The turn from divine absence to divine presence is articulated through two clear and powerful recollections of music that Elijah had sung in the oratorio’s First Part, a move that has the potential to reconfigure our evaluation of his role in the public and private spheres in those earlier passages. The second phase turns to Elijah’s own brief sojourn into the domestic realm, the widow’s scene, paying particular attention to the motivations that may have underlain the substantial revisions to the scene that took place between the Birmingham premiere and the London premiere the following year. The final phase explores the possibility that the widow and her son, the “surrogate family” in the oratorio, do not disappear after the widow’s scene, but linger on as “para-characters” with crucial roles in the unfolding drama.

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Analisa Wacana Pemberitaan Kasus Korupsi E-KTP Pada Media Kompas.com Terhadap Pembentukan Opini Publik

SISI LAIN REALITA ◽

10.25299/sisilainrealita.2019.vol4(1).4043 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 1-19

Author(s):

Neri Widya Ramailis ◽

Dede Nopendri

Keyword(s):

Mass Media ◽

Social Control ◽

The Other ◽

Main Function ◽

General Knowledge ◽

Visual Method ◽

The Public ◽

The Media ◽

Private Entrepreneurs

Discourse is a series of sentences that relate and connect one proposition with the other propositions to from a unity. The main function of the news is not to warn, instruct, and make the public stunned, the main function of the news is to inform and then it is upto the public to utilize the news. There are two ways for the news to be useful to the public, the first to effort news as general knowledge and the second to effort the news a tool of social control. E-Ktp corruption cases are one of the biggest corruption cases that occurered in Indonesia. Therefore, many mass media reported heavilly on E-Ktp corruption cases, one of which was the kompas.com. furthermore, to find out how the writer gets the source the writer gets the source of data and information the writer uses the criminology visual method and then analyzes it using criminology newsmaking theory. However, the results of this study illustrate that the aspect highlighted are those of actors suspected of being involved in E-Ktp corruption cases. Where the media only emphasizes one institution, namely the people’s representative council, even though in this case the involved parties are not only the legislature but case the involved parties are not only the legislature but also from various institutions such as the interior ministry, state-owned enterprises, and private entrepreneurs. In the aspect of media projection Kompas.com make the bulk of the news about E- Ktp corruption cases as news headline and a tranding topic.

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MUNDANE MIRACLES IN AWADH. ENCOUNTERS WITH THE REVEALED AND THE HIDDEN

Studia Religiosa Rossica: Russian Journal of Religion ◽

10.28995/2658-4158-2020-3-130-140 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 130-140

Author(s):

Maxim B. Demchenko ◽

Keyword(s):

The Other ◽

Local People ◽

Natural Phenomena ◽

Mughal Empire ◽

The Public ◽

British Raj ◽

The Subject ◽

Other World ◽

Better Than

The sphere of the unknown, supernatural and miraculous is one of the most popular subjects for everyday discussions in Ayodhya – the last of the provinces of the Mughal Empire, which entered the British Raj in 1859, and in the distant past – the space of many legendary and mythological events. Mostly they concern encounters with inhabitants of the “other world” – spirits, ghosts, jinns as well as miraculous healings following magic rituals or meetings with the so-called saints of different religions (Hindu sadhus, Sufi dervishes),with incomprehensible and frightening natural phenomena. According to the author’s observations ideas of the unknown in Avadh are codified and structured in Avadh better than in other parts of India. Local people can clearly define if they witness a bhut or a jinn and whether the disease is caused by some witchcraft or other reasons. Perhaps that is due to the presence in the holy town of a persistent tradition of katha, the public presentation of plots from the Ramayana epic in both the narrative and poetic as well as performative forms. But are the events and phenomena in question a miracle for the Avadhvasis, residents of Ayodhya and its environs, or are they so commonplace that they do not surprise or fascinate? That exactly is the subject of the essay, written on the basis of materials collected by the author in Ayodhya during the period of 2010 – 2019. The author would like to express his appreciation to Mr. Alok Sharma (Faizabad) for his advice and cooperation.

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State of Fashion: Searching for the New Luxury

APRIA Journal ◽

10.37198/apria.01.00.a2 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 11-16

Author(s):

José Teunissen

Keyword(s):

Twentieth Century ◽

Daily Life ◽

Life Cycles ◽

The Other ◽

Century Model ◽

Cocktail Party ◽

The Public ◽

Other Hand ◽

The One

In the last few years, it has often been said that the current fashion system is outdated, still operating by a twentieth-century model that celebrates the individualism of the 'star designer'. In I- D, Sarah Mower recently stated that for the last twenty years, fashion has been at a cocktail party and has completely lost any connection with the public and daily life. On the one hand, designers and big brands experience the enormous pressure to produce new collections at an ever higher pace, leaving less room for reflection, contemplation, and innovation. On the other hand, there is the continuous race to produce at even lower costs and implement more rapid life cycles, resulting in disastrous consequences for society and the environment.

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Public Administration’s Dyslexia: Appreciating the Strengths of its Disabilities

Public Voices ◽

10.22140/pv.185 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 61

Author(s):

Pamela A Gibson

Keyword(s):

Public Administration ◽

The Other ◽

The Public

To have a dis/ability opens the possibilities for seeing (understanding) something different because of difference in the disabled’s lens or worldview. Public administration is awash in self-doubt, discomfort and confusion. As it struggles with setting, moving and removing academic boundaries of the discipline, public administration reveals its own dyslexia. The disabling of public administration offers a view from the balcony (or orchestra pit) granting a greater appreciation of ‘the other’ in the public administration student, public administration theory and public administration practices. The dyslexic individual and institution can suffer and celebrate contradiction, paradox, irony, and other delimiting arenas of learning without resistance. Successful learning and understanding can come not in spite of but because of apparent disabilities.

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Oxytocin analogues with non-coded amino acid residues in position 8: [8-Neopentylglycine]oxytocin and [8-cycloleucine]oxytocin

Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications ◽

10.1135/cccc19872317 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 52 (9) ◽

pp. 2317-2325 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Jan Hlaváček ◽

Jan Pospíšek ◽

Jiřina Slaninová ◽

Walter Y. Chan ◽

Victor J. Hruby

Keyword(s):

Amino Acid ◽

Solid Phase Synthesis ◽

Solid Phase ◽

The Other ◽

Amino Acid Residues ◽

Phase Synthesis ◽

Other Hand ◽

Fragment Condensation

[8-Neopentylglycine]oxytocin (II) and [8-cycloleucine]oxytocin (III) were prepared by a combination of solid-phase synthesis and fragment condensation. Both analogues exhibited decreased uterotonic potency in vitro, each being about 15-30% that of oxytocin. Analogue II also displayed similarly decreased uterotonic potency in vivo and galactogogic potency. On the other hand, analogue III exhibited almost the same potency as oxytocin in the uterotonic assay in vivo and in the galactogogic assay.

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