scholarly journals COVID-19 Confirmed Case Incidence Age Shift to Young Persons Age 0-19 and 20-39 Years Over Time: Washington State March - April 2020

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Malmgren ◽  
Boya Guo ◽  
Henry G. Kaplan
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Analysis ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
Children And Young Adults ◽  
Washington State Department ◽  
Age Shift ◽  
Over Time

AbstractBackgroundAs the coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemic passes the peak infection rate in some states and counties a phased re-opening with changes of stay-at-home restrictions and social distancing recommendations may lead to an increase of nonessential work, social activities and gathering, especially among younger persons.MethodsA longitudinal cohort analysis of Washington State Department of Health COVID-19 confirmed case age distribution March 1-April 19 2020 for proportional change over time using chi square tests for significance (N = 13,934).ResultsFrom March 1st to April 19, 2020 age distribution shifted with a 10% decline in cases age 60 years and older and a 20% increase in age 0-19/20-39 years (chi-square = 223.10, p <.001). Number of cases over the eight-week analysis period were 0-19 years n = 515, 20-39 years n = 4078, 40-59 years n =4788, 60-79 years n = 3221, 80+ years n = 1332. New cases increased steadily among 0-19 and 20-39-year olds. After the peak (March 22, 2020), there was no decline among age 0-19 and a lesser decline among age 20-39 than older groups. As incidence declined in older age groups, the combined percentage of cases age 0-19 and 20-39 increased from 20% to 40% of total cases.ConclusionsIncreased COVID-19 infection among children and young adults is not without serious morbidity and mortality risk to them and others they may come in contact with, indicating a targeted approach for awareness and safety measures is advisable to reduce incidence among the supposedly less vulnerable but more mobile young population age 0-19 and 20-39 years.

scholarly journals Continued Age Shift of Confirmed Positive COVID-19 Incidence Over Time to Children and Young Adults: Washington State March - August 2020

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Malmgren ◽  
Boya Guo ◽  
Henry G. Kaplan
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Cohort Analysis ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Lower Priority ◽  
Washington State Department ◽  
Over Time

AbstractBackgroundAs the coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemic passed the initial infection peak in Washington State, phased re-opening lifted stay-at-home orders and restrictions leading to increased non-essential work, social activities and gathering, especially among younger persons.MethodsA longitudinal cohort analysis of Washington State Department of Health COVID-19 confirmed case age distribution 1) March-April 2020 (N=13,934) and 2) March-August 2020 (N=76,032) for proportional change over time using chi square tests for significance.ResultsFrom March 1st to April 19, 2020 COVID-19 case positive age distribution shifted with a 10% decline in cases age 60 years and older and a 20% increase in age 0-19/20-39 years (chi-square = 223.10, p <.001). Number of cases over the eight-week analysis period were 0-19 years n = 515, 20-39 years n = 4078, 40-59 years n =4788, 60-79 years n = 3221, 80+ years n = 1332. After the peak (March 22, 2020), as incidence declined in older age groups, the combined percentage of cases age 0-19 and 20-39 increased from 20% to 40% of total cases. During this time testing expanded with more testing among older age groups while case positivity shifted young. Percent positive cases by age through August 2020 increased to a consistent average of 60% less than age 40 [age 0-19 increased to 19% (N = 10257), age 20-39 increased to 42% (N = 30215)].ConclusionsAn increased share of COVID-19 incidence among children (age 0-19) and young adults (age 20-39) indicates their elevated role in propagating the epidemic by creating a reservoir of disease with risk of spillovers to more vulnerable older persons and those with comorbid conditions. Media savvy and age appropriate COVID-19 messaging may increase mitigation compliance among these less vulnerable, more mobile and lower priority vaccination age groups. As vaccines become available, mitigation will continue to be a priority to reduce overall population incidence.

scholarly journals Continued proportional age shift of confirmed positive COVID-19 incidence over time to children and young adults: Washington State March—August 2020

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. e0243042
Author(s):  
Judith Malmgren ◽  
Boya Guo ◽  
Henry G. Kaplan
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Cohort Analysis ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Lower Priority ◽  
Over Time

Background As the coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemic passed initial infection peak in Washington State, phased re-opening lifted stay-at-home orders and restrictions leading to increased non-essential work, social activities and gathering, especially among younger persons. Methods A longitudinal cohort analysis of Washington State Department of Health COVID-19 confirmed case age distribution 1) March-April 2020 (N = 13,934) and 2) March-August 2020 (N = 76,032) for proportional change over time using chi square tests for significance. Results From March 1st to April 19, 2020 COVID-19 age distribution shifted with a 10% decline in cases age 60 years and older and a 20% increase in age 0-19/20-39 years (chi-square = 223.10, p < .001). Number of cases over the initial analysis period were 0–19 years n = 515, 20–39 years n = 4078, 40–59 years n = 4788, 60–79 years n = 3221, 80+ years n = 1332. After the peak (March 22, 2020), incidence declined in older age groups and increased among age 0–19 and 20–39 age groups from 20% to 40% of total cases by April 19 and 50% by May 3. During this time testing expanded with more testing among older age groups and less testing among younger age groups while case positivity shifted young. Percent positive cases age 0-19/20-39 years through August 2020 increased to a consistent average of 60% [age 0–19 increased to 19% (N = 10257), age 20–39 increased to 42% (N = 30215)]. Conclusions An increased sustained proportion of COVID-19 incidence is present among children (age 0–19) and young adults (age 20–39) indicating an elevated role in disease spread during the epidemic creating a possible reservoir of disease with spillover risk to more vulnerable older persons and those with comorbid conditions. Media savvy age-appropriate messaging to enhance mitigation compliance among less vulnerable, more mobile and lower priority vaccination age groups will be a continued necessity and priority to reduce overall population incidence.

scholarly journals An Email Survey of Physician and Licensed Midwife Vaccination Practices in Washington State in 2011

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Marisa Anne D’Angeli ◽  
Linda O’Neal Eckert
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Educational Communication ◽  
Obstetric Care ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Immunization Rates ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
Washington State Department ◽  
Email Survey

Despite proven benefit to mothers and infants, influenza and Tdap vaccination for pregnant women remain suboptimal. We conducted an email survey for physicians (MDs) and licensed midwives (LMs) in Washington to assess vaccination practices. The Washington State Department of Health and University of Washington, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, created an electronic survey and sent it to 644 providers. We used chi-square statistic for comparisons, with Fisher’s exact test for cell size smaller than 5. We received responses from 121 (19%), 106 of whom provided prenatal or obstetric care: 81 MDs and 25 LMs. MDs were more likely than LMs to ask whether pregnant patients are current on vaccinations for influenza and pertussis (96% versus 56% and 84% versus 40%, resp., P<0.001) and to recommend influenza and pertussis vaccine during pregnancy (100% versus 20% and 86% versus 24%, resp., P<0.001). Significantly more MDs received influenza vaccine in the most recent season than did LMs (99% versus 20%, P<0.001). In this study, LMs were less likely to inquire about immunization status, recommend influenza and pertussis vaccines, or be vaccinated against influenza than MDs. Enhancing educational communication with LMs deserves further study and may provide an opportunity to improve immunization rates in pregnant women.

scholarly journals Fall Prevention Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices of Community Stakeholders and Older Adults

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon S. Laing ◽  
Ilene F. Silver ◽  
Sally York ◽  
Elizabeth A. Phelan
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Fall Prevention ◽  
Medication Management ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Telephone Surveys ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
Community Stakeholders ◽  
Important Health ◽  
Washington State Department

We assessed knowledge, attitude, and provision of recommended fall prevention (FP) practices by employees of senior-serving organization and participation in FP practices by at-risk elders. The Washington State Department of Health administered structured telephone surveys to 50 employees and 101 elders in Washington State. Only 38% of employees felt “very knowledgeable” about FP, and a majority of their organizations did not regularly offer FP services. Almost half (48%) of seniors sustained a fall within the past 12 months; however, one-third perceived falling to be among their least important health concerns, and most had minimal working knowledge of proven FP practices. Seniors who perceived avoiding falls as important to their well-being were more likely to participate in practices about which they had the least knowledge (risk assessment, medication management). Increased awareness and availability of FP services might help engage older adults in FP practices and reduce the adverse effects of falls.

scholarly journals The Crime Curve of Turkey: Does crime decrease with age?

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 2750
Author(s):  
Mehmet Akalın
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
The West ◽  
Law Enforcement Personnel ◽  
Over Time

Age distribution of crime is one of the few issues in criminology that received sufficient attention in the West. Some scholars argued that this age distribution is adequately invariant over time, place and type of crime; whereas, others admit that this distribution differs over place and type of crime. Although age-crime curve looks similar in many ways, in fact, a slight difference has been recognized in most countries. This age-crime curve may also help out to focus more on the causes of criminality of specific age groups. Establishing this age distribution is also important because it may play a guiding role for law enforcement personnel and in constructing preventive programs. This article is written primarily to find out how age-crime curve looks like in Turkey. In doing this, prison statistics used here as the primary source.

scholarly journals Can age-distribution be an indicator of the goodness of COVID-19 testing?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amirhoshang Hoseinpour Dehkordi ◽  
Reza Nemati ◽  
Pouya Tavousi
Keyword(s):  
Lower Bound ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Testing Strategies ◽  
Reported Data ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Mitigation Policies

AbstractIt has been evident that the faster, more accurate, and more comprehensive testing can help policymakers assess the real impact of COVID-19 and help them with when and how strict the mitigation policies should be. Nevertheless, the exact number of infected ones could not be measured due to the lack of comprehensive testing. In this paper, first of all, we will investigate the relation of transmission of COVID-19 with age by observing timed data in multiple countries. Then, we compare the COVID-19 CFR with the age-demography data. and as a result, we have proposed a method for estimating a lower bound for the number of positive cases by using the reported data on the oldest age group and the regions’ population age-distributions. The proposed estimation method improved the expected similarity between the age-distribution of positive cases and regions’ populations. Thus, using the publicly accessible data for several developed countries, we show how the improvement of testing over the course of several months has made it clear for the community that different age groups are equally prone to becoming COVID positive. The result shows that the age demography of COVID-19 gets similar to the age-demography of the population, together with the reduction of CFR over time. In addition, countries with less CFR have more similar COVID-19’s age-distribution, which is caused by more comprehensive testing, than ones who have higher CFR. This leads us to a better estimation for positive cases in different testing strategies. Having knowledge of this fact helps policymakers enforce more effective policies for controlling the spread of the virus.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Demographics, Acute Care Resource Use and Mortality by Age and Sex in Ontario, Canada: Population-based Retrospective Cohort Analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Mac ◽  
Kali Barrett ◽  
Yasin A. Khan ◽  
David MJ Naimark ◽  
Laura Rosella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Care ◽  
Resource Use ◽  
Cohort Analysis ◽  
Invasive Mechanical Ventilation ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Age And Sex

AbstractBackgroundUnderstanding resource use for COVID-19 is critical. We conducted a population-based cohort study using public health data to describe COVID-19 associated age- and sex-specific acute care use, length of stay (LOS), and mortality.MethodsWe used Ontario’s Case and Contact Management (CCM) Plus database of individuals who tested positive for COVID-19 in Ontario from March 1 to September 30, 2020 to determine age- and sex-specific hospitalizations, intensive care unit (ICU) admissions, invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) use, LOS, and mortality. We stratified analyses by month of infection to study temporal trends and conducted subgroup analyses by long-term care residency.ResultsDuring the observation period, 56,476 COVID-19 cases were reported (72% < 60 years, 52% female). The proportion of cases shifted from older populations (> 60 years) to younger populations (10-39 years) over time. Overall, 10% of individuals were hospitalized, of those 22% were admitted to ICU, and 60% of those used IMV. Mean LOS for individuals in the ward, ICU without IMV, and ICU with IMV was 12.8, 8.5, 20.5 days, respectively. Mortality for individuals receiving care in the ward, ICU without IMV, and ICU with IMV was 24%, 30%, and 45%, respectively. All outcomes varied by age and decreased over time, overall and within age groups.InterpretationThis descriptive study shows acute care use and mortality varying by age, and decreasing between March and September in Ontario. Improvements in clinical practice and changing risk distributions among those infected may contribute to fewer severe outcomes among those infected with COVID-19.

Good News and Bad News in Two Highly Industrialized Puget Sound, Washington (u.s.a.) Embayments

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 372-388
Author(s):  
Ruth A. Martin ◽  
Elizabeth A. Nesbitt
Keyword(s):  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Environmental Remediation ◽  
Puget Sound ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Bad News ◽  
Good News ◽  
Metal Pollutants ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Washington State Department ◽  
Over Time

Abstract In this study, an offshoot of studies undertaken by the Washington State Department of Ecology (WDOE), the density and diversity of foraminiferal assemblages in Commencement and Elliott bays, two heavily industrialized embayments in Puget Sound, Washington (U.S.A) were compared and correlated with concentrations of metal pollutants and total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Samples used in this study were collected by the WDOE between 1998 and 2014, allowing comparison over a temporal range encompassing the beginnings of environmental remediation in both bays. The composition of the foraminiferal assemblages is typical of polluted estuaries globally, with the major taxa being Elphidiella hannai, Cribroelphidium excavatum, Bucella frigida and Eggerella advena. Foraminiferal density and diversity showed negative correlations with pollutants, however, these correlations were significant for only a few pollutants, and trends could not be attributed to any single one. Both embayments showed increasing diversity over time, and both had high proportions of calcareous tests that displayed signs of dissolution, indicating corrosive conditions in the water. In Elliott Bay the percentage of partially dissolved tests increased over time, suggesting remediation efforts have not been successful in all areas.

Washington State Case Study and Guidance Developed on the Closing and Re-Opening of a Shellfishery Due to Oil Contamination

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 (1) ◽  
pp. 2273-2287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Drury ◽  
Gary Shigenaka ◽  
Mark Toy
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
State Department ◽  
The United States ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Contingency Plan ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
Marine Diesel ◽  
Washington State Department

ABSTRACT The 128 foot F/V Deep Sea was illegally anchored on Washington state-owned aquatic lands in Whidbey Island's Penn Cove from December 24th 2011 until it sank on May 14th, 2012, following a fire aboard the vessel. Penn Cove is the home of Penn Cove Shellfish, LLC, the United States’ largest and oldest mussel farm. The Deep Sea sank within approximately 200 meters of Penn Cove LLC's mussel raft growing system with an unknown amount of oil aboard. After the vessel sank Penn Cove Shellfish, LLC, voluntarily ceased harvesting their shellfish. Not long after the Washington State Department of Health closed commercial and recreational harvest of shellfish in Penn Cove. Although efforts were made to plug the vessel's vents and seal the vessel's fuel tanks a cracked vent allowed fuel to leak from the sunken vessel, later identified as marine diesel by the Washington State Department of Ecology. Sheen was documented over the mussel rafts. Based on sensory testing the Washington State Department of Health re-opened Penn Cove's shellfish harvest in stages, with sampling plan and testing assistance from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Following response to the F/V Deep Sea all agencies involved in the shellfish closure that was as result of this incident convened to establish guidelines on the best way to run the closure and subsequent re-opening process for inclusion in the Northwest Area Contingency Plan, based off of lessons learned from the response. This was especially important since shellfishery closures due to oil spill contamination are not common in Washington State. This paper outlines those lessons learned during the F/V Deep Sea response in regards to closing and then re-opening a shellfishery in Washington State, and includes the guidelines that were established and incorporated into the Northwest Area Contingency Plan as a result.

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