scholarly journals PROPER UTILIZATION OF IODIZED SALT AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS AMONG RURAL COMMUNITY OF HETOSA DISTRICT, OROMIA REGIONAL STATE, SOUTH EAST ETHIOPIA

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abu Tura Bulli ◽  
MeleseTadese Aredo ◽  
Hailu Fekadu ◽  
Ashenafi Habtamu Regesu
Keyword(s):  
Associated Factors ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
National Goal ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Test Kit

AbstractIntroductionIodine is considered to be one of the most essential micronutrients for the normal physical and mental development of human beings. However, little is known about households’ use of iodized salt and associated factors.ObjectivesThis study was to assess the proper utilization of iodized salt at the household level and associated factors in Hetosa District, Southeast Ethiopia, 2019.MethodsA Community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from August 20 up to September 15/2019 in rural Hetosa District, Arsi Zone, and east-south Ethiopia. A total of 603 households were selected using a systematic random sampling technique. Data were collected employing structured and pre-tested questionnaires by face -to -face interview technique. The use of iodized salt at the household level was tested with the iodine rapid test kit. The data were checked, coded and entered into Epi Info Version 7 and export to SPSS version 21 for analysis.ResultA total of 596 participants were included in this study. The availability of adequately iodized salt was 61.1%. The proportion of proper utilization of iodized salt at the household level was 38.4%.Formal Educational (AOR=1.688, 95%CI (1.002, 2.846)),Practice of iodized salt use (AOR= 3.352, 95%CI (2.160, 5.202)), Knowledge on use of iodized salt (AOR=2.320, 95%CI (1.437, 3.745)) and level of iodine content in salt (AOR= 1.668, 95%CI (1.071, 2.597)) were statistically significant to utilization of iodized salt.ConclusionProper utilization of iodized salt remains very low, which was 38.4% in the district and does not meet the national goal. Educational status, level of iodized salt, good knowledge and good practice were significantly associated factors with proper utilization of adequately iodized salt in this study.

scholarly journals Knowledge and Utilization of Iodized Salt and Its Associated Factors at Household Level in Mecha District, Northwest Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Walleligne Beyene Tariku ◽  
Amare Lisanu Mazengia
Keyword(s):  
Associated Factors ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Educational Status ◽  
Northwest Ethiopia ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Test Kit

Background. Iodine is one of the essential elements that enables the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones, which is vital for growth and development of the brain and central nervous system. More than two billion individuals worldwide live in iodine-deficient areas. Objectives. The aim of this study was to assess knowledge and utilization of iodized salt at the household level and associated factors in the Mecha district, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from March 10 to April 10, 2018. Data were collected using a pretested and structured questionnaire by a face-to-face interview technique. The use of iodized salt at the household level was tested with the iodine rapid test kit. Data were checked, coded, and entered to EPi Info version 3.5.1 and were exported to SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science) version 20 for analysis. Result. A total of 700 head of households were included in the study, of which 639 (91.3%) were females. The overall prevalence of knowledge was 201 (28.7%). Availability of adequately iodized salt was 443 (63.3%). The proportion of proper utilization of adequately iodized salt at the household level was 180 (25.7%). Occupational status, educational status, and residence were predictors of knowledge on the use of iodized salt. Educational status, packaging, and knowledge of respondents on iodized salt were significant to utilization. Conclusion and Recommendation. Knowledge, availability, and utilization of adequately iodized salt remain very low in the district. Concerned body should improve awareness and availability of adequately iodized salt and how to utilize it properly.

scholarly journals Availability of Adequately Iodized Salt at Household Level and Associated Factors in Gondar Town, Northwest Ethiopia

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hailay Gebrearegawi Gebremariam ◽  
Melkie Edris Yesuf ◽  
Digsu Negese Koye
Keyword(s):  
Associated Factors ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Northwest Ethiopia ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Gondar Town ◽  
Multistage Sampling ◽  
And Control

Background. Iodine deficiency has serious effects on body growth and mental development. This study assessed availability of adequately iodized salt at household level and associated factors in Gondar town, northwest Ethiopia. Methods. Community based cross-sectional study was carried out among households in Gondar town during August 15–25, 2012. Multistage sampling technique was used. Data were collected using a pretested and structured questionnaire by a face-to-face interview technique. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed to check associations and control confounding. Results. A total of 810 participants were participated. The availability of adequately iodized salt (≥15 parts per million) in the study area was 28.9%. Multivariate analysis showed that using packed salt (AOR (95% CI) = 9.75 (5.74, 16.56)), not exposing salt to sunlight (AOR (95% CI) = 7.26 (3.73, 14.11)), shorter storage of salt at household (AOR (95% CI) = 3.604 (1.402, 9.267)) and good knowledge of participants about iodized salt (AOR (95% CI) = 1.94 (1.23, 3.05)) were associated with availability of adequately iodized salt at household level. Conclusions. Availability of adequately iodized salt at household level was very low. Hence, households should be sensitized about importance of iodized salt and its proper handling at the household level.

Availability of Adequately Iodized Salt at Household Level and Associated Factors in Dire Dawa, Eastern Ethiopia

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 392
Author(s):  
Anteneh Berhane Yaye ◽  
Negga Baraki ◽  
Birhanu Seyum Endale
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Eastern Ethiopia ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Dire Dawa

In Ethiopia, Iodine Deficiency Disorder has been recognized as a serious public health problem for the past six decades. In 2011, an estimated <br /> 12 million school-age children were living with inadequate iodine, and <br /> 66 million people were at risk of iodine deficiency. One out of every <br /> 1000 people is a cretin mentally handicapped, due to a congenital thyroid deficiency, and about 50000 prenatal deaths are occurring annually due to iodine deficiency disorders. Only 5.7% of the households were using iodized salt in Dire Dawa city Administration, which is below the legal requirement.This study assessed availability of adequately iodized salt at household level and associated factors in Dire Dawa town, East Ethiopia. Community based cross-sectional study was carried out among households in Dire Dawa town during March 16-26, 2015. Multistage sampling technique was used. Data were collected using a pretested and structured questionnaire by a face-to-face interview technique. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed to check associations and control confounding. A total of 694 participants were participated. The availability of adequately iodized salt (≥15 parts per million) in the study area was 7.5% (95% CI; 5.6-9.5). Multivariate result showed that health information about iodized salt (AOR=8.96, 95% CI; 4.68-17.16) (p=0.03), good knowledge about iodized salt (AOR=9.23, 95% CI; 3.34-25.5) (p=0.01) and using packed salt (AOR=3.99, 95% CI; 1.48-10.73) (p=0.006) were associated with availability of adequately iodized salt at household level. Availability of adequately iodized salt at household level was very low.  Hence, households should be sensitized about importance of iodized salt and its proper handling at the household level.

scholarly journals Knowledge, Practice, and Availability of Iodized Salt and Associated Factors in Jibat Woreda, West Shoa Zone, Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Habtamu Fekadu Gemede ◽  
Badasa Tamiru ◽  
Meseret Belete Fite
Keyword(s):  
Associated Factors ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Monthly Income ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Knowledge Practice ◽  
Average Monthly Income

Appropriate knowledge, practice, and availability of iodized salt are used to eliminate iodine deficiency disorders. However, little is known about the availability of adequately iodized salt in the western part of Ethiopia. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess knowledge, practice, and availability of iodized salt and associated factors at household level in Jibat woreda, Ethiopia. Community-based cross-sectional study was conducted using structured and pretested questionnaire interview. Sampling salt was tested by the iodometric titration method. The result showed that iodine content more than 90% was considered as adequately iodized salt. The result of this study shown that among the 357 salt samples, 191(53.5%) households had good knowledge on iodized salt while 166 (46.5%) had poor knowledge on iodized salt. In addition, the result of the study revealed that 162 (45.4%) had good practice of iodized salt, whereas 195 (54.6%) had poor practice of iodized salt. The result of this study also shown that 149 (41.7%) households were using adequately iodized salt while 208 (58.3%) were using inadequate iodized salt in study area. Residence area, education level, household job, and average monthly income were significantly associated with knowledge of iodized salt at household level. Residence area, educational level, average monthly income, and expose to sunlight were significantly associated with availability of adequately iodized salt. In this finding, the knowledge and practices of iodized salt at household level in Jibat woreda, Ethiopia, were poor, and the availability of iodine in iodized salt was inadequate. This is associated to residence area, education level of household, and average monthly income. Therefore, any concerned body/institution should have to work in the above gabs of the knowledge, practice, and availability of iodized salt.

scholarly journals Availability of Adequately Iodized Salt at Household Level and Associated Factors in Dire Dawa, Eastern Ethiopia

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 392
Author(s):  
Anteneh Berhane Yaye ◽  
Negga Baraki ◽  
Birhanu Seyum Endale
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Eastern Ethiopia ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Dire Dawa

In Ethiopia, Iodine Deficiency Disorder has been recognized as a serious public health problem for the past six decades. In 2011, an estimated 12 million school-age children were living with inadequate iodine, and 66 million people were at risk of iodine deficiency. One out of every 1000 people is a cretin mentally handicapped, due to a congenital thyroid deficiency, and about 50000 prenatal deaths are occurring annually due to iodine deficiency disorders. Only 5.7% of the households were using iodized salt in Dire Dawa city Administration, which is below the legal requirement.This study assessed availability of adequately iodized salt at household level and associated factors in Dire Dawa town, East Ethiopia. Community based cross-sectional study was carried out among households in Dire Dawa town during March 16-26, 2015. Multistage sampling technique was used. Data were collected using a pretested and structured questionnaire by a face-to-face interview technique. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed to check associations and control confounding. A total of 694 participants were participated. The availability of adequately iodized salt (≥15 parts per million) in the study area was 7.5% (95% CI; 5.6-9.5). Multivariate result showed that health information about iodized salt (AOR=8.96, 95% CI; 4.68-17.16) (p=0.03), good knowledge about iodized salt (AOR=9.23, 95% CI; 3.34-25.5) (p=0.01) and using packed salt (AOR=3.99, 95% CI; 1.48-10.73) (p=0.006) were associated with availability of adequately iodized salt at household level. Availability of adequately iodized salt at household level was very low.  Hence, households should be sensitized about importance of iodized salt and its proper handling at the household level.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Goiter and Associated Factors among Women of Reproductive Age Group in Demba Gofa Woreda, Gamo Gofa Zone, Southwest Ethiopia: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Befikaduwa Zekarias ◽  
Frehiwot Mesfin ◽  
Bezatu Mengiste ◽  
Adane Tesfaye ◽  
Lemma Getacher
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Women Of Reproductive Age ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Reproductive Age Group

Background. Iodine deficiency disorder is a major public health problem in Ethiopia that is more common in women of reproductive age. However, it is not well addressed and there is a lack of information on its prevalence and associated factors in women of reproductive age group. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess goiter prevalence and associated factors among women of reproductive age in the Demba Gofa woreda, Gamo Gofa Zone, Southwest Ethiopia. Methods. A community-based cross-sectional study was used among 584 randomly selected women in the reproductive age group from February 05 to April 20, 2016. A simple random sampling technique was used to select the study kebeles, and a systematic random sampling technique was used to select the study samples. Data were collected through a pretested questionnaire, and the goiter examination was done clinically for each participant. The collected data were coded and entered into a computer for statistical analysis using EpiData version 3.2 and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Variables with a P value ≤0.25 in bivariate logistic regression analysis were entered into multivariate logistic regression analysis, and finally, variables with a P value <0.05 in multivariate logistic regression were considered significantly associated with the dependent variable. Results. The total goiter rate was 43%, 95% CI = 39.2–46.9. Cassava consumption (AOR: 2.02, 95% CI: 1.03–4), salt wash before use (AOR: 3.14, 95% CI: 1.1–11.3), salt use after >2 months of purchase (AOR: 11, 95% CI: 5–26), family history of goiter (AOR: 4.6, 95% CI: 1.4–15.8), and poor knowledge of iodized salt (AOR: 2.7, 95% CI: 1.4–5.5) were significant factors associated with goiter. Conclusion. Iodine deficiency was found to be severe in women of reproductive age in the study area. This showed that women of reproductive age, especially during pregnancy, are exposed to iodine deficiency and its adverse effects at delivery. Thus, they need urgent supplementation with iodine, improved access to foods rich in iodine, and intake of iodized salt. Additionally, health education should focus on the importance of iodized salt, the proper method of use, and the prevention of iodine deficiency, which are highly recommended to minimize the problem.

scholarly journals Diarrhea Prevention Practice and Associated Factors among Caregivers of Under-Five Children in Enemay District, Northwest Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melese Dubie Agegnehu ◽  
Liknaw Bewket Zeleke ◽  
Yitayal Ayalew Goshu ◽  
Yonas Lamore Ortibo ◽  
Yohannes Mehretie Adinew
Keyword(s):  
Family Size ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Northwest Ethiopia ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Under Five Children

Background. Diarrhea is the leading cause of mortality among infants and children younger than 5 years of age in both underdeveloped and developing countries. Factors determining the occurrence of diarrhea in children are complex, and the relative contribution of each factor varies as a function of interaction between socioeconomic, environmental, and behavioral variables. Objectives. To assess diarrhea prevention practice and associated factors of diarrheal disease among caregivers who have under-five children in Enemay district, Ethiopia, 2018. Methods. Community-based cross-sectional study was done from June 1–30, 2018, among 398 caregivers who have under-five children, in the Enemay district that were selected by using the simple random sampling technique. A structured and pretested data collection tool was used to collect the data. Data were entered using EPI DATA version 4.2, and analysis was done using SPSS version 20 statistical package to be cleaned and analyzed. Descriptive analysis was done to describe study participants, and logistic regression (bivariable and multivariable) analysis was done to identify factors that have association with the dependent variable. The P value was less than 0.05. Results. A total of 398 with a response rate of 97% under-five caregivers were participated in this study. Nearly, half (48.7%) of the participants were in the age group 25–34. The study revealed that good practice of diarrhea prevention was 52.8%. This study was also identified that occupation (AOR: 3.922, 95% CI: 1.593, 9.657), family size (AOR: 0.088, 95% CI: 0.009, 0.916), and understanding on diarrhea (AOR: 0.237, 95% CI: 0.091, 0.613) were associated factors of diarrhea prevention practice of under-five children caregivers. Conclusion. This finding showed that diarrhea prevention practice among under-five children caregivers was low and prevention practice was significantly associated with caregivers’ awareness on frequency of diarrhea in a day, occupation, and family size in a house.

scholarly journals Handling and Adequacy of Iodine at Household Level: Community Based Cross-sectional Survey in Dega Damot District, West Gojjam Zone, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aschalew Afework ◽  
Wondemagegn Mulu ◽  
Almayehu Abate ◽  
Abel Lule
Keyword(s):  
Neural Development ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Physical Growth ◽  
Mountainous Area ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Test Kit ◽  
West Gojjam ◽  
West Gojjam Zone

ABSTRACTIntroductionIodine is essential for regulation of physical growth and neural development. Although, fortification of iodine has been practiced decades before and iodized salt is available, handling and cultural food preparation may affect the content of iodine in the dishes. Moreover, Dega Damot is mountainous area that may lose its iodine via erosion. Therefore, this study aimed at determining the handling and adequacy of iodine in the salt in Dega Damot district, West Gojjam Zone, Ethiopia.MethodCommunity based cross-sectional study was conducted from October 24 to November 15, 2017 on 802 households. Stratified multi-stage sampling was employed to select households. A total of 422 and 380 house-holds from low land and high land, respectively took part in the study. For the interview either the husband or the spouse was selected randomly. Data on handling were collected by face-to-face interview using structured questionnaires. The concentration of iodine was determined using Rapid Test Kit. Descriptive statistics were used to describe relevant findings on the handling of iodized salt. Both bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were analyzed to identify associated factors.ResultFrom 802 samples tested, 37 (4.6%) had iodine greater than 15parts per million. The majority (94.5%) of the respondents have been roasting their salt for ‘Dikus’ preparation where as 91.1% of the households stored their salt in open containers. Salts with closed containers (AOR=3.22, CI=1.31-7.89), unroasted salts [AOR=5.23, CI=1.25-22.11], good knowledge on handling [AOR=5.55, CI=1.64-18.77], salts from high land area [AOR=2.11, 9CI=1.02-4.37], were significantly associated with adequacy of iodine Conclusions: Adequate utilization of iodine was very low. Roasting of salt was common. These phenomena may be continued because ‘Dikus’ preparation is cultured in this population. We recommend the supplementation of packed iodized salt in the dishes

scholarly journals Availability of Adequately Iodized Dietary Salt and Associated Factors in a Town of Southeast Ethiopia: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Survey

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Gadisa Fitala Obssie ◽  
Kassahun Ketema ◽  
Yohannes Tekalegn
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
World Health ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Test Kit ◽  
Southeast Ethiopia

Background. Iodine deficiency is the world’s major cause of preventable intellectual impairment, and nearly 2 billion people are at risk of iodine deficiency worldwide. Prevention and control of iodine deficiency disorders primarily aim at ensuring the intake of adequate iodine to maintain normal thyroid function. In our study area, studies regarding the coverage of adequately iodized salt at household level are meager. Hence, this study aimed to assess the magnitude of adequately iodized dietary salt at a household level in Kore Town, Southeast Ethiopia. Methods. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the Kore town from August 1 to 30, 2019. A total of 394 households were selected for this study using a simple random sampling technique. The level of salt iodine content was determined using the rapid field test kit. Then, iodine contents of dietary salt were reported as <15 parts per million and ≥15 parts per million. Data regarding sociodemographic factors, knowledge of respondents about iodized salt, and iodized salt handling practices were collected through a face-to-face interview. The binary logistic regression model was used to assess the association between independent factors and the outcome variable. Statistical significance was declared at p < 0.05 . Result. Out of all the households, 223 (56.6%) had adequately iodized salt. Not exposing iodized salt to sunlight (AOR = 2.35, 95% CI: 1.1, 5.2), storing the salt at a dry or cold place [(AOR = 4.77, 95% CI: 1.39, 16.45) and (AOR = 8.23, 95% CI: 1.44, 47.19), respectively], and having good knowledge about iodized salt (AOR = 1.88, 95% CI: 1.18, 3.01) were significantly associated with the presence of adequately iodized salt at the household level. Conclusion. Availability of adequately iodized salt in the study area was far below the World Health Organization recommendation. Information regarding the importance and proper handling of iodized dietary salt should be communicated to the householders.

scholarly journals A cross sectional study on proper use of iodized salt in communities of rural areas and its relevant factors in Prakasam district, Andhra Pradesh, India

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 1083
Author(s):  
P. Sai Deepika ◽  
B. Thirumala Rao ◽  
A. Vamsi ◽  
K. Valleswary ◽  
M. Chandra Sekhar
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Andhra Pradesh ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
High Coverage ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Household Level

Background: The coverage of adequately iodized salt in old Andhra Pradesh was 63.6%, which is below the national average. Despite of high coverage rural households were less likely to consume adequately iodized salt. Objectives were (1) to find out the use of iodized salt and practices among community and knowledge regarding iodine deficiency diseases (2) to test salt at the household level to assess level of iodine.Methods: Community based cross-sectional study conducted from July to December 2016 in RHTC, Maddipadu, Prakasam district. Proportionate households from four villages of this area were interviewed for the purpose of study. Factors related to use of iodized salt in the communities like type of salt using in houses, storage practices, practices during cooking, knowledge regarding iodine deficiency disorders were assessed. The salt was tested for iodine using iodine rapid test MBI kits. The data was collected using pre-tested questionnaire and analyzed by using SPSS 22.0 version.Results: Most of households (68.5%) were between 25-50 years age, 68% wives were illiterate and 48.5% wives involved in labor work. Majority (83.6%) of the families were using iodized packed salt, 75% had adequately iodized salt with ≥15 ppm and 25% with inadequate iodized salt <15ppm. Association between illiterate wives and poor knowledge regarding iodized salt found to be significant (p<0.005).Conclusions: Specific education regarding proper storage, handling, duration and the importance of iodized salt needs to be implemented to increase community awareness and to focus on behavior change communication to bring positive attitude toward utilization of iodized salt.

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