scholarly journals What’s the Temperature in Tropical Caves?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Mejía-Ortíz ◽  
Mary C Christman ◽  
Tanja Pipan ◽  
David C Culver
Keyword(s):  
Rainy Season ◽  
Temporal Pattern ◽  
Temperature Variability ◽  
Daily Temperature ◽  
The Other ◽  
Quintana Roo ◽  
Temperature Cycle ◽  
Hourly Temperature ◽  
Surface Variation ◽  
One Year

AbstractHourly temperature was measured for approximately one year at 17 stations in three caves in Quintana Roo, Mexico. Thirteen of these stations were in the extensive twilight zones of all three caves. All seventeen stations showed seasonality in temperature with a 3 °C drop during the Nortes season. Two of the caves, Muévelo Sabrosito and Muévelo Rico, showed greater variability during the winter months while in Rio Secreto variability was greatest during the rainy season. Río Secreto is less open to the surface than the other two. All sites also showed a daily temperature cycle, although it was very faint in some Rio Secreto sites. While temperature variability is diminished relative to surface variation, its temporal pattern is worthy of further study.

scholarly journals What’s the temperature in tropical caves?

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0237051
Author(s):  
Luis Mejía-Ortíz ◽  
Mary C. Christman ◽  
Tanja Pipan ◽  
David C. Culver
Keyword(s):  
Rainy Season ◽  
Temporal Pattern ◽  
Temperature Variability ◽  
Daily Temperature ◽  
The Other ◽  
Quintana Roo ◽  
Temperature Cycle ◽  
Hourly Temperature ◽  
Surface Variation ◽  
One Year

Hourly temperature was measured for approximately one year at 17 stations in three caves in Quintana Roo, Mexico. Thirteen of these stations were in the extensive twilight zones of all three caves. All seventeen stations showed seasonality in temperature with a 3°C drop during the Nortes season. Two of the caves, Muévelo Sabrosito and Muévelo Rico, showed greater variability during the winter months while in Río Secreto (Tuch) variability was greatest during the rainy season. Río Secreto is less open to the surface than the other two. All sites also showed a daily temperature cycle, although it was very faint in some Río Secreto (Tuch) sites. While temperature variability is diminished relative to surface variation, its temporal pattern is worthy of further study.

scholarly journals What's the relative humidity in tropical caves?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Mejia-Ortiz ◽  
Mary C. Christman ◽  
Tanja Pipan ◽  
David C Culver
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Similar Pattern ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Large River ◽  
The Other ◽  
Quintana Roo ◽  
High Humidity ◽  
Dark Zone ◽  
One Year ◽  
Strong Seasonality

Relative humidity (RH) was measured at hourly intervals for approximately one year in two caves at seven stations near Playa del Carmen in Quintana Roo, Mexico. Sistema Muévelo Rico is a 1.1 km long cave with 12 entrances and almost no dark zone.  Río Secreto (Tuch) is a large river cave with more than 40 km of passages, and an extensive dark zone. Given the need for cave specialists to adapt to saturated humidity, presumably by cuticular thinning, the major stress of RH would be its deviation from saturation. RH in Río Secreto (Tuch) was invariant at three sites and displayed short deviations from 100% RH at the other four sites.  These deviations were concentrated at the end of the nortes and beginning of the rainy season. Three of the sites in Sistema Muévelo Rico showed a similar pattern although the timing of the deviations from 100% RH was somewhat displaced.  Four sites in Sistema Muévelo Rico were more variable, and were analyzed using a measure of amount of time of deviation from 100% RH for each 24 hour period.  Strong seasonality was evident but, remarkably, periods of constant high humidity were not the same at all sites.  In most Sistema Muévelo Rico sites, there was a detectable 24 hour cycle in RH, although it was quite weak in about half of them.  For Río Secreto (Tuch) only one site showed any sign of a 24 hour cycle. The troglomorphic fauna was more or less uniformly spread throughout the caves and did not concentrate in any one area or set of RH conditions. Compared to temperature, RH is much more constant, perhaps even more constant than the amount of light.

scholarly journals Diurnal temperature cycle deduced from extreme daily temperatures and impact over a surface reanalysis system

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Besson ◽  
E. Bazile ◽  
C. Soci ◽  
J.-M. Soubeyroux ◽  
G. Ouzeau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Daily Temperature ◽  
Temperature Cycle ◽  
Extreme Temperatures ◽  
Temperature Analysis ◽  
Diurnal Temperature ◽  
Hourly Temperature ◽  
Observation Network ◽  
Temperature Observations ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
Extreme Daily Temperature

Abstract. Due to the evolution of the observation network, hourly 2 m temperature analysis performed by reanalysis systems shows temporal inhomogeneities. The observation network gap is less present for extreme daily temperature observations. In order to reduce inhomogeneities and enable a climatological use of temperature analysis, information from extreme temperatures could be useful. In this study, the diurnal temperature cycle has been reconstructed for stations which only record extreme temperatures. These new "pseudo" hourly temperature observations are then provided to the analysis system. Two methods have been used to deduce hourly temperatures from extremes and compared to real observations. The results have shown that using those new pseudo-observations as an input for two different reanalysis systems enables reducing the bias in temperature analysis.

New records of Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea) from Mexico

Zootaxa ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 2879 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALEJANDRA GONZÁLEZ–MORENO ◽  
SANTIAGO BORDERA
Keyword(s):  
Rainy Season ◽  
New Records ◽  
Biosphere Reserve ◽  
Neotropical Region ◽  
Dry Forest ◽  
The Other ◽  
One Year ◽  
First Time ◽  
Southeast Mexico ◽  
Malaise Traps

A total of 55 first records of Ichneumonidae are reported from Mexico, raising the total number of known species from Mexico to 1,115. Two genera, Picrostigeus and Paraphylax, are reported for the first time from the Neotropical Region. Material was collected over a one year period by Malaise traps in three habitats; dry forest, savannah and coastal dune scrubland in the Ria Lagartos Biosphere Reserve, Yucatán, Southeast Mexico. A total of 1,302 individuals of Ichneumonidae are included in this paper. 45 species (81%) of the new records have a Neotropical distribution; seven species (12%) have been reported previously only from the Nearctic; and one species (2%) are recorded from both the Nearctic and Neotropical regions. Most species have a higher abundance in the rainy season, and the dry forest habitat provided more new records than the other habitats.

scholarly journals Seed inflow to a forest patch promoted by understory frugivorous birds

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 95-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verônica Souza da Mota Gomes ◽  
Jorge Yoshio Tamashiro ◽  
Wesley Rodrigues Silva
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Temporal Pattern ◽  
Patch Dynamics ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
The Other ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Forest Patch ◽  
Frugivorous Birds

We studied the contribution of understory frugivorous birds to the seed inflow into a late successional Atlantic forest patch in southeastern Brazil. Five sampling units were established in the study site, each composed of a line of six mist nets and two adjacent plots containing six seed traps. Immigrant seed species were more frequent in seed traps during the rainy season, when fruit production was higher. On the other hand, the frequency of occurrence of immigrant seed species found in fecal samples of the understory frugivores was higher during the dry season. Although understory frugivorous birds were not responsible for the temporal pattern of the seed rain, they can play an important role in bringing edge plant species that will eventually colonize forest gaps, contributing to forest patch dynamics.

scholarly journals Tick and Tick Borne Protozoan Diseases of Livestock in the Selected Hilly Areas of Bangladesh

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 60-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
UK Mohanta ◽  
Dr Anisuzzaman ◽  
MMH Mondal
Keyword(s):  
Rainy Season ◽  
Anaplasma Marginale ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
The Other ◽  
Seasonal Prevalence ◽  
Babesia Bigemina ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Amblyomma Testudinarium ◽  
One Year

To study the tick and tick borne protozoan diseases of livestock in the hilly areas of Bangladesh, an attempt was made to collect tick and blood samples from cattle, goat and gayal (Bos frontalis) from different areas of the three hill districts. In this study, two species of ticks namely, Boophilus microplus (92%) and Amblyomma testudinarium (21.6%) and two species of blood protozoa like Babesia bigemina (16.63%) and Anaplasma marginale (14.94%) were recorded. Seasonal prevalence of ticks was highest in summer (97%) in comparison to rainy (95%) and winter (86%) season. On the other hand, the seasonal prevalence of blood protozoa was highest in rainy season (45.45%) in comparison to summer (27.87%) and winter (16.55%). Again, animals aged more than 2 (two) years of age (52%) found to be more susceptible to blood protozoan diseases than animals aged between 1-2 years of age (33.97%). But none of the animals under one year of age were found to be infected with blood protozoan diseases. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v1i1-2.13934 Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech. 1 (1&2): 60-63, December, 2011

scholarly journals What’s the relative humidity in tropical caves?

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. e0250396
Author(s):  
Luis Mejía-Ortíz ◽  
Mary C. Christman ◽  
Tanja Pipan ◽  
David C. Culver
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Large River ◽  
The Other ◽  
Quintana Roo ◽  
High Humidity ◽  
Dark Zone ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
One Year ◽  
Strong Seasonality

Relative humidity (RH) was measured at hourly intervals for approximately one year in two caves at seven stations near Playa del Carmen in Quintana Roo, Mexico. Sistema Muévelo Rico is a 1.1 km long cave with 12 entrances and almost no dark zone. Río Secreto (Tuch) is a large river cave with more than 40 km of passages, and an extensive dark zone. Given the need for cave specialists to adapt to saturated humidity, presumably by cuticular thinning, the major stress of RH would be its deviation from saturation. RH in Río Secreto (Tuch) was invariant at three sites and displayed short deviations from 100% RH at the other four sites. These deviations were concentrated at the end of the nortes and beginning of the rainy season. Three of the sites in Sistema Muévelo Rico showed a similar pattern although the timing of the deviations from 100% RH was somewhat displaced. Four sites in Sistema Muévelo Rico were more variable, and were analyzed using a measure of amount of time of deviation from 100% RH for each 24 hour period. Strong seasonality was evident but, remarkably, periods of constant high humidity were not the same at all sites. In most Sistema Muévelo Rico sites, there was a detectable 24 hour cycle in RH, although it was quite weak in about half of them. For Río Secreto (Tuch) only one site showed any sign of a 24 hour cycle. The troglomorphic fauna was more or less uniformly spread throughout the caves and did not concentrate in any one area or set of RH conditions. Compared to temperature, RH is much more constant, perhaps even more constant than the amount of light. However, changes in RH as a result of global warming may have a major negative effect on the subterranean fauna.

From Scarcity to Abundance: Achieving Quality-Assured Mass Higher Education

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter P. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Knowledge Economy ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Secondary System ◽  
Mass Higher Education ◽  
Post Secondary ◽  
One Year ◽  
The One

The United States is in a bind. On the one hand, we need millions of additional citizens with at least one year of successful post-secondary experience to adapt to the knowledge economy. Both the Gates and Lumina Foundations, and our President, have championed this goal in different ways. On the other hand, we have a post-secondary system that is trapped between rising costs and stagnant effectiveness, seemingly unable to respond effectively to this challenge. This paper analyzes several aspects of this problem, describes changes in the society that create the basis for solutions, and offers several examples from Kaplan University of emerging practice that suggests what good practice might look like in a world where quality-assured mass higher education is the norm.

scholarly journals Modeling of solid sediment transport in mountain rivers

2020 ◽  
Vol 175 ◽  
pp. 12002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Issam Boukhanef ◽  
Anna Khadzhidi ◽  
Lyudmila Kravchenko ◽  
Zeroual Ayoub ◽  
Kastali Abdennour
Keyword(s):  
Sediment Transport ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Suspended Sediments ◽  
High Water ◽  
The Other ◽  
Concentration Data ◽  
Solid Transport ◽  
One Year ◽  
The One

In Algeria, the problems of erosion and sediment transport are critical, since they have the most dramatic consequences of the degradation of agricultural soils on the one hand and the siltation of the dam on the other .The sediment transport in the Algerian basins is very important especially during the periods of floods, It is in this sense that this study, which consists of estimating the sediment transport in suspension and determining the models of relation linking the liquid discharge and the sediment discharge in order to estimate the solid transport in the absence of suspended sediments concentration data at the Sidi Akkacha station at the outlet of the basin of Oued Allala which is subject to a high water erosion, it degrades from one year to the other under the effect of this phenomenon especially during the floods which drain high amounts of fine particles exceeding in general, the concentration of 150 g/l, the results obtained from the application of the models are very encouraging since the correlation between liquid and solid discharge exceeds 80 %.

scholarly journals Coping with COVID-19: The Strategies Adapted by Pakistani Students to Overcome Implications

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1799
Author(s):  
Gul Muhammad Baloch ◽  
Kamilah Kamaludin ◽  
Karuthan Chinna ◽  
Sheela Sundarasen ◽  
Mohammad Nurunnabi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Social Support ◽  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Living Arrangement ◽  
Female Students ◽  
The Other ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Cultural Contexts ◽  
University Policies ◽  
One Year

COVID-19 has speedily immersed the globe with 72+ million cases and 1.64 million deaths, in a span of around one year, disturbing and deteriorating almost every sphere of life. This study investigates how students in Pakistan have coped with the COVID-19. Zung’s self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) was used for measuring anxiety and the coping strategies were measured on four strategies i.e., seeking social support, humanitarian, acceptance, and mental disengagement. Among 494 respondents, 61% were females and 77.3% of the students were in the age group of 19–25 years. The study findings indicate that approximately 41 percent of students are experiencing some level of anxiety, including 16% with severe to extreme levels. Seeking social support seemed to be the least preferred coping strategy and that female students seek social support, humanitarian, and acceptance coping strategies more than males. Students used both emotion-based and problem-based coping strategies. The variables of gender, age, ethnicity, level and type of study, and living arrangement of the students were associated with usage of coping strategies. Findings showing that students do not prefer to seek social support. The study outcomes will provide basic data for university policies in Pakistan and the other countries with same cultural contexts to design and place better mental health provisions for students.

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