scholarly journals Evaluation of the accuracy, ease of use and limit of detection of novel, rapid, antigen-detecting point-of-care diagnostics for SARS-CoV-2

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.J. Krüger ◽  
M. Gaeddert ◽  
L. Köppel ◽  
L. E. Brümmer ◽  
C. Gottschalk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Large Variability ◽  
Point Of Care Diagnostics ◽  
System Usability Scale ◽  
Accuracy Study ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Analytical Limit

AbstractBackgroundReliable point-of-care (POC) diagnostics not requiring laboratory infrastructure could be a game changer in the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly in the Global South. We assessed performance, limit of detection and ease-of-use of three antigen-detecting, rapid POC tests (Ag-RDT) for SARS-CoV-2.MethodsThis prospective, multi-centre diagnostic accuracy study recruited participants suspected to have SARS-CoV-2 in Germany and the UK. Paired nasopharyngeal swabs (NP) or NP and/or oropharyngeal swabs (OP) were collected from participants (one for clinical RT-PCR and one for Ag-RDT). Performance of each of three Ag-RDTs was compared to RT-PCR overall, and according to predefined subcategories e.g. cycle threshold (CT)-value, days from symptoms onset, etc. In addition, limited verification of the analytical limit-of-detection (LOD) was determined. To understand the usability a System Usability Scale (SUS) questionnaire and ease-of-use (EoU) assessment were performed.ResultsBetween April 17th and August 25th, 2020, 2417 participants were enrolled, with 70 (3.0%) testing positive by RT-PCR. The best-performing test (SD Biosensor, Inc. STANDARD Q) was 76×6% (95% Confidence Interval (CI) 62×8-86×4) sensitive and 99×3% (CI 98×6-99×6) specific. A sub-analysis showed all samples with RT-PCR CT-values <25 were detectable by STANDARD Q. The test was considered easy-to-use (SUS 86/100) and suitable for POC. Bioeasy and Coris showed specificity of 93×1% (CI 91×0%-94×8%) and 95×8% (CI 93×4%-97×4%), respectively, not meeting the predefined target of ≥98%.ConclusionThere is large variability in performance of Ag-RDT with SD Biosensor showing promise. Given the usability at POC, this test is likely to have impact despite imperfect sensitivity; however further research and modelling are needed.

scholarly journals Evaluation of accuracy, exclusivity, limit-of-detection and ease-of-use of LumiraDx™ - Antigen-detecting point-of-care device for SARS-CoV-2

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Johanna Krüger ◽  
Julian A.F. Klein ◽  
Frank Tobian ◽  
Mary Gaeddert ◽  
Federica Lainati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Analytical Sensitivity ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Clinical Sensitivity ◽  
Lateral Flow Assays

Background: Rapid antigen-detecting tests (Ag-RDTs) for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can transform pandemic control. Thus far, sensitivity (≤85%) of lateral-flow assays has limited scale-up. Conceivably, microfluidic immunofluorescence Ag-RDTs could increase sensitivity for SARS-CoV-2 detection. Materials and Methods: This multi-centre diagnostic accuracy study investigated performance of the microfluidic immunofluorescence LumiraDx™ assay, enrolling symptomatic and asymptomatic participants with suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection. Participants collected a supervised nasal mid-turbinate (NMT) self-swab for Ag-RDT testing, in addition to a professionally-collected nasopharyngeal (NP) swab for routine testing with reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results were compared to calculate sensitivity and specificity. Sub-analyses investigated the results by viral load, symptom presence and duration. An analytical study assessed exclusivity and limit-of-detection (LOD). In addition, we evaluated ease-of-use. Results: Study conduct was between November 2nd 2020 and January 21st 2021. 761 participants were enrolled, with 486 participants reporting symptoms on testing day. 120 out of 146 RT-PCR positive cases were detected positive by LumiraDx™, resulting in a sensitivity of 82.2% (95% CI: 75.2%-87.5%). Specificity was 99.3% (CI: 98.3-99.7%). Sensitivity was increased in individuals with viral load ≥ 7 log10 SARS-CoV2 RNA copies/ml (93.8%; CI: 86.2%-97.3%). Testing against common respiratory commensals and pathogens showed no cross-reactivity and LOD was estimated to be 2-56 PFU/mL. The ease-of-use-assessment was favourable for lower throughput settings. Conclusion: The LumiraDx™ assay showed excellent analytical sensitivity, exclusivity and clinical specificity with good clinical sensitivity using supervised NMT self-sampling.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the accuracy and ease-of-use of Abbott PanBio - A WHO emergency use listed, rapid, antigen-detecting point-of-care diagnostic test for SARS-CoV-2

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.J. Krüger ◽  
M. Gaeddert ◽  
F. Tobian ◽  
F. Lainati ◽  
C. Gottschalk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Test ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Independent Study ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Routine Testing ◽  
System Usability Scale ◽  
Accuracy Study ◽  
Internal Funds ◽  
Charité Berlin ◽  
Large Manufacturer

AbstractBackgroundDiagnostics are essential for controlling the pandemic. Identifying a reliable and fast diagnostic is needed to support testing. We assessed performance and ease-of-use of the Abbott PanBio antigen-detecting rapid diagnostic test (Ag-RDT).MethodsThis prospective, multi-centre diagnostic accuracy study enrolled at two sites in Germany. Following routine testing with RT-PCR, a second study-exclusive swab was performed for Ag-RDT testing. Routine swabs were nasopharyngeal (NP) or combined NP/oropharyngeal (OP) whereas the study-exclusive swabs were NP. To evaluate performance, sensitivity and specificity were assessed overall and in predefined sub analyses accordingly to cycle-threshold values, days of symptoms, disease severity and study site. Additionally, an ease-of-use assessment and System Usability Scale (SUS) were performed.Findings1108 participants were enrolled between Sept 28 and Oct 30, 2020. Of these, 106 (9·6%) were PCR-positive. The Abbott PanBio detected 92/106 PCR-positive participants with a sensitivity of 86·8% (95% CI: 79·0% - 92·0%) and a specificity of 99·9% (95% CI: 99·4%-100%). The sub analyses indicated that sensitivity was 95·8% in CT-values <25 and within the first seven days from symptom onset. The test was characterized as easy to use (SUS: 86/100) and considered suitable for point-of- care settings.InterpretationThe Abbott PanBio Ag-RDT performs well for SARS-CoV-2 testing in this large manufacturer independent study, confirming its WHO recommendation for Emergency Use in settings with limited resources.FundingThe Foundation of Innovative New Diagnostics supplied the test kits for the study. The internal funds from the Heidelberg University as well as the Charité Berlin supported this study.

scholarly journals Head-to-head comparison of SARS-CoV-2 antigen-detecting rapid test with self-collected anterior nasal swab versus professional-collected nasopharyngeal swab

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas K. Lindner ◽  
Olga Nikolai ◽  
Franka Kausch ◽  
Mia Wintel ◽  
Franziska Hommes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Point Of Care ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
High Viral Load ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Healthcare Personnel ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Swab ◽  
Swab Sample ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Percent Agreement ◽  
Accuracy Study

AbstractBackgroundTwo antigen-detecting rapid diagnostic tests (Ag-RDTs) are now approved through the WHO Emergency Use Listing procedure and can be performed at the point-of-care. However, both tests use nasopharyngeal (NP) swab samples. NP swab samples must be collected by trained healthcare personnel with protective equipment and are frequently perceived as uncomfortable by patients.MethodsThis was a manufacturer-independent, prospective diagnostic accuracy study with comparison of a supervised, self-collected anterior nose (AN) swab sample with a professional-collected NP swab sample, using a WHO-listed SARS-CoV-2 Ag-RDT, STANDARD Q COVID-19 Ag Test (SD Biosensor), which is also being distributed by Roche. The reference standard was RT-PCR from an oro-/nasopharyngeal swab sample. Percent positive and negative agreement as well as sensitivity and specificity were calculated.ResultsAmong the 289 participants, 39 (13.5%) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR. The positive percent agreement of the two different sampling techniques for the Ag-RDT was 90.6% (CI 75.8-96.8). The negative percent agreement was 99.2% (CI 97.2-99.8). The Ag-RDT with AN sampling showed a sensitivity of 74.4% (29/39 PCR positives detected; CI 58.9-85.4) and specificity of 99.2% (CI 97.1-99.8) compared to RT-PCR. The sensitivity with NP sampling was 79.5% (31/39 PCR positives detected; CI 64.5-89.2) and specificity was 99.6% (CI 97.8-100). In patients with high viral load (>7.0 log 10 RNA SARS-CoV2/swab), the sensitivity of the Ag-RDT with AN sampling was 96% and 100% with NP sampling.ConclusionSupervised self-sampling from the anterior nose is a reliable alternative to professional nasopharyngeal sampling using a WHO-listed SARS-CoV-2 Ag-RDT. Considering the ease-of-use of Ag-RDTs, self-sampling and potentially patient self-testing at home may be a future use case.

scholarly journals The Abbott PanBio WHO emergency use listed, rapid, antigen-detecting point-of-care diagnostic test for SARS-CoV-2—Evaluation of the accuracy and ease-of-use

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. e0247918
Author(s):  
Lisa J. Krüger ◽  
Mary Gaeddert ◽  
Frank Tobian ◽  
Federica Lainati ◽  
Claudius Gottschalk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Test ◽  
Symptom Onset ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Independent Study ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Routine Testing ◽  
System Usability Scale ◽  
Accuracy Study ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Large Manufacturer

Objectives Diagnostics are essential for controlling the pandemic. Identifying a reliable and fast diagnostic device is needed for effective testing. We assessed performance and ease-of-use of the Abbott PanBio antigen-detecting rapid diagnostic test (Ag-RDT). Methods This prospective, multi-centre diagnostic accuracy study enrolled at two sites in Germany. Following routine testing with reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), a second study-exclusive swab was performed for Ag-RDT testing. Routine swabs were nasopharyngeal (NP) or combined NP/oropharyngeal (OP) whereas the study-exclusive swabs were NP. To evaluate performance, sensitivity and specificity were assessed overall and in predefined sub-analyses accordingly to cycle-threshold values, days after symptom onset, disease severity and study site. Additionally, an ease-of-use assessment (EoU) and System Usability Scale (SUS) were performed. Results 1108 participants were enrolled between Sept 28 and Oct 30, 2020. Of these, 106 (9.6%) were PCR-positive. The Abbott PanBio detected 92/106 PCR-positive participants with a sensitivity of 86.8% (95% CI: 79.0% - 92.0%) and a specificity of 99.9% (95% CI: 99.4%-100%). The sub-analyses indicated that sensitivity was 95.8% in Ct-values <25 and within the first seven days from symptom onset. The test was characterized as easy to use (SUS: 86/100) and considered suitable for point-of-care settings. Conclusion The Abbott PanBio Ag-RDT performs well for SARS-CoV-2 testing in this large manufacturer independent study, confirming its WHO recommendation for Emergency Use in settings with limited resources.

scholarly journals Evaluation of accuracy, exclusivity, limit-of-detection and ease-of-use of LumiraDx™: An antigen-detecting point-of-care device for SARS-CoV-2

Infection ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa J. Krüger ◽  
Julian A. F. Klein ◽  
Frank Tobian ◽  
Mary Gaeddert ◽  
Federica Lainati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Analytical Sensitivity ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Clinical Sensitivity ◽  
Lateral Flow Assays

Abstract Purpose Rapid antigen-detecting tests (Ag-RDTs) for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can transform pandemic control. Thus far, sensitivity (≤ 85%) of lateral-flow assays has limited scale-up. Conceivably, microfluidic immunofluorescence Ag-RDTs could increase sensitivity for SARS-CoV-2 detection. Methods This multi-centre diagnostic accuracy study investigated performance of the microfluidic immunofluorescence LumiraDx™ assay, enrolling symptomatic and asymptomatic participants with suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection. Participants collected a supervised nasal mid-turbinate (NMT) self-swab for Ag-RDT testing, in addition to a professionally collected nasopharyngeal (NP) swab for routine testing with reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results were compared to calculate sensitivity and specificity. Sub-analyses investigated the results by viral load, symptom presence and duration. An analytical study assessed exclusivity and limit-of-detection (LOD). In addition, we evaluated ease-of-use. Results The study was conducted between November 2nd 2020 and 4th of December 2020. 761 participants were enrolled, with 486 participants reporting symptoms on testing day. 120 out of 146 RT-PCR positive cases were detected positive by LumiraDx™, resulting in a sensitivity of 82.2% (95% CI 75.2–87.5%). Specificity was 99.3% (CI 98.3–99.7%). Sensitivity was increased in individuals with viral load ≥ 7 log10 SARS-CoV2 RNA copies/ml (93.8%; CI 86.2–97.3%). Testing against common respiratory commensals and pathogens showed no cross-reactivity and LOD was estimated to be 2–56 PFU/mL. The ease-of-use-assessment was favourable for lower throughput settings. Conclusion The LumiraDx™ assay showed excellent analytical sensitivity, exclusivity and clinical specificity with good clinical sensitivity using supervised NMT self-sampling. Trial registration number and registration date DRKS00021220 and 01.04.2020

scholarly journals Highly Sensitive Detection of Campylobacter spp. in Chicken Meat using a Silica Nanoparticle Enhanced Dot Blot DNA Biosensor

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priya Vizzini ◽  
Marisa Manzano ◽  
Carole Farre ◽  
Thierry Meylheuc ◽  
Carole Chaix ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Silica Nanoparticle ◽  
Chicken Meat ◽  
Dot Blot ◽  
Dna Biosensors ◽  
Point Of Care Diagnostics ◽  
Detection Probe ◽  
Highly Sensitive Detection ◽  
User Friendly

AbstractPaper-based DNA biosensors are powerful tools in point-of-care diagnostics since they are affordable, portable, user-friendly, rapid and robust. However, their sensitivity is not always as high as required to enable DNA quantification. To improve the response of standard dot blots, we have applied a new enhancement strategy that increases the sensitivity of assays based on the use of biotinylated silica-nanoparticles (biotin-Si-NPs). After immobilization of a genomic Campylobacter DNA onto a paper membrane, and addition of a biotinylated-DNA detection probe, hybridization was evidenced using streptavidin-conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in the presence of luminol and H2O2. Replacement of the single biotin by the biotin-Si-NPs boosted on average a 30 fold chemiluminescent read-out of the biosensor. Characterization of biotin-Si-NPs onto a paper with immobilized DNA was done using a scanning electron microscope. A limit of detection of 3 pg/μL of DNA, similar to the available qPCR kits, is achieved, but it is cheaper, easier and avoids inhibition of DNA polymerase by molecules from the food matrices. We demonstrated that the new dot blot coupled to biotin-Si-NPs successfully detected Campylobacter from naturally contaminated chicken meat, without needing a PCR step. Hence, such an enhanced dot blot paves the path to the development of a portable and multiplex paper based platform for point-of-care screening of chicken carcasses for Campylobacter.Graphical abstract

scholarly journals Direct-RT-qPCR Detection of SARS-CoV-2 without RNA Extraction as Part of a COVID-19 Testing Strategy: From Sample to Result in One Hour

Diagnostics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Kriegova ◽  
Regina Fillerova ◽  
Petr Kvapil
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput Screening ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Rna Extraction ◽  
Rna Isolation ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Heat Inactivation

Due to the lack of protective immunity in the general population and the absence of effective antivirals and vaccines, the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues in some countries, with local epicentres emerging in others. Due to the great demand for effective COVID-19 testing programmes to control the spread of the disease, we have suggested such a testing programme that includes a rapid RT-qPCR approach without RNA extraction. The Direct-One-Step-RT-qPCR (DIOS-RT-qPCR) assay detects severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in less than one hour while maintaining the high sensitivity and specificity required of diagnostic tools. This optimised protocol allows for the direct use of swab transfer media (14 μL) without the need for RNA extraction, achieving comparable sensitivity to the standard method that requires the time-consuming and costly step of RNA isolation. The limit of detection for DIOS-RT-qPCR was lower than seven copies/reaction, which translates to 550 virus copies/mL of swab. The speed, ease of use and low price of this assay make it suitable for high-throughput screening programmes. The use of fast enzymes allows RT-qPCR to be performed under standard laboratory conditions within one hour, making it a potential point-of-care solution on high-speed cycling instruments. This protocol also implements the heat inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 (75 °C for 10 min), which renders samples non-infectious, enabling testing in BSL-2 facilities. Moreover, we discuss the critical steps involved in developing tests for the rapid detection of COVID-19. Implementing rapid, easy, cost-effective methods can help control the worldwide spread of the COVID-19 infection.

scholarly journals Two Potential Clinical Applications of Origami-Based Paper Devices

Diagnostics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 203
Author(s):  
Zong-Keng Kuo ◽  
Tsui-Hsuan Chang ◽  
Yu-Shin Chen ◽  
Chao-Min Cheng ◽  
Chia-Ying Tsai
Keyword(s):  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Test Sample ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Elisa System ◽  
Test Zone ◽  
Moist Environment ◽  
Simplex Virus

Detecting small amounts of analyte in clinical practice is challenging because of deficiencies in specimen sample availability and unsuitable sampling environments that prevent reliable sampling. Paper-based analytical devices (PADs) have successfully been used to detect ultralow amounts of analyte, and origami-based PADs (O-PADs) offer advantages that may boost the overall potential of PADs in general. In this study, we investigated two potential clinical applications for O-PADs. The first O-PAD we investigated was an origami-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) system designed to detect different concentrations of rabbit IgG. This device was designed with four wing structures, each of which acted as a reagent loading zone for pre-loading ELISA reagents, and a central test sample loading zone. Because this device has a low limit of detection (LOD), it may be suitable for detecting IgG levels in tears from patients with a suspected viral infection (such as herpes simplex virus (HSV)). The second O-PAD we investigated was designed to detect paraquat levels to determine potential poisoning. To use this device, we sequentially folded each of two separate reagent zones, one preloaded with NaOH and one preloaded with ascorbic acid (AA), over the central test zone, and added 8 µL of sample that then flowed through each reagent zone and onto the central test zone. The device was then unfolded to read the results on the test zone. The three folded layers of paper provided a moist environment not achievable with conventional paper-based ELISA. Both O-PADs were convenient to use because reagents were preloaded, and results could be observed and analyzed with image analysis software. O-PADs expand the testing capacity of simpler PADs while leveraging their characteristic advantages of convenience, cost, and ease of use, particularly for point-of-care diagnosis.

scholarly journals Point-of-Care Diagnostics of COVID-19: From Current Work to Future Perspectives

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (15) ◽  
pp. 4289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heba A. Hussein ◽  
Rabeay Y. A. Hassan ◽  
Marco Chino ◽  
Ferdinando Febbraio
Keyword(s):  
Point Of Care ◽  
Virus Detection ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Sample Treatment ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Point Of Care Diagnostics ◽  
Electrochemical Immunosensors ◽  
Global Concern ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Reliable Methods

Coronaviruses have received global concern since 2003, when an outbreak caused by SARS-CoV emerged in China. Later on, in 2012, the Middle-East respiratory syndrome spread in Saudi Arabia, caused by MERS-CoV. Currently, the global crisis is caused by the pandemic SARS-CoV-2, which belongs to the same lineage of SARS-CoV. In response to the urgent need of diagnostic tools, several lab-based and biosensing techniques have been proposed so far. Five main areas have been individuated and discussed in terms of their strengths and weaknesses. The cell-culture detection and the microneutralization tests are still considered highly reliable methods. The genetic screening, featuring the well-established Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), represents the gold standard for virus detection in nasopharyngeal swabs. On the other side, immunoassays were developed, either by screening/antigen recognition of IgM/IgG or by detecting the whole virus, in blood and sera. Next, proteomic mass-spectrometry (MS)-based methodologies have also been proposed for the analysis of swab samples. Finally, virus-biosensing devices were efficiently designed. Both electrochemical immunosensors and eye-based technologies have been described, showing detection times lower than 10 min after swab introduction. Alternative to swab-based techniques, lateral flow point-of-care immunoassays are already commercially available for the analysis of blood samples. Such biosensing devices hold the advantage of being portable for on-site testing in hospitals, airports, and hotspots, virtually without any sample treatment or complicated lab precautions.

Development of a Bead-Based Optoelectrokinetic Immunosensing Technique for Detection of Low-Abundance Analytes

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Han-Sheng Chuang ◽  
Hsiao-Neng Lin ◽  
Hu-Yao Ku
Keyword(s):  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Particle Manipulation ◽  
Great Flexibility ◽  
Point Of Care Diagnostics ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Rapid Electrokinetic Patterning ◽  
Sample Droplet ◽  
Made In

Bead-based immunosensing has been growing as a promising technology in the point-of-care diagnostics because of great flexibility. For dilute samples, functionalized particles can be used to collect dispersed analytes and act as carriers for particle manipulation. To carry out rapid and selective diagnosis, a bead-based optoelectrokinetic immunosensing technique was developed herein to detect biomarkers, lipocalin 1 (LCN1) and TNF-α, for diabetic retinopathy (DR). The measurement was made in a sample droplet sandwiched between two parallel electrodes. With an electric field and a focused laser beam simultaneously applying on the microchip, the immunocomplexes in the droplet were further concentrated within the region of irradiation to enhance the fluorescent signal. The optoelectrokinetic platform, termed rapid electrokinetic patterning (REP), is excellent in dynamic and programmable particle manipulation. Therefore, the detection could be complete in roughly 10 s. With an appropriate frequency modulation, the two DR biomarkers were detected at a time. The limit of detection (LOD) of the REP-enabled measurement reached as low as 100 pg/mL. The combined use of bead-based immunoassays and the optoelectrokinetic platform therefore provides an insightful measure to the early diagnosis of diseases.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document