scholarly journals Modulation of sleep-courtship balance by nutritional status in Drosophila

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
José M. Duhart ◽  
Victoria Baccini ◽  
Yanan Zhang ◽  
Daniel R. Machado ◽  
Kyunghee Koh
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Calcium Imaging ◽  
Dopaminergic Neurons ◽  
Potential Benefit ◽  
Sleep Loss ◽  
Female Partners ◽  
Sleep Drive ◽  
Protocerebral Bridge ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Nighttime Sleep

AbstractSleep is essential but incompatible with other behaviors, and thus sleep drive competes with other motivations. We previously showed Drosophila males balance sleep and courtship via octopaminergic neurons that act upstream of courtship-regulating P1 neurons (Machado et al., 2017). Here we show nutrition modulates the sleep-courtship balance and identify sleep-regulatory neurons downstream of P1 neurons. Yeast-deprived males exhibited attenuated female-induced nighttime sleep loss yet normal daytime courtship, which suggests male flies consider nutritional status in deciding whether the potential benefit of pursuing female partners outweighs the cost of losing sleep. Trans-synaptic tracing and calcium imaging identified dopaminergic neurons projecting to the protocerebral bridge (DA-PB) as postsynaptic partners of P1 neurons. Activation of DA-PB neurons led to reduced sleep in normally fed but not yeast-deprived males. Additional PB-projecting neurons regulated male sleep, suggesting several groups of PB-projecting neurons act downstream of P1 neurons to mediate nutritional modulation of the sleep-courtship balance.

scholarly journals Modulation of sleep-courtship balance by nutritional status in Drosophila

eLife ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
José M Duhart ◽  
Victoria Baccini ◽  
Yanan Zhang ◽  
Daniel R Machado ◽  
Kyunghee Koh
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Calcium Imaging ◽  
Dopaminergic Neurons ◽  
Potential Benefit ◽  
Sleep Loss ◽  
Female Partners ◽  
Sleep Drive ◽  
Protocerebral Bridge ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Nighttime Sleep

Sleep is essential but incompatible with other behaviors, and thus sleep drive competes with other motivations. We previously showed Drosophila males balance sleep and courtship via octopaminergic neurons that act upstream of courtship-regulating P1 neurons (Machado et al., 2017). Here, we show nutrition modulates the sleep-courtship balance and identify sleep-regulatory neurons downstream of P1 neurons. Yeast-deprived males exhibited attenuated female-induced nighttime sleep loss yet normal daytime courtship, which suggests male flies consider nutritional status in deciding whether the potential benefit of pursuing female partners outweighs the cost of losing sleep. Trans-synaptic tracing and calcium imaging identified dopaminergic neurons projecting to the protocerebral bridge (DA-PB) as postsynaptic partners of P1 neurons. Activation of DA-PB neurons led to reduced sleep in normally fed but not yeast-deprived males. Additional PB-projecting neurons regulated male sleep, suggesting several groups of PB-projecting neurons act downstream of P1 neurons to mediate nutritional modulation of the sleep-courtship balance.

scholarly journals Sleep deprivation negatively impacts reproductive output in Drosophila melanogaster

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheetal Potdar ◽  
Danita K. Daniel ◽  
Femi A. Thomas ◽  
Shraddha Lall ◽  
Vasu Sheeba
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Dopaminergic Neurons ◽  
Reproductive Output ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Sleep Loss ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Mechanical Perturbation ◽  
Transient Activation ◽  
Sleep Deficit

AbstractMost animals sleep or exhibit a sleep-like state, yet the adaptive significance of this phenomenon remains unclear. Although reproductive deficits are associated with lifestyle induced sleep deficiencies, how sleep loss affects reproductive physiology is poorly understood, even in model organisms. We aimed to bridge this mechanistic gap by impairing sleep in female fruit flies and testing its effect on egg output. We find that sleep deprivation by feeding caffeine or by mechanical perturbation results in decreased egg output. Transient activation of wake-promoting dopaminergic neurons decreases egg output in addition to sleep levels, thus demonstrating a direct negative impact of sleep deficit on reproductive output. Similarly, loss-of-function mutation in dopamine transporter fumin (fmn)leads to both significant sleep loss and lowered fecundity. This demonstration of a direct relationship between sleep and reproductive fitness indicates a strong driving force for the evolution of sleep.

scholarly journals TOTAL COST OF HOSPITALIZATION OF PATIENTS UNDERGOING ELECTIVE LAPAROSCOPIC CHOLECYSTECTOMY RELATED TO NUTRITIONAL STATUS

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Julimar Correia de MENEZES ◽  
Lara Gadelha Luna de MENEZES ◽  
Guilherme Pinheiro Ferreira da SILVA ◽  
Antônio Aldo MELO-FILHO ◽  
Daniel Hardy MELO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy ◽  
Length Of Stay ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
Public Hospital ◽  
Nutritional Risk ◽  
Western World ◽  
Morbidly Obese ◽  
Elective Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy ◽  
The Cost

ABSTRACT Background: In the Western world, the population developed an overweight profile. The morbidly obese generate higher cost to the health system. However, there is a gap in this approach with regard to individuals above the eutrofic pattern, who are not considered as morbidly obese. Aim: To correlate nutritional status according to BMI with the costs of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in a public hospital. Method: Data were collected from medical records about: nutritional risk assessment, nutricional state and hospital cost in patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Results: Were enrolled 814 procedures. Average age was 39.15 (±12.16) years; 47 subjects (78.3%) were women. The cost was on average R$ 6,167.32 (±1830.85) to 4.06 (±2.76) days of hospitalization; 41 (68.4%) presented some degree of overweight; mean BMI was 28.07 (±5.41) kg/m²; six (10%) individuals presented nutritional risk ≥3. There was a weak correlation (r=0.2) and not significant (p <0.08) between the cost of hospitalization of the sample and length of stay; however, in individuals with normal BMI, the correlation was strong (r=0,57) and significant (p<0.01). Conclusion: Overweight showed no correlation between cost and length of stay. However, overweight individuals had higher cost of hospitalization than those who had no complications, but with no correlation with nutritional status. Compared to those with normal BMI, there was a strong and statistically significant correlation with the cost of hospital stay, stressing that there is normal distribution involving adequate nutritional status and success of the surgical procedure with the consequent impact on the cost of hospitalization.

scholarly journals Gustatory and metabolic perception of nutrient stress in Drosophila

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (8) ◽  
pp. 2587-2592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy J. Linford ◽  
Jennifer Ro ◽  
Brian Y. Chung ◽  
Scott D. Pletcher
Keyword(s):  
Dopaminergic Neurons ◽  
Sleep Loss ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Nutrient Environment ◽  
Imminent Death ◽  
Sleep Centers ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient ◽  
Gustatory Perception ◽  
The Brain

Sleep loss is an adaptive response to nutrient deprivation that alters behavior to maximize the chances of feeding before imminent death. Organisms must maintain systems for detecting the quality of the food source to resume healthy levels of sleep when the stress is alleviated. We determined that gustatory perception of sweetness is both necessary and sufficient to suppress starvation-induced sleep loss when animals encounter nutrient-poor food sources. We further find that blocking specific dopaminergic neurons phenocopies the absence of gustatory stimulation, suggesting a specific role for these neurons in transducing taste information to sleep centers in the brain. Finally, we show that gustatory perception is required for survival, specifically in a low nutrient environment. Overall, these results demonstrate an important role for gustatory perception when environmental food availability approaches zero and illustrate the interplay between sensory and metabolic perception of nutrient availability in regulating behavioral state.

scholarly journals Sex Chromosomes Regulate Nighttime Sleep Propensity during Recovery from Sleep Loss in Mice

PLoS ONE ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. e62205 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Christopher Ehlen ◽  
September Hesse ◽  
Lennisha Pinckney ◽  
Ketema N. Paul
Keyword(s):  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Sleep Loss ◽  
Nighttime Sleep ◽  
Sleep Propensity

scholarly journals Simultaneous siRNA-mediated silencing of pairs of genes coding for enzymes involved in glycosaminoglycan synthesis.

2012 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dariusz Dziedzic ◽  
Magdalena Narajczyk ◽  
Magdalena Gabig-Cimińska ◽  
Joanna Jakóbkiewicz-Banecka
Keyword(s):  
Potential Benefit ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Potential Treatment ◽  
Glycosaminoglycan Synthesis ◽  
Benefit Ratio ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Cost Benefit Ratio ◽  
The Cost ◽  
In Cells

It has been demonstrated recently that it is possible to decrease expression of genes coding for enzymes involved in synthesis of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) by using specific siRNAs which interfere with stability of particular mRNAs. This procedure has been proposed as a potential treatment for patients suffering from mucopolysaccharidoses, a group of inherited metabolic diseases caused by dysfunction of enzymes required for GAG degradation, and resultant storage of these compounds in cells of affected persons. Here, we asked if the simultaneous use two species of specific siRNAs aimed at silencing two genes involved in particular steps of GAG synthesis may be more effective than the use of single siRNA. We found that inhibition of GAG synthesis in cells treated with two siRNAs is generally more effective than using single siRNAs. However, the differences were not statistically significant, therefore the potential benefit from the use of two siRNAs over the use of a single siRNA is doubtful in the light of the cost-benefit ratio and possibly stronger side-effects of the putative therapy.

Coupled Oscillator Model of the Dopaminergic Neuron of the Substantia Nigra

2000 ◽  
Vol 83 (5) ◽  
pp. 3084-3100 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Wilson ◽  
J. C. Callaway
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Potential ◽  
Calcium Imaging ◽  
Dopaminergic Neurons ◽  
Calcium Current ◽  
Dopaminergic Neuron ◽  
Potassium Current ◽  
Potential Oscillation ◽  
Calcium Dependent ◽  
Membrane Potential Oscillation ◽  
Low Threshold

Calcium imaging using fura-2 and whole cell recording revealed the effective location of the oscillator mechanism on dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra, pars compacta, in slices from rats aged 15–20 days. As previously reported, dopaminergic neurons fired in a slow rhythmic single spiking pattern. The underlying membrane potential oscillation survived blockade of sodium currents with TTX and was enhanced by blockade of voltage-sensitive potassium currents with TEA. Calcium levels increased during the subthreshold depolarizing phase of the membrane potential oscillation and peaked at the onset of the hyperpolarizing phase as expected if the pacemaker potential were due to a low-threshold calcium current and the hyperpolarizing phase to calcium-dependent potassium current. Calcium oscillations were synchronous in the dendrites and soma and were greater in the dendrites than in the soma. Average calcium levels in the dendrites overshot steady-state levels and decayed over the course of seconds after the oscillation was resumed after having been halted by hyperpolarizing currents. Average calcium levels in the soma increased slowly, taking many cycles to achieve steady state. Voltage clamp with calcium imaging revealed the voltage dependence of the somatic calcium current without the artifacts of incomplete spatial voltage control. This showed that the calcium current had little or no inactivation and was half-maximal at −40 to −30 mV. The time constant of calcium removal was measured by the return of calcium to resting levels and depended on diameter. The calcium sensitivity of the calcium-dependent potassium current was estimated by plotting the slow tail current against calcium concentration during the decay of calcium to resting levels at −60 mV. A single compartment model of the dopaminergic neuron consisting of a noninactivating low-threshold calcium current, a calcium-dependent potassium current, and a small leak current reproduced most features of the membrane potential oscillations. The same currents much more accurately reproduced the calcium transients when distributed uniformly along a tapering cable in a multicompartment model. This model represented the dopaminergic neuron as a set of electrically coupled oscillators with different natural frequencies. Each frequency was determined by the surface area to volume ratio of the compartment. This model could account for additional features of the dopaminergic neurons seen in slices, such as slow adaptation of oscillation frequency and may produce irregular firing under different coupling conditions.

Economics of fertility in dairy cows

2001 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.J. Esslemont ◽  
M.A. Kossaibati ◽  
J. Allcock
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Potential Benefit ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Effective Option ◽  
Production Diseases ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Breakeven Point ◽  
Reduced Risk

AbstractThe financial implications of delays in conception at different stages of lactation in the average and the high yielding dairy cows were investigated. Variables included in the calculations were net loss in annual yield, lost income from a calf, cost of extended dry period, cost of slipping in calving pattern, cost of extra veterinary treatments and AI services, benefit of a delay in calving for reduced risk of production diseases, potential benefit of delay in conception on milk yield from the current lactation, and the value of quota leasing. For the average yielding cow, the net cost of one day of delay in conception was calculated at £2.41 when conception is delayed from 85 to 100 days post-calving, increasing to £5.02 per day if conception occurred at 146 to 175 days post-calving. After taking value of quota leasing into account, the net cost of a lost day was calculated at £1.73 and £3.55 per day for the two delay intervals respectively. For the high yielding cow, the net cost of one day of delay in conception was calculated at £2.48 when conception is delayed from 85 to 115 days post-calving, increasing to £6.52 per day if conception occurred between 206 and 235 days post-calving. The net costs after quota leasing being considered were calculated at £1.68 and £4.08 per day for the two delay intervals respectively. On the basis of the above estimations, and after considering the cost of culling for poor fertility, it was concluded that it is a cost-effective option to keep trying to get the typical average cow in calf until 266 days post-calving, whereas the breakeven point for the high yielding cow is at 290 days post-calving.

scholarly journals AN ARGUMENT AGAINST STOCK-PICKING AND MARKET-TIMING: AN EMPIRICAL APPROACH

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrique Rafael González Pozo
Keyword(s):  
Potential Benefit ◽  
Investment Strategy ◽  
Active Management ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Wall Street ◽  
Difficult Time ◽  
Money Managers ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Stock Picking ◽  
Economic Outlook

This paper’s objective is to demystify the world of investing, first by showing and exposing the results the greatest money managers in the Wall Street have obtained over the last years compared to the performance of their benchmark indexes. Index investing represents a passive investment strategy of holding hundreds of stocks instead of the active management approach used by these experts. After exposing said results, a theoretical framework will be presented that explains why money managers have such a difficult time outperforming their benchmark indexes. Later on, a back-test experiment will be presented and thoroughly explained showing five different hypothetical investment scenarios over several 20-year periods with the attempt to quantify the potential benefit of perfectly timing the market and compare it to the cost of waiting for a better time to invest. The results find shows that the cost of waiting is much greater that the potential benefit of perfectly timing the market and the best alternative would be to invest available cash immediately regardless of market or economic outlook.

scholarly journals Resveratrol Produces Neurotrophic Effects on Cultured Dopaminergic Neurons through Prompting Astroglial BDNF and GDNF Release

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng Zhang ◽  
Yan-Ying Wang ◽  
Hang Liu ◽  
Yuan-Fu Lu ◽  
Qin Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Medium ◽  
Neurotrophic Factors ◽  
Neurotrophic Factor ◽  
Dopaminergic Neurons ◽  
Potential Benefit ◽  
Red Wine ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Pharmacological Activities ◽  
Enriched Cultures

Increasing evidence indicated astroglia-derived neurotrophic factors generation might hold a promising therapy for Parkinson’s disease (PD). Resveratrol, naturally present in red wine and grapes with potential benefit for health, is well known to possess a number of pharmacological activities. Besides the antineuroinflammatory properties, we hypothesized the neuroprotective potency of resveratrol is partially due to its additional neurotrophic effects. Here, primary rat midbrain neuron-glia cultures were applied to investigate the neurotrophic effects mediated by resveratrol on dopamine (DA) neurons and further explore the role of neurotrophic factors in its actions. Results showed resveratrol produced neurotrophic effects on cultured DA neurons. Additionally, astroglia-derived neurotrophic factors release was responsible for resveratrol-mediated neurotrophic properties as evidenced by the following observations: (1) resveratrol failed to exert neurotrophic effects on DA neurons in the cultures without astroglia; (2) the astroglia-conditioned medium prepared from astroglia-enriched cultures treated with resveratrol produced neurotrophic effects in neuron-enriched cultures; (3) resveratrol increased neurotrophic factors release in the concentration- and time-dependent manners; (4) resveratrol-mediated neurotrophic effects were suppressed by blocking the action of the neurotrophic factors. Together, resveratrol could produce neurotrophic effects on DA neurons through prompting neurotrophic factors release, and these effects might open new alternative avenues for neurotrophic factor-based therapy targeting PD.

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