scholarly journals Male sex hormones increase excitatory neuron production in developing human neocortex

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iva Kelava ◽  
Ilaria Chiaradia ◽  
Laura Pellegrini ◽  
Alex T. Kalinka ◽  
Madeline A. Lancaster
Keyword(s):  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Sex Steroids ◽  
Morphological Difference ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Excitatory Neuron ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Human Neocortex ◽  
Female Brain ◽  
Male Sex ◽  
Effective Drugs

AbstractThe presence of male-female brain differences has long been a controversial topic. Yet simply negating the existence of biological differences has detrimental consequences for all sexes and genders, particularly for the development of accurate diagnostic tools, effective drugs and understanding of disease. The most well-established morphological difference is size, with males having on average a larger brain than females; yet a mechanistic understanding of how this difference arises remains to be elucidated. Here, we use brain organoids to test the roles of sex chromosomes and sex steroids during development. While we show no observable differences between XX and XY brain organoids, sex steroids, namely androgens, increase proliferation of cortical neural progenitors. Transcriptomic analysis reveals effects on chromatin remodelling and HDAC activity, both of which are also implicated in the male-biased conditions autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia. Finally, we show that higher numbers of progenitors result specifically in increased upper-layer excitatory neurons. These findings uncover a hitherto unknown role for male sex hormones in regulating excitatory neuron number within the human neocortex and represent a first step towards understanding the origin of human sex-related brain differences.

THE EFFECT OF GONADECTOMY ON THE RESPONSE OF THE PITUITARY I. C. S. H.-CONTENT TO STEROID SEX HORMONES

1960 ◽  
Vol XXXV (II) ◽  
pp. 245-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. P. van Rees ◽  
F. J. A. Paesi
Keyword(s):  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Sex Steroids ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Testosterone Propionate ◽  
Preceding Paper ◽  
Direct Consequence ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Reflex Stimulation ◽  
Steroid Sex Hormones ◽  
Stimulation Of

ABSTRACT In the experiments reported in this paper the hypothesis that the decrease in the pituitary I. C. S. H.-content, which occurs after administration of steroid sex hormones in gonadectomized animals, is counteracted by a reflex stimulation of the hypophysis initiated by the operation has been investigated. If treatment with a low dose of testosterone propionate (100 μg) was started immediately after castration, the resulting decrease in the pituitary I. C. S. H.-content became more marked if the reflex stimulation of the hypophysis had been prevented. If, however, two months were allowed to elapse before the beginning of treatment, the presence or absence of this reflex was no longer of importance for the effect of testosterone propionate on the pituitary I. C. S. H.-content. And yet, in this case too, the decrease in the pituitary I. C. S. H.-content by testosterone propionate was less than in intact animals (see preceding paper). Hence this decrease appears to be counteracted by two factors: one rapidly occurring and short lasting, resulting from a reflex elicited by gonadectomy; the other gradually increasing in potency and possibly a direct consequence of the continued absence of pituitary inhibiting sex steroids.

scholarly journals Regulatory Role of Sex Hormones in Cardiovascular Calcification

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 4620
Author(s):  
Holly J. Woodward ◽  
Dongxing Zhu ◽  
Patrick W. F. Hadoke ◽  
Victoria E. MacRae
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Aortic Stenosis ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Sex Hormone ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Male Sex ◽  
Primary Male

Sex differences in cardiovascular disease (CVD), including aortic stenosis, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular calcification, are well documented. High levels of testosterone, the primary male sex hormone, are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular calcification, whilst estrogen, the primary female sex hormone, is considered cardioprotective. Current understanding of sexual dimorphism in cardiovascular calcification is still very limited. This review assesses the evidence that the actions of sex hormones influence the development of cardiovascular calcification. We address the current question of whether sex hormones could play a role in the sexual dimorphism seen in cardiovascular calcification, by discussing potential mechanisms of actions of sex hormones and evidence in pre-clinical research. More advanced investigations and understanding of sex hormones in calcification could provide a better translational outcome for those suffering with cardiovascular calcification.

scholarly journals THE MALE SEX HORMONES OF HUMAN URINE AND BLOOD

1938 ◽  
Vol 126 (1) ◽  
pp. 299-303
Author(s):  
D. Roy McCullagh ◽  
W.O. Osborn
Keyword(s):  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Human Urine ◽  
Male Sex

scholarly journals Resources, Problems and Challenges of Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis and Support System in Poland

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Lenart ◽  
Jacek Pasternak
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Support System ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Diagnostic Process ◽  
Autism Diagnosis ◽  
Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis ◽  
Effective System ◽  
Diagnostic Standards ◽  
And Control

AbstractThe article refers to resources, problems and challenges of autism diagnosis and support system in Poland. The resources include: the increasing number of specialists, diagnostic and therapeutic centres, well-established course of education for people working with youths, standardised and normalised diagnostic tools. The diagnostic process is not without some areas in need of our focus: the tendency of some specialists to make unauthorised diagnosis, overshadowing; underestimation of comorbidity of ASD with other disorders. The challenges refer to introducing an effective system of monitoring the services provided in form of certification and control in order to prevent their abuse, initiating category of temporary diagnosis; paying more attention on individual’s resources, better cooperation among specialists, teachers and families, developing and unifying diagnostic standards.

Sexual Aggressivity and Androgens

1987 ◽  
Vol 151 (3) ◽  
pp. 398-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Raboch ◽  
H. Černá ◽  
P. Zemek
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Activity ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Aggressive Behaviour ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Klinefelter’S Syndrome ◽  
Klinefelter's Syndrome ◽  
Sexually Aggressive ◽  
Male Sex ◽  
Low Levels

Male sex hormones are ascribed a great importance in the literature from the point of view of sexual activity and aggressive behaviour. Two cases of sexually motivated murder are described, committed by delinquents with low levels of testosterone in plasma: one a patient with Klinefelter's syndrome; the other a man after castration. Even a decreased level of androgens, either primary or secondary, is not an absolute prevention of sexually aggressive behaviour.

Virtual screening attributes male biased COVID-19 mortality to predicted antiviral activity of female sex hormones

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Galal Yahya ◽  
Basem Mansour ◽  
Kristina Keuper ◽  
Moataz Shaldam ◽  
Ahmed El-Baz
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Screening ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Antiviral Effect ◽  
Sex Hormone ◽  
Female Sex ◽  
Female Sex Hormones ◽  
Disaggregated Data ◽  
Male Sex

Background: Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is a newly emerged pandemic leading to a state of international alert with millions of infected individuals and thousands of deaths all over the world. Analysis of statistics and epidemiological data for the pandemic outcome pinpointed a puzzling influence of human sex on the heterogeneous outcome of COVID-19, where hospital admissions and mortality were higher among males than females. Two theories explained the observed male-biased COVID-19 mortality based on either dosage of immunoregulatory genes coded in X- chromosomes or on the abundance of the angiotensin-converting enzyme two (ACE2) receptors in males than females. Objective: In our study, we propose a third scenario through virtual screening of direct antiviral effects of sex hormones. Materials & Methods: Updated screening statistics from 47 countries displaying sex-disaggregated data on COVID-19 were employed and visualized in the form of heatmaps depicting sex difference effects on statistics of cases and deaths. Molecular docking and binding simulations of investigated sex steroids against COVID-19 specific proteins were investigated. Results: Analysis of COVID-19 sex-disaggregated data confirmed that male-biased mortality and computer-aided docking found unexpected female sex hormones biased binding against key targets implicated in the life cycle of COVID-19 compared to the male sex hormone testosterone. Other investigated steroids showed promising docking scores, while the male sex hormone exhibited the lowest affinity. Conclusion: Female sex hormones virtually exhibited direct COVID-19 effect. The proposed antiviral effect of sex hormones should be considered to explain the outcomes of mortality; moreover, the fluctuation of sex hormones influences sex and personal derived-differential response to COVID-19 infection.

Disruption of male sex hormones with regard to pesticides: pathophysiological and regulatory aspects

1999 ◽  
Vol 107 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 225-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evamarie Straube ◽  
Wolfgang Straube ◽  
Egon Krüger ◽  
Matthias Bradatsch ◽  
Margitta Jacob-Meisel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Regulatory Aspects ◽  
Male Sex

Coronary heart disease and male sex hormones

BMJ ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 1 (6116) ◽  
pp. 852-852
Author(s):  
R. West
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Heart Disease ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Male Sex

scholarly journals Disbalance of testosterone is a risk factor of the beginning of ischemic stroke of middle age men

2008 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 23-28
Author(s):  
B. M. Doronin ◽  
Ye. A. Vas’kina ◽  
O. A. Denisova
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Middle Age ◽  
Hormone Concentration ◽  
Hormonal Dysfunction ◽  
Male Sex

The aim of work is to exposure how disbalance of male sex hormones in the period of the age-specific reorganization affects development of atherosclerosis and vascular disorders by the example of ischemic stroke, establishment of correlation between hormonal dysfunction by the example testosterone and lipid metabolism according to the somatic type in the critical period of ischemic stroke. The pilot analysis of level of sex hormones by the example testosterone, lipids and body mass index confirms that there is correlation between these indices. Rising of body mass index is accompanied by reduction of sex hormone concentration, but for all that levels of cholesterol and atherogenic fraction are increased.

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