scholarly journals Amplification of frog calls by leaf substrates: implications for terrestrial and arboreal species

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matías I. Muñoz ◽  
Wouter Halfwerk
Keyword(s):  
Sound Production ◽  
Animal Communication ◽  
Spatial Location ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Communicative Interaction ◽  
Detection Range ◽  
Minimum Requirement ◽  
Frog Species ◽  
Leaf Dimensions ◽  
Males And Females

AbstractSignal detection is a minimum requirement for any communicative interaction. Acoustic signals, however, often experience amplitude losses during their transmission through the environment, reducing their detection range. Displaying from sites that increase the amplitude of the sound produced, such as cavities or some reflective surfaces, can improve the detectability of signals by distant receivers. Understanding how display sites influence sound production is, however, far from understood. We measured the effect of leaf calling sites on the calls of an arboreal (Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni) and a leaf-litter specialist (Silverstoneia flotator) frog species. We collected the leaves where males of both species were observed calling, and conducted playback experiments to measure their effect on the amplitude of frog calls. Overall, the leaves used by H. fleischmanni and S. flotator were of similar dimensions, and amplified the calls of each species by about 5.0 and 2.5 dB, respectively. The degree of call amplification was unrelated to leaf dimensions or the position of the frogs on the leaves, but explained by the different frequency content of the calls of each species. Depending on the spatial location of intended and unintended receivers, we suggest that amplification of frog calls by leaves could represent either a benefit or impose costs for arboreal and terrestrial species. We argue that the microhabitat of the substrate from which animals display needs to be considered when addressing signal evolution.Lay summaryAnimals produce signals from specific locations in the environment, yet we know surprisingly little about the effects of the small-scale habitat on animal communication. Here we show that the calls of a terrestrial and an arboreal frog species are amplified by the leaves they use as calling sites. We argue that the consequences of this enhancement need to be considered in relation to the spatial location of intended (males and females) and unintended receivers (predators and parasites).

Observation on the breeding biology of Polypedates teraiensis (Dubois, 1987) (Amphibia: Rhacophoridae)

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-32
Author(s):  
Jacinta Lalchhanhimi ◽  
Lalremsanga H.T.
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Sound Production ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Breeding Biology ◽  
Tree Frog ◽  
University Campus ◽  
Morphometric Measurements ◽  
Advertisement Calls ◽  
Males And Females

The breeding biology of tree frog, Polypedates teraiensis was studied during the breeding season at Mizoram University Campus. It was found that sound production by male during the breeding season was primarily a reproductive function and advertisement calls attract females to the breeding areas and announce other males that a given territory is occupied. The aim of this study was to provide the detailed information on the breeding behaviour and the advertisement calls of Polypedates teraiensis. The morphometric measurements of the amplecting pairs (males and females) for sexual dimorphism along with clutch sizes were also studied.

scholarly journals Sex differences in virtual navigation influenced by visual factors and individual differences

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lace Padilla
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Mental Rotation ◽  
Morris Water Maze ◽  
Water Maze ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Standard Design ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Virtual Morris Water Maze

The Morris water maze is a task adapted from the animal spatial cognition literature and has been studied in the context of sex differences in humans, particularly because of the standard design, which manipulates proximal (close) and distal (far) cues. However, there are mixed findings with respect to the interaction of cues and sex differences in virtual Morris water maze tasks, which may be attributed to variations in the scale of the space and previously unmeasured individual differences. We explore the question of scale and context by presenting participants with an outdoor virtual Morris water maze that is four times the size of the mazes previously tested. We also measured lifetime mobility and mental rotation skills. Results of this study suggest that for the small-scale environment, males and females performed similarly when asked to navigate with only proximal cues. However, males outperformed females when only distal cues were visible. In the large-scale environment, males outperformed females in both cue conditions. Additionally, greater mental rotation skills predicted better navigation performance with proximal cues only. Finally, we found that highly mobile females and males perform equally well when navigating with proximal cues.

Individual calling behaviour and movements of North Atlantic minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata)

Behaviour ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 151 (9) ◽  
pp. 1335-1360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denise Risch ◽  
Ursula Siebert ◽  
Sofie M. Van Parijs
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Sound Production ◽  
Gulf Of Maine ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Migration Route ◽  
Detection Range ◽  
Calling Behaviour ◽  
Minke Whales

Information on individual calling behaviour and source levels are important for understanding acoustically mediated social interactions of marine mammals, for which visual observations are difficult to obtain. Our study, conducted in the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary (SBNMS), located in the Gulf of Maine, USA, used passive acoustic arrays to track North Atlantic minke whales and assess the sound production behaviour of individuals. A total of 18 minke whales were acoustically tracked in this study. Individual calling rates were variable, with a median intercall interval (ICI) of 60.3 s. Average source levels (SLrms) for minke whales pulse trains ranged between 164 and 168 dB re 1 μPa, resulting in a minimum detection range of 0.4–10.2 km for these calls in this urban, coastal environment. All tracked animals were actively swimming at a speed of 5.0 ± 1.2 km/h, which matches swimming speeds of migrating minke whales from other areas and confirms SBNMS as part of the migration route of this species in the Western North Atlantic. Tracked minke whales produced 7 discrete call types belonging to 3 main categories, yet no individual produced all call types. Instead, minke whales produced 2 multisyllabic call sequences (A and B) by combining 3–4 different call types in a non-random order. While 7 of the tracked individuals produced calling pattern A, 10 whales used calling pattern B, and only 1 animal combined call types differently. Animals producing different call sequences were in acoustic range of one another on several occasions, suggesting they may use these sequences for mediating social interactions. The fact that the same calling patterns were shared by several individuals suggests that these patterns may contain information related to sex, age or behavioural context.

Remote Acoustic Detection of Zooplankton Response to Field Processes, Oceanographic Instrumentation, and Predators

1981 ◽  
Vol 38 (9) ◽  
pp. 1096-1105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marshall H. Orr
Keyword(s):  
Water Column ◽  
Fluid Motion ◽  
Horizontal Distribution ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Detection Range ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Acoustic Backscattering ◽  
Passive Response ◽  
Lee Waves ◽  
Prey Interaction

A narrow-beam multifrequency acoustic backscattering system operating at discrete frequencies in the 10- to 600-kHz band has been used to detect predator–prey interaction, the passive response of Zooplankton to fluid processes such as internal waves, lee waves, hydraulic jumps, and the response of organisms to the presence of an oceanographic instrument in the water column. The acoustic flow visualization data illustrate the extent of the vertical and horizontal displacements and mixing of organisms by fluid processes. The data suggest that fluid processes may strongly influence predator–prey distribution in the continental shelf and sound regimes and that the interpretation of biological field data should include the influence of small-scale fluid motion on the vertical and horizontal distribution of organisms and nutrients. The predator–prey interaction data indicate that small organisms will move 7–20 m in the vertical to avoid larger organisms. Organisms appear to be able to detect the presence of oceanographic instruments to ranges of [Formula: see text]. At this time it is not known whether the organism detection range is related to the optical properties of the water column or other physical parameters.Key words: acoustic, Zooplankton, fluid processes, predator–prey interaction

scholarly journals Sexual orientation related differences in spatial memory

2003 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 376-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
QAZI RAHMAN ◽  
GLENN D. WILSON ◽  
SHARON ABRAHAMS
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Object Recognition ◽  
Spatial Memory ◽  
Spatial Location ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Relational Information ◽  
Location Memory ◽  
Object Location Memory ◽  
Spatial Layouts ◽  
Males And Females

The purpose of this study was to investigate and extend previously reported sex differences in object location memory by comparing the performance of heterosexual and homosexual males and females. Subjects were 240 healthy, right-handed heterosexual and homosexual males and females. They were instructed to study 16 common, gender-neutral objects arranged randomly in an array and subsequently tested for object recall, object recognition and spatial location memory. Females recalled significantly more objects than males, although there were no group differences in object recognition. Decomposition of significant interactions between sex and sexual orientation on spatial location memory (controlling for differences in object recall, age and IQ) revealed that heterosexual females and homosexual males scored better than heterosexual males, and no different from each other. There were no differences between homosexual and heterosexual females. The findings suggest that homosexual males and heterosexual females encode, store and retrieve positional and relational information about spatial layouts similarly, pointing to within-sex variations in the neural architecture underlying spatial memory. (JINS, 2003, 9, 376–383.)

Disentangling defense: the function of spiny lobster sounds

Behaviour ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 147 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sound Production ◽  
Animal Communication ◽  
Spiny Lobster ◽  
Defensive Behaviour ◽  
Panulirus Interruptus ◽  
Predator Model ◽  
Defensive Behaviours ◽  
Behavioural Function ◽  
Model Predator

AbstractThe function of anti-predator signalling is a complex, and often-overlooked, area of animal communication. The goal of this study was to examine the behavioural function of an antipredator acoustic signal in the ocean. We observed the acoustic and defensive behaviours of California spiny lobsters (Palinuridae: Panulirus interruptus) to a model predator, model conspecific and blank pole, both in the tank and in the field. We found that P. interruptus make a 'rasp' sound once physically contacted by an aggressor, rather than during the approach. The model predator and conspecific elicited no discernable changes in defensive behaviour, but the responses by the lobsters to aggressors in the tank versus field were distinct. Our results indicate that the spiny lobster's rasp is used as a startle or aposematic signal, which may be coupled with visual aposematism of their spines. Alternatively, the rasp may function as a vibratory escape mechanism or as an acoustic analogue to eye-spots. This study offers insights into the role of acoustic signalling in the marine environment and demonstrates a central role for sound production in spiny lobster ecology.

Age-related Deficits in Intentional Memory for Spatial Location in Small-scale Space: A Meta-Analysis and Methodological Critique

1994 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-367
Author(s):  
Pierre Foisy
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Spatial Location ◽  
Scale Space ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Age Related

RÉSUMÉLe but de cette méta-analyse était d'estimer l'effet du vieillissement sur la mémoire intentionnelle de locations dans un espace de petite dimension. Les résultats de 22 études, représentant au total 1 598 sujets, ont été comparés grâce aux indices suivante: (a) d (Cohen, 1988), (b) omega2 (Hays, 1963), et (c) Proportion des sujets classifiés. La méta-analyse suggére que l'effet du vieillissement est «large» (e.g., d moyen de 0.81), et que cet effet est proportionnel au nombre de dimensions de l'espace utilisé. Toutefois, la validité de ces conclusions est incertaine lorsqu'on considére les limites méthodologiques des études recensées. En particulier, moins de la moitié de ces études ont mentionné avoir contrôlé l'effet possible de variables telles que (a) l'acuité visuelle, et (b) la durée de la phase de rappel. Il est proposé que compte de ces variables exogénes.

scholarly journals MORPHOMETRICS OF JUVENILE WHITE SHRIMP IN SANTOS (SP, BRAZIL) - AN ATLANTIC STRESSED ESTUARY

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Felippe Veneziani ABBATEPAULO ◽  
◽  
Sergio Luiz dos Santos TUTUI ◽  
Acacio Ribeiro Gomes TOMÁS ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Shrimp ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Body Measurement ◽  
Recreational Fisheries ◽  
Southwest Atlantic ◽  
Small Scale Fisheries ◽  
Total Length ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Live Bait ◽  
The Relationship

Shrimps are one of the world’s most valuable fishing resources, with the Penaeidae family having the greatest economic importance. In the southwest Atlantic the white shrimp Litopenaeus schmitti plays an important socioeconomic role for small-scale fisheries, and juveniles are targeted as live bait for recreational fisheries. This study was carried out monthly along two periods (May/2009‑January/2010 and March/2011-March/2015) at Santos estuary and aimed to investigate the relationship between morphometric and sex of the early development stages of Litopenaeus schmitti. A total of 6,978 individuals were caught and measured, with no differences (p>0.1) between sexes shown regarding total length or weight. Differences between males and females were found for Total length (TL) x Carapace length (CL) and TL x Total weight (TW) and negative allometries (b<3) were found for all relationships. The results indicate that morphometric differences among sexes seem to be more associated with total length, suggesting that TL could be a more appropriate body measurement to compare specimens of L. schmitti, at least when the analysis includes juveniles. The presence of L. schmitti specimens all year long inside the estuary reinforces the idea of a continuous reproductive cycle with peak periods. Both information comes to fulfill part of the lack of knowledge regarding this species estuarine phases.

Contributions to the theory of sound production by vortex-airfoil interaction, with application to vortices with finite axial velocity defect

1988 ◽  
Vol 420 (1858) ◽  
pp. 157-182 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Axial Velocity ◽  
Sound Production ◽  
Field Energy ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Stream Velocity ◽  
Destructive Interference ◽  
Trailing Edge ◽  
Core Diameter ◽  
Velocity Defect ◽  
The Core

An analysis is made of the sound produced when a field of vorticity is cut by an airfoil in low-Mach-number flow. A general formula is given for the acoustic pressure when the airfoil is rigid and the chord is acoustically compact. This expresses the radiation in terms of an integral over the region occupied by the vorticity; the integrand contains factors describing the influence of the thickness, twist and camber of the airfoil. Explicit analytical results are derived for a rectilinear vortex, having small core diameter and finite axial velocity defect, which is ‘chopped’ by a non-lifting airfoil of large aspect ratio. The acoustic signature generally comprises two components, which are associated with the axial and azimuthal vorticity, the latter being determined by the velocity defect distribution within the core. Sound is generated predominantly when the core is in the neighbourhoods of the leading and trailing edges. The contribution from the trailing edge is usually small, however, because of destructive interference between sound produced by edge-diffraction of near-field energy of the vortex and that produced by vorticity shed into the wake of the airfoil to satisfy the unsteady Kutta condition that the pressure and velocity should be bounded at the edge. When the shed vorticity is assumed to convect at the same mean stream velocity as the impinging vortex, the interference is predicted to be complete, and no trailing edge sound is generated. If the shed vorticity is taken to convect at a reduced, ‘near-wake’ velocity, which might be appropriate for small-scale structures comparable in size to the diameter of the vortex core, a small but non-negligible pressure pulse is radiated from the trailing edge. A tentative comparison with experiment appears to confirm the presence of this trailing-edge pulse.

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