scholarly journals Per capita COVID-19 Case Rates are Lower in U.S. Counties Voting more Heavily Democratic in the 2016 Presidential Election, except not in States with a Republican Governor and Legislature

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lloyd Chambless
Keyword(s):  
Opposite Direction ◽  
Presidential Election ◽  
Local Action ◽  
Economic Variables ◽  
Working Paper ◽  
Capita Rate ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Socio Economic Variables ◽  
Democratic Vote ◽  
S States

AbstractIn our recent paper Why do per capita COVID-19 Case Rates Differ Between U.S. States? we established that U.S. states with a Democratic governor and a Democratic legislature have lower COVID-19 per capita case rates than states with a Republican governor and a Republican legislature, and case rates of states with a mixed government fall between the two. This difference remained after accounting for differences between states in several demographic and socio-economic variables. In a recent working paper The Changing Political Geographies of COVID-19 in the U.S. it was found that that early in the pandemic U.S. counties at higher levels of percentage Democratic vote in the 2016 presidential election had higher weekly per capita COVID-19 rates, but that the situation was in the opposite direction by August 2020. We show here that counties with a higher percentage of Democratic vote in the 2016 presidential election have a lower mean cumulative per capita rate of COVID-19 cases and of COVID-19 deaths, adjusted for county demographic and socio-economic characteristics, but only for counties in states that currently have a Democratic governor and both chambers of the legislature Democratic or in states that have a mixed government, but not for states that currently have a Republican governor and both chambers in the legislature Republican. One possible contributor to this difference is that some state Republican governments have restricted local action to fight the spread of COVID-19.

scholarly journals Um modelo sócio-econômico para análise dos votos do partido verde nos municípios paranaenses na eleição presidencial de 2010

2012 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronivaldo Steingraber
Keyword(s):  
Presidential Election ◽  
The Other ◽  
Economic Variables ◽  
Green Party ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Relative Share ◽  
Socio Economic Variables

Este artigo analisa o desempenho do Partido Verde nas eleições presidenciais de 2010 nos municípios paranaenses em função de variáveis sócioeconômicas. O modelo estimado mostra que o PV apresenta melhor desempenhoem termos de participação relativa nos votos em municípios com maior renda, grau de urbanização e número de estudantes. Por outro lado, nos municípios com maior participação de gastos em saúde e educação e maior número de eleitores o desempenho é inversamente proporcional.Abstract: This paper analyses the Green Party performance in the 2010 presidential election in the cities of Paraná on the basis of socio-economic variables. The estimated model shows that PV performs better in terms of relative share ofvotes in cities with higher income, degree of urbanization, and number of students. On the other hand, in cities with higher share of spending on health and education, and a greater number of voters, the performance is inversely proportional.

Spatial Distribution of Tourism in China: Economic and other Influences

1996 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 235-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Wen ◽  
Clem Tisdell
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Spatial Inequality ◽  
Economic Variables ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Demand And Supply ◽  
Gini Coefficients ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Socio Economic Variables

Using cross sectional data, the spatial distribution of inbound tourism to China is compared with that of the distribution of socio-economic variables such as GDP, population and GDP per capita. Spatial inequality of tourism based both on demand- and supply-side indicators is shown to be much greater than for that of the socio-economic variables and appears to reinforce the regional inequalities generated by the latter. This is evident from the Gini coefficients. Furthermore, the disparity of the concentration of tourism in the coastal region of China compared to the inland is much greater than that on the economics side. Factors which may help to generate this inequality in tourism are identified. The scope for ecotourism to decentralize tourism in China is briefly discussed.

Estimation of domestic wastewater characteristics in a developing country based on socio-economic variables

1996 ◽  
Vol 34 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 71-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. M. Campos ◽  
M. von Sperling
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Economic Variables ◽  
Total Family Income ◽  
Day Of The Week ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Socio Economic Variables ◽  
Simple Regression

The paper presents the analysis of data related to the domestic wastewater characteristics from several areas situated in a large Brazilian city. Simple regression models are presented for the prediction of basic wastewater characteristics, such as water consumption (l/inhab.day), wastewater production (l/inhab.day),BOD load (g/inhab.day) and BOD concentration (mg/l). The models are based on simple socio-economic variables, with special attention to the easily obtainable variable of total family income (number of minimum salaries earned per month). Most of the models are able to give an excellent prediction of the desired wastewater variables. Additionally, the behaviour of the main wastewater characteristics according to the hour of the day and the day of the week are analysed. Based on the results obtained, it is suggested that the classical figures of BOD concentration of 300 mg/l and per capita BOD load of 54g/inhab.d do not apply to the typical population predominant in most areas of Brazil. The actual BOD concentrations are frequently higher than 300 mg/l, while the BOD load is frequently lower than 54 g/inhab.d. The results obtained can be used for design purposes in the areas studied, and possibly in areas of similar characteristics, substituting the classical figures obtained from foreign textbooks.

Voting in Nigeria: Determinants of Turnout in the 2015 Presidential Election

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cletus Famous Nwankwo ◽  
Uchenna Paulinus Okafor
Keyword(s):  
Political Participation ◽  
Voter Turnout ◽  
Presidential Election ◽  
Home Ownership ◽  
Political Trust ◽  
Economic Variables ◽  
Socio Economic Variables

Abstract This paper investigates the determinants of voter turnout in the 2015 election in Nigeria. Variables drawn from political participation models were tested on the likelihood that they influence turnout. The paper finds that political trust and home ownership had a significant impact on participation more than other factors. However, it did not underestimate the influence socio-economic variables can have on voter turnout especially how they can sway the effect of political trust on individuals’ decision to turnout.

scholarly journals A Quantitative Assessment of the Rurality and an Efficiency Analysis of Emigration in Romania

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 39-46
Author(s):  
Nicola Galluzzo
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Partial Least Square ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Economic Variables ◽  
Parametric Data ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Socio Economic Variables

In Romania, as in many other Eastern European countries, the early 1990s were marked by a significant emigration from the countryside as a consequence of the transition from a centralised economy to an open one and due to key changes in the political framework. The permanent emigration has predominantly been concentrated in rural areas where multiple socio-economic variables such as GDP per capita, unemployment, and public financial subsidies aimed at supporting people at risk of severe deprivation and poverty have all had a direct effect on rural depopulation. The rurality is a complex theoretical construct comprising many items and variables and is, therefore, difficult to define in a concise manner. The aim of this paper is to assess the evolution of emigration in Romania between 2001 and 2016 through a quantitative approach, estimating an index of rurality for the same period composed of a set of socio-economic variables having a direct or indirect nexus to it. In the first phase of research, a matrix of correlation and a multiple regression model has been used in order to estimate the direct links among all investigated variables. Following the quantitative methodology, in the second phase Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) has been used in order to assess the main cause-effect relationships among a few selected endogenous variables and a set of socio-economic items. Furthermore, using a non-parametric Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) output-oriented model, this research has assessed the efficiency in terms of permanent emigration from Romania estimated as an output to minimise and not as an output to maximise, as investigated by traditional efficiency approaches. In terms of efficiency, financial subsidies allocated by national authorities and the level of per capita Gross Domestic Product have acted directly on the level of emigration. The index of rurality in 2016 has been influenced in particular by he pluriactivity in farms in terms of agritourism, the dimension of farms in terms of land capital endowment, and the level of GDP per capita. JEL Classification: Q10; Q18

Obama's Reelection Prospects under “Bread and Peace” Voting in the 2012 US Presidential Election

2012 ◽  
Vol 45 (04) ◽  
pp. 635-639 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas A. Hibbs
Keyword(s):  
Presidential Election ◽  
Presidential Elections ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Us Military ◽  
Us Presidential Election ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Objectively Measured ◽  
Foreign Wars

According to the Bread and Peace Model postwar, American presidential elections should be interpreted as a sequence of referendums on the incumbent party's record during its four-year mandate period. In fact postwar aggregate votes for president are well explained by just two objectively measured fundamental determinants: (1) weighted-average growth of per capita real disposable personal income over the term, and (2) cumulative US military fatalities due to unprovoked, hostile deployments of American armed forces in foreign wars. No other outside variable systematically affects postwar aggregate votes for president.

scholarly journals Mapping chronic disease prevalence based on medication use and socio-demographic variables: an application of LASSO on administrative data sources in healthcare in the Netherlands

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Koen Füssenich ◽  
Hendriek C. Boshuizen ◽  
Markus M. J. Nielen ◽  
Erik Buskens ◽  
Talitha L. Feenstra
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Hospital Admission ◽  
Medication Use ◽  
Disease Prevalence ◽  
Percentage Error ◽  
Economic Variables ◽  
Regional Patterns ◽  
Prevalence Estimates ◽  
Socio Economic Variables ◽  
Chronic Disease Prevalence

Abstract Background Policymakers generally lack sufficiently detailed health information to develop localized health policy plans. Chronic disease prevalence mapping is difficult as accurate direct sources are often lacking. Improvement is possible by adding extra information such as medication use and demographic information to identify disease. The aim of the current study was to obtain small geographic area prevalence estimates for four common chronic diseases by modelling based on medication use and socio-economic variables and next to investigate regional patterns of disease. Methods Administrative hospital records and general practitioner registry data were linked to medication use and socio-economic characteristics. The training set (n = 707,021) contained GP diagnosis and/or hospital admission diagnosis as the standard for disease prevalence. For the entire Dutch population (n = 16,777,888), all information except GP diagnosis and hospital admission was available. LASSO regression models for binary outcomes were used to select variables strongly associated with disease. Dutch municipality (non-)standardized prevalence estimates for stroke, CHD, COPD and diabetes were then based on averages of predicted probabilities for each individual inhabitant. Results Adding medication use data as a predictor substantially improved model performance. Estimates at the municipality level performed best for diabetes with a weighted percentage error (WPE) of 6.8%, and worst for COPD (WPE 14.5%)Disease prevalence showed clear regional patterns, also after standardization for age. Conclusion Adding medication use as an indicator of disease prevalence next to socio-economic variables substantially improved estimates at the municipality level. The resulting individual disease probabilities could be aggregated into any desired regional level and provide a useful tool to identify regional patterns and inform local policy.

Chile: Christian Democracy to Marxism

1971 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-341
Author(s):  
Michael J. Francis ◽  
Hernan Vera-Godoy
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Foreign Aid ◽  
Presidential Election ◽  
Political System ◽  
Christian Democracy ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Government ◽  
Basic Alternative

Increasingly alone as a stable republican nation in Latin America, Chile has long been a favorite subject for North American scholars and journalists. Every six years, as it faces a presidential election, the world press breathlessly rediscovers that this long slim country confronts its public problems within the framework of a developed, democratic political system. When in 1964 Chile placed a young idealistic party in power behind Eduardo Frei, an unquestionably intelligent figure of austere but charismatic bearing, this country became a favorite model for the advocates of democratic reformism in Latin America and soon was receiving the highest United States foreign aid per capita in Latin America. Thus it came as a shock that the Chilean electorate could turn its back on Frei's administration in 1970 by favoring the rightist and Marxist candidates. For those who saw in the government of Frei a basic alternative to Marxist models for Latin America, the free election of an avowed Marxist as the President of Chile presents additional problems.

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