scholarly journals Promiscuous specialists: Host specificity patterns among generalist louse flies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksi Lehikoinen ◽  
Pekka Pohjola ◽  
Jari Valkama ◽  
Marko Mutanen ◽  
Jaakko L.O. Pohjoismäki
Keyword(s):  
Host Preference ◽  
Breeding Strategy ◽  
Host Specialization ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Dna Barcodes ◽  
Generalist Species ◽  
Ecological Requirements ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Competition Avoidance ◽  
Association Data

AbstractEctoparasites such as louse flies (Diptera: Hippoboscidae) have tendency for host specialization, which is driven by adaptation to host biology as well as competition avoidance between parasites of the same host. However, some louse fly species, especially in genera attacking birds, show wide range of suitable hosts. In the presented study, we have surveyed the current status of bird attacking louse flies in Finland to provide comprehensive host association data to analyse the ecological requirements of the generalist species. A thorough sampling of 9342 birds, representing 134 species, recovered 576 specimens of louse flies, belonging to six species: Crataerina hirundinis, C. pallida, Ornithomya avicularia, O. chloropus, O. fringillina and Ornithophila metallica. Despite some overlapping hosts, the three Ornithomya species showed a notable pattern in their host preference, which was influenced not only by the host size but also by the habitat and host breeding strategy. We also provide DNA barcodes for most Finnish species of Hippoboscidae, which can be used as a resource for species identification as well as metabarcoding studies in the future.

scholarly journals Promiscuous specialists: Host specificity patterns among generalist louse flies

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. e0247698
Author(s):  
Aleksi Lehikoinen ◽  
Pekka Pohjola ◽  
Jari Valkama ◽  
Marko Mutanen ◽  
Jaakko L. O. Pohjoismäki
Keyword(s):  
Host Preference ◽  
Breeding Strategy ◽  
Host Specialization ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Dna Barcodes ◽  
Generalist Species ◽  
Ecological Requirements ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Competition Avoidance ◽  
Association Data

Ectoparasites such as louse flies (Diptera: Hippoboscidae) have tendency for host specialization, which is driven by adaptation to host biology as well as competition avoidance between parasites of the same host. However, some louse fly species, especially in genera attacking birds, show wide range of suitable hosts. In the presented study, we have surveyed the current status of bird specific louse flies in Finland to provide comprehensive host association data to analyse the ecological requirements of the generalist species. A thorough sampling of 9342 birds, representing 134 species, recovered 576 specimens of louse flies, belonging to six species: Crataerina hirundinis, C. pallida, Ornithomya avicularia, O. chloropus, O. fringillina and Ornithophila metallica. Despite some overlapping hosts, the three Ornithomya species showed a notable pattern in their host preference, which was influenced not only by the host size but also by the habitat and host breeding strategy. We also provide DNA barcodes for ten Finnish species of Hippoboscidae, which can be used as a resource for species identification as well as metabarcoding studies in the future.

Current Status and Future Perspective for Research on Medicinal Plants with Anticancerous Activity and Minimum Cytotoxic Value

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
pp. 1227-1243
Author(s):  
Hina Qamar ◽  
Sumbul Rehman ◽  
D.K. Chauhan
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Anticancer Agents ◽  
Drug Targets ◽  
Psidium Guajava ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Future Perspective ◽  
Wide Range

Cancer is the second leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although chemotherapy and radiotherapy enhance the survival rate of cancerous patients but they have several acute toxic effects. Therefore, there is a need to search for new anticancer agents having better efficacy and lesser side effects. In this regard, herbal treatment is found to be a safe method for treating and preventing cancer. Here, an attempt has been made to screen some less explored medicinal plants like Ammania baccifera, Asclepias curassavica, Azadarichta indica, Butea monosperma, Croton tiglium, Hedera nepalensis, Jatropha curcas, Momordica charantia, Moringa oleifera, Psidium guajava, etc. having potent anticancer activity with minimum cytotoxic value (IC50 >3μM) and lesser or negligible toxicity. They are rich in active phytochemicals with a wide range of drug targets. In this study, these medicinal plants were evaluated for dose-dependent cytotoxicological studies via in vitro MTT assay and in vivo tumor models along with some more plants which are reported to have IC50 value in the range of 0.019-0.528 mg/ml. The findings indicate that these plants inhibit tumor growth by their antiproliferative, pro-apoptotic, anti-metastatic and anti-angiogenic molecular targets. They are widely used because of their easy availability, affordable price and having no or sometimes minimal side effects. This review provides a baseline for the discovery of anticancer drugs from medicinal plants having minimum cytotoxic value with minimal side effects and establishment of their analogues for the welfare of mankind.

scholarly journals Current status of vascular access in Japan—from Dialysis Access Symposium 2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 38-44
Author(s):  
Mizuya Fukasawa
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Access ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Good Survival ◽  
Chronic Glomerulonephritis ◽  
Dialysis Access ◽  
Dialysis Patients ◽  
Survival Prognosis ◽  
Access Methods ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Wide Range

At the second Dialysis Access Symposium held in Nagoya, Japan, a proposal was made to investigate the differences in vascular access methods used in different countries. In this article, we describe the management of vascular access in Japan. The Japanese population is rapidly aging, and the proportion of elderly patients on dialysis is also increasing. There were 325,000 dialysis patients in Japan at the end of 2015, of whom 65.1% were aged 65 years or above. The number of patients with diabetic nephropathy or nephrosclerosis as the underlying condition is also increasing, whereas the number with chronic glomerulonephritis is steadily decreasing. The Japanese health insurance system enables patients to undergo medical treatment at almost no out-of-pocket cost. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty suffers from a severe device lag compared with other countries, but although there are limitations on permitted devices, the use of those that have been authorized is covered by medical insurance. One important point that is unique to Japan is that vascular access is performed and managed by doctors involved in dialysis across a wide range of disciplines, including nephrologists, surgeons, and urologists. This may be one factor contributing to the good survival prognosis of Japanese dialysis patients.

scholarly journals MOCVD Grown HgCdTe Heterostructures for Medium Wave Infrared Detectors

Coatings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 611
Author(s):  
Waldemar Gawron ◽  
Jan Sobieski ◽  
Tetiana Manyk ◽  
Małgorzata Kopytko ◽  
Paweł Madejczyk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Buffer Layer ◽  
Infrared Detectors ◽  
Lattice Mismatch ◽  
Layer Growth ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Organic Chemical ◽  
Infrared Band ◽  
Donor And Acceptor ◽  
Wide Range

This paper presents the current status of medium-wave infrared (MWIR) detectors at the Military University of Technology’s Institute of Applied Physics and VIGO System S.A. The metal–organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) technique is a very convenient tool for the deposition of HgCdTe epilayers, with a wide range of compositions, used for uncooled infrared detectors. Good compositional and thickness uniformity was achieved on epilayers grown on 2-in-diameter, low-cost (100) GaAs wafers. Most growth was performed on substrates, which were misoriented from (100) by between 2° and 4° in order to minimize growth defects. The large lattice mismatch between GaAs and HgCdTe required the usage of a CdTe buffer layer. The CdTe (111) B buffer layer growth was enforced by suitable nucleation procedure, based on (100) GaAs substrate annealing in a Te-rich atmosphere prior to the buffer deposition. Secondary-ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) showed that ethyl iodide (EI) and tris(dimethylamino)arsenic (TDMAAs) were stable donor and acceptor dopants, respectively. Fully doped (111) HgCdTe heterostructures were grown in order to investigate the devices’ performance in the 3–5 µm infrared band. The uniqueness of the presented technology manifests in a lack of the necessity of time-consuming and troublesome ex situ annealing.

The importance of breeding along the lines cattle of dairy breeds

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (7) ◽  
pp. 44-50
Author(s):  
N. A. Popov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Mass Fraction ◽  
Breeding Strategy ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Foreign Gene ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Line Breeding ◽  
Herd Milk ◽  
Isolation Systems

The aspects of reasonableness in developing the line breeding strategy at the current status stage of dairy breeds and its significance as a factor for genetic variability have been reported. The value for milk production of the first-calf heifers within the line-bred pedigree Red-and-White cattle is estimated. Particular characteristics of the progeny produced from mating in the inbred and crossbred lines are recorded. The lower trait variability of traits was found with selecting within the crossbred lines than that in the inbred lines. Thus, the variables for the milk yield, the mass fraction of fat (MFF) in milk, and the mass fraction of protein (MFP) were less by 4–13% of the mean square deviation, 11,3–20,6%, and 14,3%, respectively. Livestock breed differentiation between the breeding lines was previously executed with the artificial elements of isolation systems. At present, the breeds widely distributed in the Russian Federation are usually “improved” with the use of Holsteins. Therefore, their genealogy and breeding structures depend on the foreign gene pool. Selection strategies for the improvement of milkability traits were implemented along with selection of bull sires capable of improving the conformation. In addition, certain herd bulls were used repeatadly. The variables for genetic values for milkability traits, which changed over time, were monitored. The herd milk production within the lines over a generation increased by 624–786 kg milk (P<0,001), while the MFF deacresed by 0,18–0,25% (P<0,001). Depending on the types of breeding, the differences in the milk yields and the MFF of the first-calf heifers between the lines comprised 178–444 kg (P<0,001) and +0.01%, respectively. However, a statistically significant difference between the lines was recorded only for the MFP, which comprised 0,03% (P<0,001).

scholarly journals The AAA+ ATPase p97, a cellular multitool

2017 ◽  
Vol 474 (17) ◽  
pp. 2953-2976 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lasse Stach ◽  
Paul S. Freemont
Keyword(s):  
Atp Hydrolysis ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Aaa Atpase ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Proteotoxic Stress ◽  
Binding Domains ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Aaa Atpases ◽  
Substrate Proteins

The AAA+ (ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities) ATPase p97 is essential to a wide range of cellular functions, including endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation, membrane fusion, NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) activation and chromatin-associated processes, which are regulated by ubiquitination. p97 acts downstream from ubiquitin signaling events and utilizes the energy from ATP hydrolysis to extract its substrate proteins from cellular structures or multiprotein complexes. A multitude of p97 cofactors have evolved which are essential to p97 function. Ubiquitin-interacting domains and p97-binding domains combine to form bi-functional cofactors, whose complexes with p97 enable the enzyme to interact with a wide range of ubiquitinated substrates. A set of mutations in p97 have been shown to cause the multisystem proteinopathy inclusion body myopathy associated with Paget's disease of bone and frontotemporal dementia. In addition, p97 inhibition has been identified as a promising approach to provoke proteotoxic stress in tumors. In this review, we will describe the cellular processes governed by p97, how the cofactors interact with both p97 and its ubiquitinated substrates, p97 enzymology and the current status in developing p97 inhibitors for cancer therapy.

scholarly journals Development and Application of Resistance Strain Force Sensors

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (20) ◽  
pp. 5826
Author(s):  
Yinming Zhao ◽  
Yang Liu ◽  
Yongqian Li ◽  
Qun Hao
Keyword(s):  
Stress Transfer ◽  
Wide Band ◽  
Resistance Strain ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Force Sensors ◽  
Technical Requirements ◽  
Creep Effect ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Sustained Loads ◽  
Recent Developments

Resistance strain force sensors have been applied to monitor the strains in various parts and structures for industrial use. Here, we review the working principles, structural forms, and fabrication processes for resistance strain gauges. In particular, we focus on recent developments in resistance stress transfer for resistance strain force sensors and the creep effect due to sustained loads and/or temperature variations. Various error compensation methods to reduce the creep effect are analyzed to develop a metrology standard for resistance strain force sensors. Additionally, the current status of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), silicon carbide (SiC), gallium nitride (GaN), and other wide band gap semiconductors for a wide range of strain sensors are reviewed. The technical requirements and key issues of resistance strain force sensors for future applications are presented.

scholarly journals Ethnic Entrepreneurship In OECD Countries: A Systematic Review Of Performance Determinants Of Ethnic Ventures

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxime Legros ◽  
Egide G. Karuranga ◽  
Marie-France Lebouc ◽  
Muhammad Mohiuddin
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Ethical Values ◽  
Ethnic Entrepreneurship ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Performance Determinants

This paper seeks to examine the evolution of determinants under scrutiny by academics publishing on performance of ethnic companies in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. Using the systematic literature review method, we first provide a descriptive analysis of articles gathered, and then make an in-depth examination of the determinants focused on. A database of 40 papers published between 2002 and 2011 was collected the topic was precise enough to yield only a few articles from a wide range of journals. We provide a systemized summary of the current status of this body of work, examine areas where research is lacking, and explain why further study of the role of cultural and ethical values as determinants of ethnic entrepreneurship is critical.

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