scholarly journals Rationale, protocol and baseline characteristics of the metabolome, microbiome, and dietary salt intervention study (MetaSalt)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zengliang Ruan ◽  
Jianxin Li ◽  
Fangchao Liu ◽  
Jie Cao ◽  
Shufeng Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intervention Study ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Northern China ◽  
High Salt ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
Low Salt ◽  
Family Based

AbstractHigh sodium intake has been recognized as an important risk factor for hypertension, but the role of gut microbiota composition and metabolomic profiles in the association between dietary sodium intake and blood pressure (BP) is uncertain. The metabolome, microbiome, and dietary salt intervention study (MetaSalt) study was conducted to investigate whether low- and high-dietary sodium intake influences BP by changing the microbial and metabolomic profiles. This is a family-based, multicentre intervention study conducted in four rural field-centres across three provinces in rural Northern China. Probands with untreated prehypertension or stage-1 hypertension were identified through a community-based BP screening, and their family members included siblings, offspring, spouses and parents were subsequently included. During the dietary intervention, low-salt and high-salt diets were provided free of charge to all participants. A total of 529 participants in four field centres were included in our study, with a mean age of 48.1 years old, and about 36.7% of them were male, 76.5% had a middle school (69.5%) or higher (7.0%) diploma, 23.4% had a history of smoke, 24.4% were current drinkers. The mean systolic and diastolic BP levels in the baseline were 129.54 mm Hg and 81.02 mm Hg for all participants, and significantly decreased during the low-salt intervention and increased during the high-salt intervention. Our study is well placed to check the impacts of dietary sodium intake on microbial and metabolomic profiles, which will have important implications for discovering the mechanisms in the development of hypertension and subsequent cardiovascular disease.

scholarly journals Sodium Intake and Hypertension

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grillo ◽  
Salvi ◽  
Coruzzi ◽  
Salvi ◽  
Parati
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Peripheral Resistance ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
And Function ◽  
Modest Reduction

The close relationship between hypertension and dietary sodium intake is widely recognized and supported by several studies. A reduction in dietary sodium not only decreases the blood pressure and the incidence of hypertension, but is also associated with a reduction in morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular diseases. Prolonged modest reduction in salt intake induces a relevant fall in blood pressure in both hypertensive and normotensive individuals, irrespective of sex and ethnic group, with larger falls in systolic blood pressure for larger reductions in dietary salt. The high sodium intake and the increase in blood pressure levels are related to water retention, increase in systemic peripheral resistance, alterations in the endothelial function, changes in the structure and function of large elastic arteries, modification in sympathetic activity, and in the autonomic neuronal modulation of the cardiovascular system. In this review, we have focused on the effects of sodium intake on vascular hemodynamics and their implication in the pathogenesis of hypertension.

Immunoreactive Substance P in Human Plasma: Response to Changes in Posture and Sodium Balance

1980 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Kramer ◽  
R. Düsing ◽  
H. Stelkens ◽  
R. Heinrich ◽  
J. Kipnowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance P ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Dietary Salt Intake ◽  
High Sodium

1. In healthy volunteers plasma concentrations of immunoreactive substance P were measured in response to changes in posture and dietary salt intake. 2. In 14 subjects plasma immunoreactive substance P was 168 ± 31 pmol/l when subjects were supine and 401 ± 51 pmol/l (P < 0.001) when they were ambulant. 3. Measurement of supine plasma immunoreactive substance P at 6 h intervals gave a mean value of 240 ± 39 pmol/l at 14.00 hours and a lowest value of 76 ± 9 pmol/l at 02.00 hours. 4. In eight healthy subjects plasma immunoreactive substance P rose only slightly from 169 ± 41 pmol/l, on a sodium intake ad lib., to 244 ± 45 pmol/l by day 4 of dietary sodium restriction (35 mmol/day) and significantly fell to 51 ± 20 pmol/l (P < 0.001) by day 4 of high sodium intake (350 mmol/day). 5. Although exogenous substance P was shown to be natriuretic in dog and rat, the present results do not favour a role of endogenous substance P as a circulating natriuretic factor in man.

scholarly journals Paradoxical increase of 24-hour urinary aldosterone levels in obese patients with resistant hypertension on a high salt diet

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanja Dudenbostel ◽  
Peng Li ◽  
David A Calhoun
Keyword(s):  
Resistant Hypertension ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
High Salt ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Obese Patients ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Antihypertensive Medications ◽  
Plasma Aldosterone Concentration

Abstract Background Having previously reported that aldosterone levels increase progressively with body mass index (BMI), the current analysis was done to determine to what extent this association is related to dietary high salt (HS) intake. We anticipated that aldosterone levels would decrease with higher sodium status consistent with classical suppression of aldosterone release secondary to progressive fluid retention induced by high dietary sodium intake. Methods Cross-sectional analysis of a large diverse cohort of 2705 patients with resistant hypertension (HTN) seen in a referral HTN Clinic. Dietary sodium intake was indexed by 24-hour (h) urinary sodium (UNa), aldosterone status was determined by plasma aldosterone concentration, plasma renin activity, and 24h urinary aldosterone (UAldo). Patients with normal weight served as control. Results In this study, 1572 individuals with complete 24 h urine collections were analyzed. Mean BMI was 32.5±7.1 kg/m 2 and ranged from 24.6±2.4 kg/m 2 (1st quartile) to 41.0±4.2 kg/m2 (4th quartile). BMI was positively associated with 24h UNa and UAldo levels (p&lt;0.0001), 24h UNa and UAldo. There was a positively stronger correlation in obese (r=0.273, p&lt;0.0001) compared to normal weight individuals (r=0.108, p=0.0342) independent of number and classes of antihypertensive medications. Conclusion Our analysis shows that there is an altered regulation of aldosterone in obese patients in the setting of high dietary salt intake.

Clearance of endogenous lithium in humans: altered dietary salt intake and comparison with exogenous lithium clearance

1995 ◽  
Vol 268 (4) ◽  
pp. F718-F722 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Folkerd ◽  
D. R. Singer ◽  
F. P. Cappuccio ◽  
N. D. Markandu ◽  
B. Sampson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Intake ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Lithium Concentration ◽  
Fractional Excretion ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Lithium Clearance ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Renal Handling ◽  
Dietary Salt Intake ◽  
High Sodium

We compared endogenous with exogenous lithium clearance (CLi) and studied the effects of dietary salt intake on endogenous CLi in healthy volunteers. Lithium was detectable within a narrow fourfold range in serum and in urine in all 25 subjects studied [serum (n = 25), mean 0.27 +/- 0.02 mumol/l, range 0.13-0.55 mumol/l; urine (n = 20), range 1.49–7.32, mean 4.09 +/- 0.36 mumol/24 h]. Mean clearance and fractional excretion of endogenous lithium were lower (15.2 +/- 2.0 ml/min and 16.4 +/- 2.1%, respectively) compared with results obtained using the exogenous CLi technique (25.5 +/- 1.7 ml/min and 27.9 +/- 2.1%; P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively; n = 17). In a separate group of six normal subjects, absolute (8.7 +/- 2.9 vs. 20.7 +/- 3.8 ml/min) and fractional excretion of lithium (8.3 +/- 2.9 vs. 18.0 +/- 5.1%) were significantly lower on 5 days of low (31 +/- 10 mmol/day) vs. high sodium intake (357 +/- 78 mmol/day; P < 0.05). Use of endogenous CLi precludes the need for lithium tablets. This could be a particular advantage in population studies and permits serial measurement of CLi on different days. Our results show that it is important to take dietary sodium intake into account in studies of endogenous CLi. Lower values for endogenous compared with exogenous CLi could reflect differences in renal handling depending on the plasma lithium concentration. This clearly requires further study.

Effect of Salt Intake on the Serum Cardiotrophin-1 Levels in Chinese Adults

2018 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 302-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keke Wang ◽  
Chao Chu ◽  
Jiawen Hu ◽  
Yang Wang ◽  
Wenling Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Function ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Baseline Period ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Chinese Adults ◽  
Dietary Salt Intake ◽  
Low Salt ◽  
The Mean

Background: Dietary sodium affects fluctuations in blood pressure (BP) and vascular function. Cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1), a stress-induced cytokine that belongs to the interleukin 6 family, is released by cells in response to potentially harmful stresses and plays a pivotal role in congestive heart failure, hypertension and arterial stiffness. In this study, we performed a randomized trial to confirm the effects of altered salt intake on the serum CT-1 levels in humans. Methods: Forty-four subjects (18–65 years of age) were selected from a rural community in northern China. All subjects initially maintained a baseline period for 3 days, transitioned to a low-salt (LS) diet for 7 days (3.0 g/day of NaCl) and then a high-salt (HS) diet for an additional 7 days (18.0 g/day of NaCl). Results: For the whole group, the serum CT-1 concentrations were significantly increased in the HS period compared to those of the LS period (293.50 ± 137.70 vs. 360.40 ± 162.83 pg/mL, p = 0.040). The serum CT-1 concentrations significantly decreased from the baseline period to the LS diet (419.91 ± 123.50 to 256.49 ± 109.75 pg/mL, p < 0.01) and significantly increased from the LS to HS diet (256.49 ± 109.75 to 414.39 ± 191.21 pg/mL, p < 0.01). These changes were observed in salt-sensitive (SS) individuals but not in salt-resistant (SR) individuals. In addition, a significant positive relationship was observed between the changes in the CT-1 concentrations and systolic BP as well as the changes in the mean arterial pressure from the LS period to the HS period (r = 0.376, p = 0.012; r = 0.311, p = 0.040). The serum CT-1 concentrations were positively correlated with the 24-h urinary sodium-to-potassium (Na/K) excretion ratios during both of the LS and HS diet intervention periods in SS subjects (r = 0.621, p < 0.01), but this correlation was not evident in SR subjects (r = 0.208, p = 0.107). Conclusions: Our study indicates that variations in dietary salt intake affect the serum CT-1 levels in Chinese adults.

scholarly journals Is socio-demographic status, body mass index, and consumption of food away from home associated with high sodium intake among adults in Malaysia?: findings from the Malaysian Community Salt Survey (MyCoSS)

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruhaya Salleh ◽  
Shubash Shander Ganapathy ◽  
Norazizah Ibrahim Wong ◽  
Siew Man Cheong ◽  
Mohamad Hasnan Ahmad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Cooking Methods ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
High Sodium Intake ◽  
Meal Consumption

Abstract Background Studies have shown that having away from home meals contributes to high sodium intake among young people and those who lived in urban areas. This study aimed to determine the association between dietary sodium intake, body mass index, and away from home meal consumption behaviour among Malaysian adults. Methods MyCoSS was a cross-sectional household survey involving 1440 adults age 18 years and above. This study utilized stratified cluster sampling to obtain a nationally representative sample. Data was collected between October 2017 and March 2018. Socio-demographic information, dietary assessment using food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and away from home meal consumption were assessed through a face-to-face interview by trained health personnel. Descriptive analysis and logistic regression were applied to identify the association of socioeconomic status and away from home meal consumption with dietary sodium intake. Results A total of 1032 participants completed the FFQ, with a mean age of 48.8 + 15.6 years. Based on the FFQ, slightly over half of the participants (52.1%) had high sodium intake. Results showed that 43.6% of participants consumed at least one to two away from home meals per day, while 20.8% of them had their three main meals away from home. Participants aged less than 30 years old were the strongest predictor to consume more sodium (adjusted OR: 3.83; 95%CI: 2.23, 6.58) while those of Indian ethnicity had significantly lower sodium intake. Surprisingly, having three away from home meals per day was not associated with high dietary sodium intake, although a significant association (crude OR; 1.67, 95% CI: 1.19, 2.35) was found in the simple logistic regression. Obese participants were less likely to have high dietary sodium intake compared with the normal BMI participants in the final model. Conclusion Over half of the participants consumed sodium more than the recommended daily intake, especially those who consumed three away from home meals. However, there was no significant association between high sodium intake and having three away from home meals per day. The promotion of healthy cooking methods among the public must continue to be emphasized to reduce the dietary sodium intake among Malaysian adults.

Abstract P276: A High Sodium Diet Reduces Cutaneous Microvascular Function In Normotensive Individuals With Salt Sensitive Blood Pressure

Hypertension ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 78 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan C Patik ◽  
Joseph M Stock ◽  
Nathan T Romberger ◽  
Shannon L Lennon ◽  
William B Farquhar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Vascular Function ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Local Heating ◽  
Urinary Sodium Excretion ◽  
Microvascular Function ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Heating Unit ◽  
Doppler Flowmetry ◽  
High Sodium

Impaired vascular function likely contributes to the association between dietary sodium intake and the development of cardiovascular disease. Using the cutaneous microvasculature as a model, we have previously shown that a high sodium (HS) diet blunts local heating-induced vasodilation in normotensive individuals with salt resistant (SR) blood pressure (BP). However, the effect of a HS diet on the cutaneous microvasculature in normotensive salt sensitive (SS) individuals remains unclear. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that cutaneous microvascular function is reduced by a HS diet to a greater degree in SS compared to SR individuals. After each 7-day controlled feeding diet (low sodium (LS) = 20 mmol/day; HS = 300 mmol/day), an intradermal microdialysis fiber was inserted in the ventral forearm and perfused with Ringer’s solution. Skin blood flow (SkBF) was continuously monitored via laser Doppler flowmetry and a local heating unit was placed over the fiber and heated to 42°C until SkBF reached a stable plateau. Site-specific maximal SkBF was determined by perfusing 28mM sodium nitroprusside and heating to 43°C. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was assessed at regular intervals on the contralateral arm and was used to calculate cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC = SkBF / MAP). Subjects wore a 24-hr ambulatory BP monitor and collected their urine on the final day of each diet. Fourteen subjects (9W / 5M, 42 ± 14 yr) whose MAP increased >5 mmHg (Δ8 ± 1 mmHg) on the HS diet were defined as SS and were compared to 14 age- (43± 14 yr) and sex-matched SR subjects (Δ1 ± 3 mmHg). SS and SR had similar MAP at baseline (88 ± 9 vs. 90 ± 8 mmHg, P = 0.88) and urinary sodium excretion was increased similarly across groups by the HS diet (Δ239 ± 104 vs. Δ220 ± 66 mmol / 24 hr, P = 0.20). Cutaneous vasodilation in response to local heating was decreased on the HS diet relative to the LS diet in both SS (Δ-9 ± 9 %CVCmax, P = 0.005) and SR (Δ-9 ± 9 %CVCmax, P=0.005); however, there was not a group x diet interaction (P = 0.99). In contrast to our hypothesis, these results suggest that the deleterious effects of high sodium diets on cutaneous microvascular function are similar in normotensive salt sensitive and salt resistant individuals.

scholarly journals Sodium Sensitivity, Sodium Resistance, and Incidence of Hypertension

Hypertension ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiang He ◽  
Jian-Feng Huang ◽  
Changwei Li ◽  
Jing Chen ◽  
Xiangfeng Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Incident Hypertension ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
Sodium Sensitivity ◽  
Sodium Diet ◽  
Low Sodium ◽  
Increased Risk

Cross-sectional studies have reported that high sodium sensitivity is more common among individuals with hypertension. Experimental studies have also reported various animal models with sodium-resistant hypertension. It is unknown, however, whether sodium sensitivity and resistance precede the development of hypertension. We conducted a feeding study, including a 7-day low-sodium diet (1180 mg/day) followed by a 7-day high-sodium diet (7081 mg/day), among 1718 Chinese adults with blood pressure (BP) <140/90 mm Hg. We longitudinally followed them over an average of 7.4 years. Three BP measurements and 24-hour urinary sodium excretion were obtained on each of 3 days during baseline observation, low-sodium and high-sodium interventions, and 2 follow-up studies. Three trajectories of BP responses to dietary sodium intake were identified using latent trajectory analysis. Mean (SD) changes in systolic BP were −13.7 (5.5), −4.9 (3.0), and 2.4 (3.0) mm Hg during the low-sodium intervention and 11.2 (5.3), 4.4 (4.1), and −0.2 (4.1) mm Hg during the high-sodium intervention ( P <0.001 for group differences) in high sodium-sensitive, moderate sodium-sensitive, and sodium-resistant groups, respectively. Compared with individuals with moderate sodium sensitivity, multiple-adjusted odds ratios (95% CIs) for incident hypertension were 1.43 (1.03–1.98) for those with high sodium sensitivity and 1.43 (1.03–1.99) for those with sodium resistance ( P =0.006 for nonlinear trend). Furthermore, a J-shaped association between systolic BP responses to sodium intake and incident hypertension was identified ( P <0.001). Similar results were observed for diastolic BP. Our study indicates that individuals with either high sodium sensitivity or sodium resistance are at an increased risk for developing hypertension.

Contrasting endocrine responses to acute oral compared with intravenous sodium loading in normal humans

1998 ◽  
Vol 274 (1) ◽  
pp. F111-F119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald R. J. Singer ◽  
Nirmala D. Markandu ◽  
Martin G. Buckley ◽  
Michelle A. Miller ◽  
Giuseppe A. Sagnella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Excretion ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Early Response ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
Sodium Loading ◽  
Sodium Load ◽  
Intravenous Sodium ◽  
Oral Sodium

There is evidence in animals and in humans for accelerated natriuresis after oral compared with intravenous sodium loading. To assess the role of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) as a contributory mechanism, we compared the hormonal responses to an intravenous sodium load and to the same sodium load taken orally in three separate groups of healthy subjects in balance on low, normal, or high sodium intake. On each diet, there was a trend for an early delay in sodium excretion, followed by increased natriuresis after the oral compared with intravenous sodium load. On all levels of dietary sodium intake, there was a significant (∼2-fold) increase in plasma ANP levels after intravenous saline infusion. There was a significant suppression of the renin system both after oral and intravenous sodium loading. However, there was no acute increase in plasma ANP levels after the oral sodium load, except on the very low sodium intake. This striking and unexpected observation suggests that changes in plasma ANP levels appear to play little role in the early response to an acute oral sodium load in subjects with sodium intake in the range of 150–350 mmol/day. Endocrine mechanisms for the accelerated increase in sodium excretion after oral compared with intravenous sodium loading remain to be elucidated.

High dietary sodium chloride consumption may not induce body fluid retention in humans

2000 ◽  
Vol 278 (4) ◽  
pp. F585-F595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Heer ◽  
Friedhelm Baisch ◽  
Joachim Kropp ◽  
Rupert Gerzer ◽  
Christian Drummer
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Randomized Study ◽  
Extracellular Volume ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Parallel Body

A commonly accepted hypothesis is that a chronically high-sodium diet expands extracellular volume and finally reaches a steady state where sodium intake and output are balanced whereas extracellular volume is expanded. However, in a recent study where the main purpose was to investigate the role of natriuretic peptides under day-to-day sodium intake conditions (Heer M, Drummer C, Baisch F, and Gerzer R. Pflügers Arch 425: 390–394, 1993), our laboratory observed increases in plasma volume without any rise in extracellular volume. To scrutinize these results that were observed as a side effect, we performed a controlled, randomized study including 32 healthy male test subjects in a metabolic ward. The NaCl intake ranged from a low level of 50 meq NaCl/day to 200, 400, and 550 meq/day, respectively. Plasma volume dose dependently increased ( P < 0.01), being elevated by 315 ± 37 ml in the 550-meq-NaCl-intake group. However, in contrast to the increased plasma volume, comparable to study I, total body water did not increase. In parallel, body mass also did not increase. Mean corpuscular volume of erythrocytes, as an index for intracellular volume, was also unchanged. We conclude from the results of these two independently conducted studies that under the chosen study conditions, in contrast to present opinions, high sodium intake does not induce total body water storage but induces a relative fluid shift from the interstitial into the intravascular space.

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