AbstractA common strategy for the functional interpretation of genome-wide association study (GWAS) findings has been the integrative analysis of GWAS and expression data. Using this strategy, many association methods (e.g., PrediXcan and FUSION) have been successful in identifying trait-associated genes via mediating effects on RNA expression. However, these approaches often ignore the effects of splicing, which carries as much disease risk as expression. Compared to expression data, one challenge to detect associations using splicing data is the large multiple testing burden due to multidimensional splicing events within genes. Here, we introduce a multidimensional splicing gene (MSG) approach, which consists of two stages: 1) we use sparse canonical correlation analysis (sCCA) to construct latent canonical vectors (CVs) by identifying sparse linear combinations of genetic variants and splicing events that are maximally correlated with each other; and 2) we test for the association between the genetically regulated splicing CVs and the trait of interest using GWAS summary statistics. Simulations show that MSG has proper type I error control and substantial power gains over existing multidimensional expression analysis methods (i.e., S-MultiXcan, UTMOST, and sCCA+ACAT) under diverse scenarios. When applied to the Genotype-Tissue Expression Project data and GWAS summary statistics of 14 complex human traits, MSG identified on average 83%, 115%, and 223% more significant genes than sCCA+ACAT, S-MultiXcan, and UTMOST, respectively. We highlight MSG’s applications to Alzheimer’s disease, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and schizophrenia, and found that the majority of MSG-identified genes would have been missed from expression-based analyses. Our results demonstrate that aggregating splicing data through MSG can improve power in identifying gene-trait associations and help better understand the genetic risk of complex traits.Author summaryWhile genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have successfully mapped thousands of loci associated with complex traits, it remains difficult to identify which genes they regulate and in which biological contexts. This interpretation challenge has motivated the development of computational methods to prioritize causal genes at GWAS loci. Most available methods have focused on linking risk variants with differential gene expression. However, genetic control of splicing and expression are comparable in their complex trait risk, and few studies have focused on identifying causal genes using splicing information. To study splicing mediated effects, one important statistical challenge is the large multiple testing burden generated from multidimensional splicing events. In this study, we develop a new approach, MSG, to test the mediating role of splicing variation on complex traits. We integrate multidimensional splicing data using sparse canonocial correlation analysis and then combine evidence for splicing-trait associations across features using a joint test. We show this approach has higher power to identify causal genes using splicing data than current state-of-art methods designed to model multidimensional expression data. We illustrate the benefits of our approach through extensive simulations and applications to real data sets of 14 complex traits.
MR-APSS: a unified approach to Mendelian Randomization accounting for pleiotropy and sample structure using genome-wide summary statistics
