scholarly journals Gastrointestinal Helminths Increase Bordetella bronchiseptica Shedding and Host Variation in Supershedding

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nhat Nguyen ◽  
Ashutosh K Pathak ◽  
Isabella M Cattadori
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
Helminth Species ◽  
Bordetella Bronchiseptica ◽  
Gastrointestinal Helminths ◽  
Rapid Variation

Multi-species infections have been suggested to facilitate pathogen transmission and the emergence of supershedding events. However, how the interactions between co-infecting pathogens affect their dynamics of shedding,  and how this is related to the host immune response, remains largely unclear. We used laboratory experiments and a modeling approach to examine temporal variations in the shedding of the respiratory bacterium Bordetella bronchiseptica  in rabbits challenged with one or two gastrointestinal helminth species. Experimental data showed that rabbits co-infected with one or both helminths shed significantly more B. bronchiseptica  by direct contact with an agar petri dish than rabbits with bacteria alone. There was also evidence of synergistic effects when both helminth species were present (triple infection). Co-infected hosts generated supershedding events of higher intensity and more frequently than hosts with no helminths. Model simulations revealed that the two helminths affected the relative contribution of neutrophils and specific IgA and IgG to B. bronchiseptica  neutralization in the respiratory tract. In turn, these changes led to differences in the magnitude and duration of shedding among the various types of infection. However, the rapid variation in individual shedding, including supershedding, could not be explained by the interactions between infection and immune response at the scale of analysis that we used. We suggest that local rapid changes at the level of respiratory tissue probably played a more important role. This study provides novel insight into the role of helminths to the dynamics of respiratory infections and offers a quantitative explanation for the differences generated by two helminth species.

Combinations of two synthetic adjuvants: Synergistic effects of a surfactant and a polyanion on the humoral immune response

1985 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luuk A.Th. Hilgers ◽  
Harm Snippe ◽  
Margriet Jansze ◽  
Jan M.N. Willers
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Humoral Immune

scholarly journals Mimicry between respiratory virus proteins and some human immune proteins

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-314
Author(s):  
I. N. Zhilinskaya
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Measles Virus ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Viral Proteins ◽  
Cellular Protein ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Human Immune

A comparative analysis on search for amino acid sequences in viral proteins causing respiratory infections (or respiratory infections syndrome) homologous to amino acid sequences from some human immune proteins was performed. The following viruses were used for comparative computer analysis: coronavirus (SARS-CoV), serotype C subgroup adenovirus C (adenoid 71 strain), measles virus (ICHINOSE-BA strain), rubella (Therien strain) and respiratory syncytial (B1 strain) virus. The search for homologous sequences in viral and human immune proteins was carried out by computer comparison of 12 amino acid fragments, which were assigned as homologous at identity in ≥ 8 positions. The data obtained showed that viral proteins contained homologous motifs in several host immune proteins involved in regulating both the inflammatory response and immune response. Mechanistically, all viruses studied were characterized by sequences homologous to host immune proteins such as complement system proteins, integrins, apoptosis inhibitory proteins, interleukins, and toll-like receptors. Such cellular proteins are actively involved in regulating host inflammatory process and immune response formation. Upon that, a set of host immune proteins, to which homologous fragments were found in viral proteins, was individual for each virus. Interestingly, the largest amount of homologous fragments (up to 20) was mainly concentrated in viral proteins with polymerase and protease activity suggesting that these proteins apart to their major role were involved in production of viral nucleic acids and might participate in regulating host immune system. Envelope, internal and non-structural viral proteins, homologous fragments were detected in much smaller quantities (from 1 to 4). In addition, two fragments homologous to various motifs of the same cellular protein were detected in some viral proteins. Thus, the data obtained further support our understanding that signs of immune system disorders in viral infections can result from multi-layered processes associated with modulation of host innate and adaptive immune system, and open up new approaches to study interaction of viruses with host immune system and identify new functions of viral proteins.

scholarly journals Importance of cellular immunity link for efficiency of replacement therapy in common variable immune deficiency

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 799-804
Author(s):  
L. P. Sizyakina ◽  
I. I. Andreeva ◽  
D. I. Danilova
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Replacement Therapy ◽  
Cellular Immunity ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Ivig Therapy ◽  
Continuous Treatment ◽  
Cellular Immune

Lifetime use of IgG replacement therapy  is the standard of CVID treatment. However, full control over stabilization of chronic infection loci is not always achieved, even if this therapy  is continuously applied. The purpose  of this study was to carry out comparative analysis of changes  in cellular  component of adaptive and  innate immune response, depending on effectiveness of replacement therapy  of patients with infectious CVID  phenotype. The  observation group  consisted of 15 patients with  CVID  who  were  diagnosed since early childhood in 100% of cases. They had prolonged respiratory infections followed by the development of complications requiring continuous treatment with antibiotics.After  reaching mean  age of 15 years  old,  the  intensity of infection-associated antibody deficiency was 6-8  times  per year. After verification of the  diagnosis, the  patients received  replacement therapy, first at the saturation dose,  and,  after stabilization of IgG  at the level of 7-8 g/l,  at the monthly maintenance dose. The clinical  course  of the disease was traced  during  a full year of replacement therapy, and the cellular  immunity indices  were evaluated. In all patients, after a year of therapy  corresponding to clinical  guidelines, there  was an improvement in quality  of life indices, decreased rates of recurrent bacterial infections. At the same time, 40% of them continued to suffer, on average, 5.4±1.1 times a year and required long-term courses of antibiotic therapy. Evaluation of immune status did not reveal statistically significant  differences in IgG plasma saturation between the groups of patients with different treatment efficiency: 8.7 (8-9) g/l and 9.1 (8.5-10.5) g/l, at p = 0.5. The  differences related  to immune cell factors  in cases of smaller  effect of IVIG  therapy  are manifested in higher  relative  numbers of T effectors  containing lytic Granzyme B granules  and CD14+CD284+  monocytes, accompanied by lower spontaneous active  oxygen forms produced by neutrophils, lesser contents of CD16+ natural killers in peripheral blood.The obtained data illustrate the value of monitoring, not only serum  IgG  level, but also the parameters of the  cellular  immune response. Such  analysis  may be essential  as a prognostic criterion for efficacy  of IVIG therapy. Reduced levels of some parameters of innate immunity cells serves a basis to formulate the concept of combined treatment and usage of tools that alter functions of immunocompetent cells.

Bordetella bronchiseptica and equine respiratory infections: a review of 30 cases

2010 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Garcia-Cantu ◽  
Faye A. Hartmann ◽  
C. M. Brown ◽  
B. J. Darien
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Bordetella Bronchiseptica

Nematodes and cestodes of rodents in South Africa: baseline data on diversity and geographic distribution

2019 ◽  
Vol 94 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Spickett ◽  
K. Junker ◽  
G. Froeschke ◽  
V. Haukisalmi ◽  
S. Matthee
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Host Range ◽  
Geographic Distribution ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Baseline Data ◽  
Helminth Species ◽  
Rodent Species ◽  
Helminth Parasites ◽  
Gastrointestinal Helminths ◽  
Naturally Occurring

Abstract Currently, descriptive information on the host range and geographic distribution of helminth parasites associated with naturally occurring rodents in South and southern Africa is scant. Therefore, we embarked on a countrywide study to: (1) identify gastrointestinal helminths and their host range, and (2) provide baseline data on the geographic distribution of helminths across the country. Altogether, 55 helminth taxa were recovered from at least 13 rodent species (n = 1030) at 26 localities across South Africa. The helminth taxa represented 25 genera (15 nematodes, nine cestodes and one acanthocephalan). Monoxenous nematodes were the most abundant and prevalent group, while the occurrence of heteroxenous nematodes and cestodes was generally lower. The study recorded several novel helminth–host associations. Single-host-species infections were common, although multiple-host-species infections by helminth species were also recorded. Monoxenous nematodes and some cestodes were recovered countrywide, whereas heteroxenous nematodes were restricted to the eastern regions of South Africa. The study highlights the as yet unexplored diversity of helminth species associated with naturally occurring rodent species and provides initial data on their geographical distribution in South Africa.

scholarly journals Use of Biopolymers in Mucosally-Administered Vaccinations for Respiratory Disease

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (15) ◽  
pp. 2445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret R. Dedloff ◽  
Callie S. Effler ◽  
Alina Maria Holban ◽  
Monica C. Gestal
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Hyaluronic Acid ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Mucosal Immunity ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Antigen Delivery ◽  
Immune Protection ◽  
Adverse Side Effects ◽  
Robust Immune Response

Communicable respiratory infections are the cause of a significant number of infectious diseases. The introduction of vaccinations has greatly improved this situation. Moreover, adjuvants have allowed for vaccines to be more effective with fewer adverse side effects. However, there is still space for improvement because while the more common injected formulations induce a systematic immunity, they do not confer the mucosal immunity needed for more thorough prevention of the spread of respiratory disease. Intranasal formulations provide systemic and mucosal immune protection, but they have the potential for more serious side effects and a less robust immune response. This review looks at seven different adjuvants—chitosan, starch, alginate, gellan, β-glucan, emulsan and hyaluronic acid—and their prospective ability to improve intranasal vaccines as adjuvants and antigen delivery systems.

scholarly journals Possible Immunosuppressive Effects of Drug Exposure and Environmental and Nutritional Effects on Infection and Vaccination

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. P. Huemer
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Cellular Immune Response ◽  
Drug Exposure ◽  
Drugs Of Abuse ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Immunosuppressive Agents ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Cellular Immune ◽  
Study Designs

A variety of drugs which are not primarily considered to be immunosuppressive agents have been described to modulate the humoral and cellular immune response in humans or animals. Thereby they may have an influence on the effectiveness and possible side effects of vaccines. This mini review lists some of the different substance classes and also some of endogeneous, infectious, nutritional, and environmental influences with suspected capability to interfere with immunizations. Studies in most cases focused on substances with known immunosuppressive functions, but there is growing evidence for immunomodulatory effects also of commonly used drugs with wide distribution. In particular combinations of those antiproliferative and antiphlogistic side effects of different substance classes have not been studied in detail but may substantially interfere with the development of a functional humoral and cellular immune response. The drugs of importance include antipyretics, anticoagulants, tranquilizers, and substances influencing lipid metabolism but also commonly used drugs of abuse like alcohol or cannabinoids. Additional substances of environmental, nutritional, or microbiological origin may also play a role but their combinatory/synergistic effects have been disregarded so far due to the lack of systematic data and the complex study designs necessary to elucidate those complex epidemiologic questions.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document