scholarly journals The rapid reemergence of seasonal respiratory viruses in Houston, Texas, after relaxing COVID-19 restrictions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parsa Hodjat ◽  
Paul Christensen ◽  
Sishir Subedi ◽  
Randall James Olsen ◽  
David W Bernard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
State Level ◽  
Complete Removal ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Rapid Decrease ◽  
The State ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Containment Measures ◽  
Syncytial Virus

Implementation of measures to limit the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a rapid decrease in all other respiratory pathogens. As COVID-19 containment measures were relaxed, the first non-COVID respiratory viruses to return to prepandemic levels were members of the rhinovirus/enterovirus, followed by the rapid return of seasonal coronaviruses, parainfluenza, and respiratory syncytial virus after the complete removal of COVID-19 precautions at the state level, including an end to mask mandates. Inasmuch as COVID-19 has dominated the landscape of respiratory infections since early 2020, it is important for clinicians to recognize the return of non-COVID respiratory pathogens may be rapid and significant when COVID-19 containment measures are removed.

scholarly journals Circulation of Respiratory Viruses in Hospitalized Adults before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Brescia, Italy: A Retrospective Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (18) ◽  
pp. 9525
Author(s):  
Maria Antonia De Francesco ◽  
Caterina Pollara ◽  
Franco Gargiulo ◽  
Mauro Giacomelli ◽  
Arnaldo Caruso
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Nucleic Acid Detection ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Human Coronaviruses

Different preventive public health measures were adopted globally to limit the spread of SARS-CoV-2, such as hand hygiene and the use of masks, travel restrictions, social distance actions such as the closure of schools and workplaces, case and contact tracing, quarantine and lockdown. These measures, in particular physical distancing and the use of masks, might have contributed to containing the spread of other respiratory viruses that occurs principally by contact and droplet routes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of different respiratory viruses (influenza viruses A and B, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza viruses 1, 2, 3 and 4, rhinovirus, adenovirus, metapneumovirus and human coronaviruses) after one year of the pandemic. Furthermore, another aim was to evaluate the possible impact of these non-pharmaceutical measures on the circulation of seasonal respiratory viruses. This single center study was conducted between January 2017–February 2020 (pre-pandemic period) and March 2020–May 2021 (pandemic period). All adults >18 years with respiratory symptoms and tested for respiratory pathogens were included in the study. Nucleic acid detection of all respiratory viruses was performed by multiplex real time PCR. Our results show that the test positivity for influenza A and B, metapneumovirus, parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus and human coronaviruses decreased with statistical significance during the pandemic. Contrary to this, for adenovirus the decrease was not statistically significant. Conversely, a statistically significant increase was detected for rhinovirus. Coinfections between different respiratory viruses were observed during the pre-pandemic period, while the only coinfection detected during pandemic was between SARS-CoV-2 and rhinovirus. To understand how the preventive strategies against SARS-CoV-2 might alter the transmission dynamics and epidemic patterns of respiratory viruses is fundamental to guide future preventive recommendations.

Survey of WU and KI polyomaviruses, coronaviruses, respiratory syncytial virus and parechovirus in children under 5 years of age in Tehran, Iran

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fahimeh Sadat Aghamirmohammadali ◽  
Kaveh Sadeghi ◽  
Nazanin Zahra Shafiei-Jandaghi ◽  
Zahra Khoban ◽  
Talat Mokhtari-Azad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Virus Detection ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Hospitalized Children ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Viral Pathogen ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Tract Infections

Background and Objectives: Severe acute respiratory infections (SARI) remain an important cause for childhood morbid- ity worldwide. We designed a research with the objective of finding the frequency of respiratory viruses, particularly WU and KI polyomaviruses (WUPyV & KIPyV), human coronaviruses (HCoVs), human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) and human parechovirus (HPeV) in hospitalized children who were influenza negative. Materials and Methods: Throat swabs were collected from children younger than 5 years who have been hospitalized for SARI and screened for WUPyV, KIPyV, HCoVs, HRSV and HPeV using Real time PCR. Results: A viral pathogen was identified in 23 (11.16%) of 206 hospitalized children with SARI. The rate of virus detection was considerably greater in infants <12 months (78.2%) than in older children (21.8%). The most frequently detected vi- ruses were HCoVs with 7.76% of positive cases followed by KIPyV (2%) and WUPyV (1.5%). No HPeV and HRSV were detected in this study. Conclusion: This research shown respiratory viruses as causes of childhood acute respiratory infections, while as most of mentioned viruses usually causes mild respiratory diseases, their frequency might be higher in outpatient children. Mean- while as HRSV is really sensitive to inactivation due to environmental situations and its genome maybe degraded, then for future studies, we need to use fresh samples for HRSV detection. These findings addressed a need for more studies on viral respiratory tract infections to help public health.

scholarly journals Seasonal Variations in Clostridium difficile Infections Are Associated with Influenza and Respiratory Syncytial Virus Activity Independently of Antibiotic Prescriptions: a Time Series Analysis in Québec, Canada

2011 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 639-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodica Gilca ◽  
Élise Fortin ◽  
Charles Frenette ◽  
Yves Longtin ◽  
Marie Gourdeau
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Average Delay ◽  
Syncytial Virus

ABSTRACTSeasonal variations inClostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD), with a higher incidence occurring during winter months, have been reported. Although winter epidemics of respiratory viruses may be temporally associated with an increase in CDAD morbidity, we hypothesized that this association is mainly due to increased antibiotic use for respiratory infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the two most frequent respiratory viruses (influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus [RSV]) and antibiotics prescribed for respiratory infections (fluoroquinolones and macrolides) on the CDAD incidence in hospitals in the province of Québec, Canada. A multivariable Box-Jenkins transfer function model was built to relate monthly CDAD incidence to the monthly percentage of positive tests for influenza virus and RSV and monthly fluoroquinolone and macrolide prescriptions over a 4-year period (January 2005 to December 2008). Analysis showed that temporal variations in CDAD incidence followed temporal variations for influenza virus (P= 0.043), RSV (P= 0.004), and macrolide prescription (P= 0.05) time series with an average delay of 1 month and fluoroquinolone prescription time series with an average delay of 2 months (P= 0.01). We conclude that influenza virus and RSV circulation is independently associated with CDAD incidence after controlling for fluoroquinolone and macrolide use. This association was observed at an aggregated level and may be indicative of other phenomena occurring during wintertime.

scholarly journals Respiratory Syncytial Virus: New Challenges for Molecular Epidemiology Surveillance and Vaccination Strategy in Patients with ILI/SARI

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1334
Author(s):  
Fabio Tramuto ◽  
Carmelo Massimo Maida ◽  
Daniela Di Naro ◽  
Giulia Randazzo ◽  
Francesco Vitale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Hospital Setting ◽  
Community Setting ◽  
Vaccination Strategy ◽  
Influenza Surveillance ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Syncytial Virus

Several respiratory pathogens are responsible for influenza-like illness (ILI) and severe respiratory infections (SARI), among which human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) represents one of the most common aetiologies. We analysed the hRSV prevalence among subjects with ILI or SARI during the five influenza seasons before the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Sicily (Italy). Respiratory specimens from ILI outpatients and SARI inpatients were collected in the framework of the Italian Network for the Influenza Surveillance and molecularly tested for hRSV-A and hRSV-B. Overall, 8.1% of patients resulted positive for hRSV. Prevalence peaked in the age-groups <5 years old (range: 17.6–19.1%) and ≥50 years old (range: 4.8–5.1%). While the two subgroups co-circulated throughout the study period, hRSV-B was slightly predominant over hRSV-A, except for the season 2019–2020 when hRSV-A strongly prevailed (82.9%). In the community setting, the distribution of hRSV subgroups was balanced (47.8% vs. 49.7% for hRSV-A and hRSV-B, respectively), while most infections identified in the hospital setting were caused by hRSV-B (69.5%); also, this latter one was more represented among hRSV cases with underlying diseases, as well as among those who developed a respiratory complication. The molecular surveillance of hRSV infections may provide a valuable insight into the epidemiological features of ILI/SARI. Our findings add new evidence to the existing knowledge on viral aetiology of ILI and SARI in support of public health strategies and may help to define high-risk categories that could benefit from currently available and future vaccines.

scholarly journals Impact of hygienic and social distancing measures against SARS-CoV-2 on respiratory infections caused by other viruses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordi Reina ◽  
◽  
Ricardo M. Arcay ◽  
María Busquets ◽  
Herminia Machado
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Respiratory Infection ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infection ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Contact Material ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
The Impact

Introduction. To control the pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, the implementation of social and hygienic confinement measures was determined in all countries. These measures reduce the circulation of most respiratory viruses that are transmitted preferentially by air and contact. Material and methods. The impact of these measures on non-Covid respiratory viruses during the period August-December 2020 and 2019 has been comparatively analyzed. To all nasopharyngeal aspirates that were negative against SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR and the suspicion of acute respiratory infection persisted, were subjected to a new RT-PCR that simultaneously and differentially amplifies 21 different respiratory viruses. Results. In the year of the pandemic, a 36.6% decrease was detected in the number of respiratory samples studied and 66% in their positivity in relation to 2019. All viruses showed reduction percentages of between 40-100%. The only viruses that circulated during and after national lockdown were rhinovirus (74.1%), adenovirus (10.1%), and enterovirus (9.6%). Conclusion. The measures used to control the SARS-CoV-2 infection have also affected the community circulation of most respiratory viruses including influenza and respiratory syncytial virus.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Human Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 among Hospitalized Children in Northwest of Iran

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Zahra Ramezannia ◽  
Javid Sadeghi ◽  
Shahram Abdoli Oskouie ◽  
Mohammad Ahangarzadeh Rezaee ◽  
Hossein Bannazadeh Baghi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Tract Infections

Background. Acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) are the leading cause of illnesses in children. Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) and human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) are among the most common etiologic agents associated with viral respiratory tract infections in children worldwide. Nevertheless, limited information is available on the spread of infections of these two viruses in northwest Iran. Objective. The purpose of the current study is to evaluate the frequency of RSV and HPIV-3 and clinical features among Iranian children with confirmed respiratory infections between April 2019 and March 2020. Methods. 100 nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from hospitalized patients (under 5 years old) with ARTI from Tabriz Children’s Hospital. Detection of respiratory viruses was performed using the nested RT-PCR method. Results. Respiratory syncytial virus and HPIV-3 were recognized in 18% (18/100) and 2% (2/100) of children, respectively. Ten (55.6%) of the RSV-positive samples were male, while 8 (44.4%) were female. HPIV‐3 was found only among 2 male patients (100%). Most patients (61.1%) with RSV infection were less than 12 months old. Additionally, samples that were positive for HPIV-3 were less than 12 months old. RSV infections had occurred mainly during the winter season. Conclusions. This study confirms that RSV can be one of the important respiratory pathogens in children in northwestern Iran. However, according to this study, HPIV-3 has a lower prevalence among children in this area than RSV. Therefore, implementing a routine diagnosis for respiratory pathogens can improve the management of respiratory infections in children.

scholarly journals Etiology of Coinfections in Children with Influenza during 2015/16 Winter Season in Nepal

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bishnu Prasad Upadhyay ◽  
Megha Raj Banjara ◽  
Ram Krishna Shrestha ◽  
Masato Tashiro ◽  
Prakash Ghimire
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Parainfluenza Virus ◽  
Respiratory Pathogen ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Syncytial Virus

Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are one of the major public health problems in developing countries like Nepal. Besides the influenza, several other pathogens are responsible for acute respiratory infection in children. Etiology of infections is poorly characterized at the course of clinical management, and hence empirical antimicrobial agents are used. The objective of this study was to characterize the influenza and other respiratory pathogens by real-time PCR assay. A total of 175 throat swab specimens of influenza-positive cases collected at National Influenza Center, Nepal, during the 2015/16 winter season were selected for detecting other respiratory copathogens. Total nucleic acid was extracted using Pure Link viral RNA/DNA mini kit (Invitrogen), and multiplex RT-PCR assays were performed. Influenza A and B viruses were found in 120 (68.6%) and 55 (31.4%) specimens, respectively, among which coinfections were found in 106 (60.6%) specimens. Among the influenza A-positive cases, 25 (20.8%) were A/H1N1 pdm09 and 95 (79.2%) were A/H3 subtypes. Viruses coinfected frequently with influenza virus in children were rhinovirus (26; 14.8%), respiratory syncytial virus A/B (19; 10.8%), adenovirus (14; 8.0%), coronavirus (CoV)-HKU1 (14; 8.0%), CoV-OC43 (5; 2.9%), CoV-229E (2; 1.1%), metapneumovirus A/B (5; 2.9%), bocavirus (6; 3.4%), enterovirus (5; 2.9%), parainfluenza virus-1 (3; 1.7%), and parainfluenza virus-3 (2; 1.1%). Coinfection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae with influenza virus was found in children (5; 2.8%). Most of the viral infection occurred in young children below 5 years of age. In addition to influenza virus, nine different respiratory pathogens were detected, of which coinfections of rhinovirus and respiratory syncytial virus A/B were predominantly found in children. This study gives us better information on the respiratory pathogen profile and coinfection combinations which are important for diagnosis and treatment of ARIs.

scholarly journals Acute respiratory viral infections in children in Rio de Janeiro and Teresópolis, Brazil

2012 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 249-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Carolina M. Albuquerque ◽  
Rafael B. Varella ◽  
Norma Santos
Keyword(s):  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Nasal Swabs ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Viral Respiratory Infections

The frequency of viral pathogens causing respiratory infections in children in the cities of Rio de Janeiro and Teresópolis was investigated. Nasal swabs from children with acute respiratory illnesses were collected between March 2006 and October 2007. Specimens were tested for viral detection by conventional (RT)-PCR and/or real time PCR. Of the 205 nasal swabs tested, 64 (31.2%) were positive for at least one of the viral pathogens. Single infections were detected in 56 samples, 50 of those were caused by RNA viruses: 33 samples tested positive for rhinovirus, five for influenza A, five for metapneumovirus, four for coronavirus and, three for respiratory syncytial virus. For the DNA viruses, five samples were positive for bocavirus and one for adenovirus. Co-infections with these viruses were detected in eight samples. Our data demonstrate a high frequency of viral respiratory infections, emphasizing the need for a more accurate diagnosis particularly for the emerging respiratory viruses. The fact that the emerging respiratory viruses were present in 9.2% of the tested samples suggests that these viruses could be important respiratory pathogens in the country.

scholarly journals Role of Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Pediatric Pneumonia

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 2048
Author(s):  
Sonia Bianchini ◽  
Ettore Silvestri ◽  
Alberto Argentiero ◽  
Valentina Fainardi ◽  
Giovanna Pisi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Supportive Therapy ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Single Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Rsv Infection ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Tract Infections

Respiratory viral infections represent the leading cause of hospitalization in infants and young children worldwide and the second leading cause of infant mortality. Among these, Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) represents the main cause of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) in young children worldwide. RSV manifestation can range widely from mild upper respiratory infections to severe respiratory infections, mainly bronchiolitis and pneumonia, leading to hospitalization, serious complications (such as respiratory failure), and relevant sequalae in childhood and adulthood (wheezing, asthma, and hyperreactive airways). There are no specific clinical signs or symptoms that can distinguish RSV infection from other respiratory pathogens. New multiplex platforms offer the possibility to simultaneously identify different pathogens, including RSV, with an accuracy similar to that of single polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the majority of cases. At present, the treatment of RSV infection relies on supportive therapy, mainly consisting of oxygen and hydration. Palivizumab is the only prophylactic method available for RSV infection. Advances in technology and scientific knowledge have led to the creation of different kinds of vaccines and drugs to treat RSV infection. Despite the good level of these studies, there are currently few registered strategies to prevent or treat RSV due to difficulties related to the unpredictable nature of the disease and to the specific target population.

scholarly journals Respiratory Viruses Associated With Acute Wheezing in Hospitalized Young Children in Jordan

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olajumoke O Fadugba ◽  
Zaid Haddadin ◽  
Sylvie Muhimpundu ◽  
Samir Faouri ◽  
Asem Shehabi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Hospitalized Children ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Recurrent Wheezing ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Viral Surveillance

Abstract A cross-sectional viral surveillance study of hospitalized children less than 2 years of old in Amman, Jordan, noted that respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus, but not human rhinovirus, were associated with higher odds of acute wheezing. Future longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate the association between early childhood viral acute respiratory infections and recurrent wheezing later in childhood.

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