scholarly journals Genomics analysis of hexanoic acid exposure in Drosophila species

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph D. Coolon ◽  
Zachary Drum ◽  
Stephen Lanno ◽  
Sara Gregory ◽  
Serena Shimshak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Octanoic Acid ◽  
Acid Resistance ◽  
Hexanoic Acid ◽  
Morinda Citrifolia ◽  
Ecological Communities ◽  
Transcriptional Responses ◽  
Dietary Specialization ◽  
Generalist Species ◽  
Seychelles Islands ◽  
High Concentrations

Drosophila sechellia is a dietary specialist endemic to the Seychelles islands that has evolved to consume the fruit of Morinda citrifolia. When ripe, the fruit of M. citrifolia contains octanoic acid and hexanoic acid, two medium chain fatty acid volatiles that deter and are toxic to generalist insects D. sechellia has evolved resistance to these volatiles allowing it to feed almost exclusively on this host plant. The genetic basis of octanoic acid resistance has been the focus of multiple recent studies, but the mechanisms that govern hexanoic acid resistance in <D. sechellia remain unknown. To understand how D. sechellia has evolved to specialize on M. citrifolia fruit and avoid the toxic effects of hexanoic acid, we exposed adult D. sechellia, D. melanogaster and D. simulans to hexanoic acid and performed RNA sequencing comparing their transcriptional responses to identify D. sechellia specific responses. Our analysis identified many more genes responding transcriptionally to hexanoic acid in the susceptible generalist species than in the specialist D. sechellia. Interrogation of the sets of differentially expressed genes showed that generalists regulated the expression of many genes involved in metabolism and detoxification whereas the specialist primarily downregulated genes involved in the innate immunity. Using these data we have identified interesting candidate genes that may be critically important in aspects of adaptation to their food source that contains high concentrations of HA. Understanding how gene expression evolves during dietary specialization is crucial for our understanding of how ecological communities are built and how evolution shapes trophic interactions.

scholarly journals Changes in Phenols, Polysaccharides and Volatile Profiles of Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) Juice during Fermentation

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (9) ◽  
pp. 2604
Author(s):  
Zhulin Wang ◽  
Rong Dou ◽  
Ruili Yang ◽  
Kun Cai ◽  
Congfa Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Octanoic Acid ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Hexanoic Acid ◽  
Morinda Citrifolia ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Aroma Characteristics ◽  
Volatile Profiles ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Aroma Components

The change in phenols, polysaccharides and volatile profiles of noni juice from laboratory- and factory-scale fermentation was analyzed during a 63-day fermentation process. The phenol and polysaccharide contents and aroma characteristics clearly changed according to fermentation scale and time conditions. The flavonoid content in noni juice gradually increased with fermentation. Seventy-three volatile compounds were identified by solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS). Methyl hexanoate, 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol, octanoic acid, hexanoic acid and 2-heptanone were found to be the main aroma components of fresh and fermented noni juice. A decrease in octanoic acid and hexanoic acid contents resulted in the less pungent aroma in noni juice from factory-scale fermentation. The results of principal component analysis of the electronic nose suggested that the difference in nitrogen oxide, alkanes, alcohols, and aromatic and sulfur compounds, contributed to the discrimination of noni juice from different fermentation times and scales.

scholarly journals A potential role for the gut microbiota in the specialisation of Drosophila sechellia to its toxic host noni (Morinda citrifolia)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chloe Heys ◽  
Adam M Fisher ◽  
Andrea D Dewhurst ◽  
Zenobia Lewis ◽  
Anne Lize
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Lactobacillus Plantarum ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Octanoic Acid ◽  
Acid Resistance ◽  
Morinda Citrifolia ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Drosophila Sechellia ◽  
Series Of Experiments

Adaptation to a novel food source can have significant evolutionary advantages. The fruit fly, Drosophila sechellia, is a specialist of the toxic plant noni (Morinda citrifolia). Little is known as to how D. sechellia has become resistant to the toxins in the fruit - comprised predominantly of octanoic acid - but to date, the behavioural preferences for the fruit and genetic architecture underlying them, have been well studied. Here, we examine whether the gut microbiota could have played a role in adaptation to the fruit. In the first series of experiments, we examine the gut microbiota of wild-type, laboratory reared flies and characterise the gut microbiota when reared on the natural host plant, versus a standard Drosophila diet. We show a rapid transition in the core bacterial diversity and abundance within this species and discover sole precedence of Lactobacillus plantarum when reared on M. citrifolia. We also discover that flies reared on a laboratory diet are more likely to carry bacterial pathogens such as Bacillus cereus, although their function in Drosophila is unknown. Flies reared on a laboratory diet have a significantly reduced weight but with no impact on the risk of death before adulthood, when compared to the wild noni diet. In the second series of experiments, we examine the potential role of the gut microbiota in adaptation to octanoic acid resistance in this species and its sister species, Drosophila melanogaster, to which the fruit is usually fatal. We use a combination of methods to analyse resistance to octanoic acid by conducting life history analysis, behavioural assays and bacterial analysis in both D. sechellia and D. melanogaster. We find that by creating experimental evolution lines of D. melanogaster supplemented with gut microbiota from D. sechellia, we can decrease D. melanogaster aversion to octanoic acid, with the flies even preferring to feed on food supplemented with the acid. We suggest this represents the first step in the evolutionary and ecological specialisation of D. sechellia to its toxic host plant, and that the gut microbiota, Lactobacillus plantarum in particular, may have played a key role in host specialisation.

DEODORIZING MORINDA CITRIFOLIA (MENGKUDU) STRONG ODOR JUICE BY β-CYCLODEXTRIN-ORGANIC ACIDS INCLUSION

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeap Shong Yien ◽  
Osman Hassan ◽  
Saiful Irwan Zubairi
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Melting Point ◽  
Inclusion Complex ◽  
Octanoic Acid ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Decanoic Acid ◽  
Hexanoic Acid ◽  
Morinda Citrifolia ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Clinical Practices

Morinda citrifolia (noni) which is locally known as mengkudu in Malaysia, is a small evergreen tree usually found growing in open coastal regions at sea level and in forest areas. It has been reported to have  various therapeutic effects, including having anticancer activities, in clinical practices and laboratory animal models. However, consumers mostly avoid consuming mengkudu products due to  mengkudu’s sensory properties such as a strong rancid-like odor that is released when the mengkudu fruit is fully ripe. Therefore, this study was  conducted to determine the effectiveness of β-cyclodextrin in deodorizing the unpleasant odors in mengkudu juice which are mainly caused by medium chain fatty acids such as hexanoic acid, octanoic acid and decanoic acid. Initially, the optimal molar ratio for the encapsulation of hexanoic, octanoic and decanoic acid by β-cyclodextrin was constructed as a model system prior to the encapsulation of the juice. The formation of inclusion complex between all acids and β-cyclodextrin was verified by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Next, four dry weight ratios of mengkudu juice to β–cyclodextrin (1:0.5, 1:1, 1:1.5 and 1:2) were selected to determine the degree of the effectiveness of β-cyclodextrin in encapsulating unpleasant odors via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Based on the results, inclusion complex formation was confirmed by DSC through the disappearance of a melting point for pure acid, and shifting to a lower melting point from the pure β–cyclodextrin after the encapsulation process. Moreover, there were significant differences observed between hexanoic acid and octanoic acid content in the mengkudu juice before and after adding β-cyclodextrin (p<0.05). On the other hand, the results obtained from GC-MS and sensory evaluation had contributed to an optimum entrapment of fatty acids at the optimal dry weight ratio of 1:0.5 (dry weight of mengkudu: β-cyclodextrin). Hence, the ability of β-cyclodextrin as a masking agent has been proven to be able to reduce the odor-based fatty acids in mengkudu juice.

scholarly journals The Influence of Manganese on Growth Processes of Hordeum L. (Poaceae) Seedlings

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1009
Author(s):  
Kirill Tkachenko ◽  
Irina Kosareva ◽  
Marina Frontasyeva
Keyword(s):  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Acid Resistance ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Acidic Soils ◽  
Baltic Countries ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Northern Territories ◽  
Cis Countries ◽  
The Baltic

Manganese, as one of the xenobionts, belongs to the group of heavy metals, which, in high concentrations, can negatively affect the development of plants. In small concentrations, it is necessary for plants for normal growth and development. It is present in soils and is available to plants to varying degrees. In acidic soils, it often acts as a toxic element, and plants do not develop well and can even die. Screening major crops for manganese tolerance is essential. Based on the analysis of the collection of barley (Hordeum L., Poaceae), the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR) presented data that manganese-tolerant varieties and samples are concentrated in western and northern countries with a wide distribution of soils with low pH levels and high contents of mobile manganese. It follows from the diagnostic results that the maximum number of barley genotypes resistant to manganese is concentrated in Sweden, Finland, the northwestern and northern regions of the CIS countries, and the Russian Federation. In most cases, the samples tolerant to Al showed resistance to Mn as well, which is of great interest for further study of the mechanisms of plant resistance to these stressors. As a rule, samples from the northern territories—zones of distribution of acidic soils—were highly resistant. In this case, the role of the species belonging to the sample was leveled out. The highlighted areas (Scandinavia (Finland, Sweden), northern and northwestern regions of Russia, Belarus, and the Baltic countries) are sources of germplasm valuable for selection for acid resistance of barley.

Effect of maceration time and the addition of enzymes on the amino acid composition of musts and wines and its influence on wine aroma Influencia del tiempo de maceración y de la adición de enzimas sobre la composición de los aminoácidos de mostos y vinos y su relación con el aroma

1998 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 407-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Hernandez Orte ◽  
A. Guitart ◽  
V. Ferreira ◽  
J. Gracia ◽  
J. Cacho
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Octanoic Acid ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Isoamyl Alcohol ◽  
Hexanoic Acid ◽  
Wine Aroma ◽  
Grape Variety ◽  
Relative Composition ◽  
Ethyl Octanoate

The purpose of this work is to study the effect of maceration time (with and without pectolitic en zyme addition) on the concentrations of 18 amino acids found in must and wines of the Macabeo grape variety. The presence of enzymes had a significant effect on the relative composition of the amino acids. The maceration process, with or without enzymes, led to a decrease in amino acid con tent after 2 h of maceration. After 2 h the solid parts of the grape released amino acids into the must, with the maximum concentration reached after 6 h. A certain degree of correlation given by principal component analysis was observed between the concentration of valine, isoleucine and histidine present in the musts and the aromatic compounds in the wines related to the metabolism of the fatty acids (hexanoic acid, octanoic acid, ethyl octanoate, hexanoate and decanoate). For the wines, a high corre lation was found between valine and isobutanol and a lower value for valine with isoamyl alcohol and β-phenyl ethanol.

scholarly journals The genetics of resistance to Morinda fruit toxin during the postembryonic stages in Drosophila sechellia

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Huang ◽  
Deniz Erezyilmaz
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Octanoic Acid ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Morinda Citrifolia ◽  
Host Plant Specialization ◽  
Drosophila Sechellia ◽  
Single Host ◽  
High Resolution Analysis ◽  
Resolution Analysis

Many phytophagous insect species are ecologic specialists that have adapted to utilize a single host plant. Drosophila sechellia is a specialist that utilizes the ripe fruit of Morinda citrifolia, which is toxic to its sibling species, D. simulans. Here we apply multiplexed shotgun genotyping and QTL analysis to examine the genetic basis of resistance to M. citrifolia fruit toxin in interspecific hybrids. We find that at least four dominant and four recessive loci interact additively to confer resistance to the M. citrifolia fruit toxin. These QTL include a dominant locus of large effect on the third chromosome (QTL-IIIsima) that was not detected in previous analyses. The small-effect loci that we identify overlap with regions that were identified in selection experiments with D. simulans on octanoic acid and in QTL analyses of adult resistance to octanoic acid. Our high-resolution analysis sheds new light upon the complexity of M. citrifolia resistance, and suggests that partial resistance to lower levels of M. citrifolia toxin could be passed through introgression from D. sechellia to D. simulans in nature. The identification of a locus of major effect, QTL-IIIsima, is an important step towards identifying the molecular basis of host plant specialization by D. sechellia.

scholarly journals Genetic basis of octanoic acid resistance inDrosophila sechellia: functional analysis of a fine-mapped region

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 1148-1160 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Andrade López ◽  
S. M. Lanno ◽  
J. M. Auerbach ◽  
E. C. Moskowitz ◽  
L. A. Sligar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Analysis ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Octanoic Acid ◽  
Acid Resistance

scholarly journals The genetic basis of larval resistance to a host plant toxin in Drosophila sechellia

2001 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
CORBIN D. JONES
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Octanoic Acid ◽  
Morinda Citrifolia ◽  
Fourth Chromosome ◽  
Plant Toxin ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Resistance Factors ◽  
Drosophila Sechellia ◽  
Close Relatives

The larvae of Drosophila sechellia are highly resistant to octanoic acid, a toxin found in D. sechellia's host plant, Morinda citrifolia. In contrast, close relatives of D. sechellia, D. simulans and D. melanogaster, are not resistant. In a series of interspecific backcrosses, 11 genetic markers were used to map factors affecting egg-to-adult (‘larval’) resistance in D. sechellia. The third chromosome harbours at least one partially dominant resistance factor. The second chromosome carries at least two mostly dominant resistance factors but no recessive factors. However, neither the X chromosome – which contains 20% of D. sechellia's genome – nor the fourth chromosome appear to affect resistance. These data suggest that larval resistance to Morinda toxin may involve only a handful of genes. These results, when compared with a previous analysis of adult resistance to Morinda toxin in D. sechellia, suggest that larval resistance may involve a subset of the genes underlying adult resistance.

scholarly journals Relative contribution of ecological and biological attributes in the fine-grain structure of ant-plant networks

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecilia Díaz-Castelazo ◽  
Victor Rico-Gray
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Heterogeneity ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Grain Structure ◽  
Ecological Communities ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Generalist Species ◽  
Facultative Mutualism ◽  
Interacting Species ◽  
Biotic Defense ◽  
Fine Grain

Background. Ecological communities of interacting species analyzed as complex networks, revealed that species dependence on their counterpart is more complex than expected at random. For ant-plant networks (mediated by extrafloral nectar), links among species are asymmetric (nested), forming a core of generalist species. Proposed factors affecting network organization include encounter probability (species abundances, habitat heterogeneity), behavior, phylogeny and body size. While the importance of underlying factors that influence structure of ant-plant networks have been separately explored, simultaneous contribution of several biological and ecological attributes inherent to the species, guild or habitat level have not been addressed. Methods. For a tropical seasonal site we recorded frequency of pairwise ant-plant interactions mediated by extrafloral nectaries, attributes of interacting species, habitat attributes, cover of plants with EFNs, and studied the resultant network structure. We addressed for the first time the role of mechanistic versus neutral determinants at the “fine-grain” structure (pairwise interactions) of ant-plant networks, studying the simultaneous contribution of several plant, ant, and habitat attributes in prevailing interactions as well as in overall network topology (community). Results. Our studied network was highly-nested, non-modular, with core species in general having high species strengths (higher strength values for ants than plants) and low specialization; plants had higher dependences on their counterparts. The significant factor explaining network and fine-grain structure was habitat heterogeneity in vegetation structure (open vs. shaded habitats), with no evidence of neutral (abundance) effects. Discussion. Core ant species are relevant to most plants species at the network, the latter depending more on the former, core ants showing adaptations to nectar consumption and deterrent behavior, suggestive of potential biotic defense at a community scale. At our study site spatiotemporal heterogeneity is so strong, that emerges at community-level structural properties, depicting influence of abiotic factors in facultative mutualism. Frequent occurrence of morphologically-diverse EFNs at all habitats suggests plasticity in plant strategies for biotic defense provided by ants.

scholarly journals Yeast-Free Doughs by Zymomonas mobilis: Evaluation of Technological and Fermentation Performances by Using a Metabolomic Approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 792 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Nissen ◽  
Manuela Rollini ◽  
Claudia Picozzi ◽  
Alida Musatti ◽  
Roberto Foschino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zymomonas Mobilis ◽  
Octanoic Acid ◽  
Hexanoic Acid ◽  
Ethyl Esters ◽  
Diethyl Ester ◽  
Pentanoic Acid ◽  
Butanoic Acid ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Metabolomic Approach ◽  
Better Than

This research focuses on the leavening performances and development of volatile compounds of three strains of Zymomonas mobilis in the production of yeast-free doughs. Z. mobilis DSM 3580, 424, and 473 were used in doughs supplemented with glucose and with or without NaCl. Z. mobilis produced about 10 mg ethanol/g dough, with maximum dough volumes (640–680 mL) being reached after 2 h leavening. NaCl addition postponed this parameter up to 6 h. Among organic acids, hexanoic acid resulted the highest produced compound; DSM 424 and 473 formed more propanoic, butanoic and pentanoic acid, being both negatively affected by NaCl. Esters were mainly discriminated on NaCl addition, with octanoic acid (DSM 3580), butanoic acid (DSM 424), and propanoic acid (DSM 473) ethyl esters as main components. DSM 3580 specifically produced 2-heptanal, DSM 424 2-hexadecenal, (E) and DSM 473 octanal, while DSM 424 and DSM 473 produced 2-butanone-4-hydroxy better than DSM 3580. Z. mobilis unique signatures were the production of nonanoic and undecanoic acids, 2-hexadecenal, (E), L(+)-tartaric acid diethyl ester and 3-decen-5-one, 4-methyl, (E). This outcome can pave the way for using Z. mobilis in baking goods, providing innovation possibilities in the area of yeast-free leavened products.

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