scholarly journals Reward and expectancy effects on neural signals of motor preparation and execution

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xing-Jie Chen ◽  
Berry van den Berg ◽  
Youngbin Kwak
Keyword(s):  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Motor Preparation ◽  
Expectancy Effects ◽  
Response Preparation ◽  
Neural Signals ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Neural Processes ◽  
Power Prior ◽  
Task Conditions

The prospect of rewards can have strong modulatory effects on response preparation. Importantly, selection and execution of movements in real life happens under an environment characterized by uncertainty and dynamic changes. The current study investigated how the brain's motor system adapts to the dynamic changes in the environment in pursuit of rewards. In addition, we studied how the prefrontal cognitive control system contributes in this adaptive control of motor behavior. To this end, we tested the effect of rewards and expectancy on the hallmark neural signals that reflect activity in motor and prefrontal systems, the lateralized readiness potential (LRP) and the mediofrontal (mPFC) theta oscillations, while participants performed an expected and unexpected action to retrieve rewards. To better capture the dynamic changes in neural processes represented in the LRP waveform, we decomposed the LRP into the preparation (LRPprep) and execution (LRPexec) components. The overall pattern of LRPprep and LRPexec confirmed that they each reflect motor preparation based on the expectancy and motor execution when making a response that is either or not in line with the expectations. In the comparison of LRP magnitude across task conditions, we found a greater LRPprep when large rewards were more likely, reflecting a greater motor preparation to obtain larger rewards. We also found a greater LRPexec when large rewards were presented unexpectedly, suggesting a greater motor effort placed for executing a correct movement when presented with large rewards. In the analysis of mPFC theta, we found a greater theta power prior to performing an unexpected than expected response, indicating its contribution in response conflict resolution. Collectively, these results demonstrate an optimized motor control to maximize rewards under the dynamic changes of real-life environment.

scholarly journals Analysis of Dynamic Changes in Cognitive Workload During Cardiac Surgery Perfusionists′ Interactions With the Cardiopulmonary Bypass Pump

2020 ◽  
pp. 001872082097629
Author(s):  
Lauren R. Kennedy-Metz ◽  
Roger D. Dias ◽  
Rithy Srey ◽  
Geoffrey C. Rance ◽  
Heather M. Conboy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Surgery ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Bypass ◽  
Heart Surgery ◽  
Time Windows ◽  
Open Heart Surgery ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Skin Incision ◽  
Cognitive Workload ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Pump Operation

Objective This novel preliminary study sought to capture dynamic changes in heart rate variability (HRV) as a proxy for cognitive workload among perfusionists while operating the cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) pump during real-life cardiac surgery. Background Estimations of operators’ cognitive workload states in naturalistic settings have been derived using noninvasive psychophysiological measures. Effective CPB pump operation by perfusionists is critical in maintaining the patient’s homeostasis during open-heart surgery. Investigation into dynamic cognitive workload fluctuations, and their relationship with performance, is lacking in the literature. Method HRV and self-reported cognitive workload were collected from three Board-certified cardiac perfusionists ( N = 23 cases). Five HRV components were analyzed in consecutive nonoverlapping 1-min windows from skin incision through sternal closure. Cases were annotated according to predetermined phases: prebypass, three phases during bypass, and postbypass. Values from all 1min time windows within each phase were averaged. Results Cognitive workload was at its highest during the time between initiating bypass and clamping the aorta (preclamp phase during bypass), and decreased over the course of the bypass period. Conclusion We identified dynamic, temporal fluctuations in HRV among perfusionists during cardiac surgery corresponding to subjective reports of cognitive workload. Not only does cognitive workload differ for perfusionists during bypass compared with pre- and postbypass phases, but differences in HRV were also detected within the three bypass phases. Application These preliminary findings suggest the preclamp phase of CPB pump interaction corresponds to higher cognitive workload, which may point to an area warranting further exploration using passive measurement.

scholarly journals BOLD Coherence Reveals Segregated Functional Neural Interactions When Adapting to Distinct Torque Perturbations

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 2107-2120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene Tunik ◽  
Paul J. Schmitt ◽  
Scott T. Grafton
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Response Preparation ◽  
Target Capture ◽  
Neural Processes ◽  
Neural Interactions ◽  
The Right ◽  
Level Analysis

In the natural world, we experience and adapt to multiple extrinsic perturbations. This poses a challenge to neural circuits in discriminating between different context-appropriate responses. Using event-related fMRI, we characterized the neural dynamics involved in this process by randomly delivering a position- or velocity-dependent torque perturbation to subjects’ arms during a target-capture task. Each perturbation was color-cued during movement preparation to provide contextual information. Although trajectories differed between perturbations, subjects significantly reduced error under both conditions. This was paralleled by reduced BOLD signal in the right dentate nucleus, the left sensorimotor cortex, and the left intraparietal sulcus. Trials included “NoGo” conditions to dissociate activity related to preparation from execution and adaptation. Subsequent analysis identified perturbation-specific neural processes underlying preparation (“NoGo”) and adaptation (“Go”) early and late into learning. Between-perturbation comparisons of BOLD magnitude revealed negligible differences for both preparation and adaptation trials. However, a network-level analysis of BOLD coherence revealed that by late learning, response preparation (“NoGo”) was attributed to a relative focusing of coherence within cortical and basal ganglia networks in both perturbation conditions, demonstrating a common network interaction for establishing arbitrary visuomotor associations. Conversely, late-learning adaptation (“Go”) was attributed to a focusing of BOLD coherence between a cortical–basal ganglia network in the viscous condition and between a cortical–cerebellar network in the positional condition. Our findings demonstrate that trial-to-trial acquisition of two distinct adaptive responses is attributed not to anatomically segregated regions, but to differential functional interactions within common sensorimotor circuits.

Acceleration

2014 ◽  
pp. 248-256
Keyword(s):  
Real Life ◽  
Visual Presentation ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
The Real ◽  
Life Circumstances

This part of the book provides an occasion to combine visual presentation of concepts related to speed, velocity, and acceleration with the real-life circumstances (such as car or horse races) and at the same time with artistic connotations about motion and artistic responses to it. The goal of this project is to show acceleration, speed, and velocity by producing an image that would look very dynamic. For example, dynamic changes of motion can be presented as a scene with racecars or horses. Connotations related to art may enhance both our knowledge about acceleration and a message it evokes.

scholarly journals Future trends in Neuroimaging: Neural processes as expressed within real-life contexts

NeuroImage ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 1272-1278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uri Hasson ◽  
Christopher J. Honey
Keyword(s):  
Real Life ◽  
Future Trends ◽  
Neural Processes

scholarly journals Frontal and motor cortex contributions to response inhibition: evidence from electrocorticography

2016 ◽  
Vol 115 (4) ◽  
pp. 2224-2236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvonne M. Fonken ◽  
Jochem W. Rieger ◽  
Elinor Tzvi ◽  
Nathan E. Crone ◽  
Edward Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Motor Preparation ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Response Preparation ◽  
Time Frequency ◽  
Beta Power ◽  
High Gamma ◽  
Stop Signal Reaction Time

Changes in the environment require rapid modification or inhibition of ongoing behavior. We used the stop-signal paradigm and intracranial recordings to investigate response preparation, inhibition, and monitoring of task-relevant information. Electrocorticographic data were recorded in eight patients with electrodes covering frontal, temporal, and parietal cortex, and time-frequency analysis was used to examine power differences in the beta (13–30 Hz) and high-gamma bands (60–180 Hz). Over motor cortex, beta power decreased, and high-gamma power increased during motor preparation for both go trials (Go) and unsuccessful stops (US). For successful stops (SS), beta increased, and high-gamma was reduced, indexing the cancellation of the prepared response. In the middle frontal gyrus (MFG), stop signals elicited a transient high-gamma increase. The MFG response occurred before the estimated stop-signal reaction time but did not distinguish between SS and US trials, likely signaling attention to the salient stop stimulus. A postresponse high-gamma increase in MFG was stronger for US compared with SS and absent in Go, supporting a role in behavior monitoring. These results provide evidence for differential contributions of frontal subregions to response inhibition, including motor preparation and inhibitory control in motor cortex and cognitive control and action evaluation in lateral prefrontal cortex.

scholarly journals Attentional Focus, Dispositional Reinvestment, and Skilled Motor Performance under Pressure

2006 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin C. Jackson ◽  
Kelly J. Ashford ◽  
Glen Norsworthy
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Dual Task ◽  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Attentional Focus ◽  
Single Task ◽  
Attentional Processes ◽  
Skilled Performance ◽  
Hockey Players ◽  
Conceptual Distinction ◽  
Task Conditions

Attentional processes governing skilled motor behavior were examined in two studies. In Experiment 1, field hockey players performed a dribbling task under single-task, dual-task, and skill-focused conditions under both low and high pressure situations. In Experiment 2, skilled soccer players performed a dribbling task under single-task, skill-focused, and process-goal conditions, again under low and high pressure situations. Results replicated recent findings regarding the detrimental effect of skill-focused attention and the facilitative effect of dual-task conditions on skilled performance. In addition, focusing on movement related process goals was found to adversely affect performance. Support for the predictive validity of the Reinvestment Scale was also found, with high reinvesters displaying greater susceptibility to skill failure under pressure. Results were consistent with explicit monitoring theories of choking and are further discussed in light of the conceptual distinction between explicit monitoring and reinvestment of conscious control.

Learning Shapes the Representation of Visual Categories in the Aging Human Brain

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 2899-2912 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen D. Mayhew ◽  
Sheng Li ◽  
Joshua K. Storrar ◽  
Kamen A. Tsvetanov ◽  
Zoe Kourtzi
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Category Learning ◽  
Decision Criterion ◽  
Neural Signals ◽  
Cortical Areas ◽  
Sensory Experiences ◽  
Neural Representations ◽  
Neural Processes ◽  
Behavioral Choices ◽  
Posterior Parietal

The ability to make categorical decisions and interpret sensory experiences is critical for survival and interactions across the lifespan. However, little is known about the human brain mechanisms that mediate the learning and representation of visual categories in aging. Here we combine behavioral measurements and fMRI measurements to investigate the neural processes that mediate flexible category learning in the aging human brain. Our findings show that training changes the decision criterion (i.e., categorical boundary) that young and older observers use for making categorical judgments. Comparing the behavioral choices of human observers with those of a pattern classifier based upon multivoxel fMRI signals, we demonstrate learning-dependent changes in similar cortical areas for young and older adults. In particular, we show that neural signals in occipito-temporal and posterior parietal regions change through learning to reflect the perceived visual categories. Information in these areas about the perceived visual categories is preserved in aging, whereas information content is compromised in more anterior parietal and frontal circuits. Thus, these findings provide novel evidence for flexible category learning in aging that shapes the neural representations of visual categories to reflect the observers' behavioral judgments.

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal neural correlates of brain-computer interface learning

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Constance Corsi ◽  
Mario Chavez ◽  
Denis Schwartz ◽  
Nathalie George ◽  
Laurent Hugueville ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skill Acquisition ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Good Control ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Related Activity ◽  
Computer Interfaces ◽  
Neural Processes ◽  
Communication Control

AbstractBrain-computer interfaces have been largely developed to allow communication, control, and neurofeedback in human beings. Despite their great potential, BCIs perform inconsistently across individuals. Moreover, the neural processes activated by training that enable humans to achieve good control remain poorly understood. In this study, we show that BCI skill acquisition is paralleled by a progressive reinforcement of task-related activity and by the reduction of connectivity between regions beyond those primarily targeted during the experiments. Notably, these patterns of activity and connectivity reflect growing automaticity and predict future BCI performance. Altogether, our findings provide new insights in the neural mechanisms underlying BCI learning, which have implications for the use of this technology in a broad range of real-life applications.

scholarly journals Synchrony of mind and body are distinct in mother-child dyads

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Reindl ◽  
Sam Wass ◽  
Victoria Leong ◽  
Wolfgang Scharke ◽  
Sandra Wistuba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Neural Synchrony ◽  
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Interpersonal Synchrony ◽  
Neural Processes ◽  
Behavioral Synchrony ◽  
Mind And Body ◽  
The Brain

AbstractHyperscanning studies have begun to unravel the brain mechanisms underlying social interaction, indicating a functional role for interpersonal neural synchronization (INS), yet the mechanisms that drive INS are poorly understood. While interpersonal synchrony is considered a multimodal phenomenon, it is not clear how different biological and behavioral synchrony markers are related to each other. The current study, thus, addresses whether INS is functionally-distinct from synchrony in other systems – specifically the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and motor behavior. To test this, we used a novel methodological approach, based on concurrent functional near-infrared spectroscopy-electrocardiography, recorded while N = 34 mother-child and stranger-child dyads (child mean age 14 years) engaged in cooperative and competitive tasks. Results showed a marked differentiation between neural, ANS and behavioral synchrony. Importantly, only in the neural domain was higher synchrony for mother-child compared to stranger-child dyads observed. Further, ANS and neural synchrony were positively related during competition but not during cooperation. These results suggest that synchrony in different behavioral and biological systems may reflect distinct processes. Mother-child INS may arise due to neural processes related to social affiliation, which go beyond shared arousal and similarities in behavior.

scholarly journals URBAN ARCHITECTURE AS A TRANSFORMATION OF IDENTITY

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 329-334
Author(s):  
Yohannes Firzal
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Cultural Change ◽  
Cultural Production ◽  
Iterative Process ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Urban Society ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Collective Identities ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Urban Architecture

Identity of place can be changed and reconstructed. This is seen as capable of supporting dynamic changes in real life through the transformation of practices and the articulation of social relations. In this sense, the identity is affected by culture and cultural production, and is an unfixed, unfinished and varying process that affects both the place and society. By using a qualitative approach, this study investigates the influence of Malay culture in Pekanbaru city. The field data are grouped, analysed, and interpreted within an iterative process to expand understanding of the processes of reconstructing identity, and how the identity on the margins becomes an exclusive set of collective identities. Thus, this paper shows connections between the culture and identity of place which is identified through architecture and socio‐cultural change in urban society.

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