Unraveling the regulatory role of miRNAs responsible for proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in the underutilized legume Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC.

The underutilized legume winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC.) is deposited with various degrees of proanathocyanidin (PA) or condensed tannin (CT) on its seed-coat. PA content of two different lines of P. tetragonolobus was estimated and accordingly they were denoted as high-proanthocyanidin containing winged bean (HPW) and low-proanthocyanidin containing winged bean (LPW). The level of PA-content varied as 59.23 mg/g in HPW and 8.68 mg/g in LPW when estimated through vanillin-HCl assay. The identification and quantification of catechin and epigallocatechin gallate were estimated in a range of 63.8 mg/g and 2.3 mg/g respectively in HPW whereas only epigallocatechin gallate was reported in LPW line with a value of 3 mg/g. A comparative miRNA profiling of the leaf-tissues of these contrasting lines of P. tetragonolobus revealed a total of 139 mature miRNAs. Isoforms of known novel miRNAs were also identified in this study. Differentially expressed miRNAs e.g., miR156, miR396, miR4414b, miR4416c, miR894, miR2111 and miR5139 were validated through qRT-PCR analysis. Target prediction of the identified miRNAs especially miR156, miR396, miR4416b shows that they have a potential role in the proanthocyanidin biosynthesis of P. tetragonolobus. The study will provide the basis for understanding the role of miRNAs in regulating the biosynthesis of proanthocyanidin.

Download Full-text

Functional validation of Winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC.) anthocyanidin synthase (Wb ANS) gene through virus-induced gene silencing

10.21203/rs.3.rs-768662/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Vinayak Singh ◽

Verandra Kumar ◽

Rayees Ahmad Lone ◽

Chandra Sekhar Mohanty

Keyword(s):

Gene Silencing ◽

Candidate Gene ◽

Condensed Tannin ◽

Winged Bean ◽

Virus Induced Gene Silencing ◽

Functional Validation ◽

Psophocarpus Tetragonolobus ◽

Anthocyanidin Synthase ◽

Underutilized Legume

Abstract Background Histochemical and microscopic observations of various tissues of the underutilized legume winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC.) indicated that the plant and its various parts are highly infested with condensed tannin (CT). Characterization of CT was carried out through the quantification of its structural-monomeric units catechin and epicatechin. The responsible candidate gene for anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) biosynthesis was identified, phylogenetically mapped and manipulated for lowering the CT-content. Results Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) was employed for silencing of WbANS transcript. WbANS-VIGS induction resulted in four-fold decrease in condensed tannin biosynthesis in P. tetragonolobus. Conclusion As condensed tannin adversely affects digestion and considered as an anti-nutrient, so this study might be helpful in future for altering the biosynthesis of condensed tannin by manipulating the ANS-encoding molecular factors.

Download Full-text

Trypsin inhibitor activity in winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) and the possible role of tannin

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry ◽

10.1021/jf60229a042 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 28 (3) ◽

pp. 533-536 ◽

Cited By ~ 56

Author(s):

Benito O. De Lumen ◽

Lourdes A. Salamat

Keyword(s):

Trypsin Inhibitor ◽

Winged Bean ◽

Trypsin Inhibitor Activity ◽

Psophocarpus Tetragonolobus ◽

Inhibitor Activity

Download Full-text

Nutrient and Antinutrient Composition of Winged Bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC.) Seeds and Tubers

Journal of Food Quality ◽

10.1155/2019/3075208 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Taofeek T. Adegboyega ◽

Michael T. Abberton ◽

AbdelAziz H. AbdelGadir ◽

Mahamadi Dianda ◽

Busie Maziya-Dixon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Protein Content ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Winged Bean ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Psophocarpus Tetragonolobus ◽

Bean Flour ◽

Nutritional Characteristics ◽

Sub Saharan ◽

Underutilized Legume

Many people in sub-Saharan Africa suffer from protein malnutrition; this results in negative health and economic impacts. Winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC.) is a tropical underutilized legume with beneficial nutritional characteristics such as high protein content, which may help to alleviate these problems. The proximate composition (fat, moisture content, crude protein, ash, and carbohydrate) and antinutrient (tannin and phytate) level of winged bean seeds and tubers were determined using 50 accessions. In the processed seeds, accession Tpt17 had the highest protein content (40.30%) and Tpt48 the lowest (34.18%). In the unprocessed seeds, Tpt17 also recorded the highest crude protein (31.13%) with Tpt125 having the lowest (28.43%). In the tubers, protein content ranged from 19.07% (Tpt42) to 12.26% (Tpt10). The moisture content in the processed seeds ranged from 8.51% (Tpt42) to 6.72% (Tpt6); in the unprocessed seeds, it was between 8.53% (Tpt53) and 3.76% (Tpt14). In the processed seeds, the values of ash ranged from 4.93% (Tpt126) to 4.45% (Tpt15-4); in the unprocessed seeds, it ranged from 4.98% (Tpt17) to 4.55% (Tpt125). In the processed seeds, the fat content ranged from 18.91% (Tpt51) to 14.09% (Tp43) while in the unprocessed seeds, the values ranged from 19.01% (Tpt15) to 13.87% (Tpt3-B). The crude fiber in the processed samples ranged from 13.82% (Tpt6) to 10.40% (Tpt125) while in the unprocessed seeds, it ranged from 7.29% in Tpt51 to 4.83% in Tpt11. Carbohydrate content in the processed seeds ranged from 26.30% (Tpt3-B) to 20.94% (Tpt125) and 39.76% in Tpt3-B to 34.53% in Tpt18 in the unprocessed seeds. The tannin and phytate contents showed remarkably significant differences. In the tubers harvested, significant variation was observed in the parameters evaluated. Winged bean flour could be formulated into various meals for children and adults to reduce malnutrition in sub-Saharan Africa.

Download Full-text

Origin and diversification of winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC.), a multipurpose underutilized legume

American Journal of Botany ◽

10.1002/ajb2.1093 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 105 (5) ◽

pp. 888-897 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Shuyi Yang ◽

Aurélie Grall ◽

Mark A. Chapman

Keyword(s):

Winged Bean ◽

Psophocarpus Tetragonolobus ◽

Underutilized Legume

Download Full-text

Mesophyll conductance: the leaf corridors for photosynthesis

Biochemical Society Transactions ◽

10.1042/bst20190312 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 48 (2) ◽

pp. 429-439 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Jorge Gago ◽

Danilo M. Daloso ◽

Marc Carriquí ◽

Miquel Nadal ◽

Melanie Morales ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Main Role ◽

Mesophyll Conductance ◽

Future Studies ◽

Cell Structures ◽

Leaf Tissues ◽

Change Framework ◽

Chloroplast Stroma

Besides stomata, the photosynthetic CO2 pathway also involves the transport of CO2 from the sub-stomatal air spaces inside to the carboxylation sites in the chloroplast stroma, where Rubisco is located. This pathway is far to be a simple and direct way, formed by series of consecutive barriers that the CO2 should cross to be finally assimilated in photosynthesis, known as the mesophyll conductance (gm). Therefore, the gm reflects the pathway through different air, water and biophysical barriers within the leaf tissues and cell structures. Currently, it is known that gm can impose the same level of limitation (or even higher depending of the conditions) to photosynthesis than the wider known stomata or biochemistry. In this mini-review, we are focused on each of the gm determinants to summarize the current knowledge on the mechanisms driving gm from anatomical to metabolic and biochemical perspectives. Special attention deserve the latest studies demonstrating the importance of the molecular mechanisms driving anatomical traits as cell wall and the chloroplast surface exposed to the mesophyll airspaces (Sc/S) that significantly constrain gm. However, even considering these recent discoveries, still is poorly understood the mechanisms about signaling pathways linking the environment a/biotic stressors with gm responses. Thus, considering the main role of gm as a major driver of the CO2 availability at the carboxylation sites, future studies into these aspects will help us to understand photosynthesis responses in a global change framework.

Download Full-text

The role of inflammation in recent-onset dilated cardiomyopathy

European Heart Journal ◽

10.1093/ehjci/ehaa946.2101 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 41 (Supplement_2) ◽

Author(s):

A Chaloupka ◽

J Krejci ◽

H Poloczkova ◽

P Hude ◽

E Ozabalova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dilated Cardiomyopathy ◽

Left Ventricular ◽

Pcr Analysis ◽

Myocardial Inflammation ◽

Gene Variants ◽

Absolute Increase ◽

Recent Onset ◽

Cardiotropic Viruses

Abstract Background The aetiology of recent-onset dilated cardiomyopathy (RODCM) includes inflammatory, genetic, toxic and metabolic causes. Delineating the role of inflammation on the genetic background could improve risk stratification. Purpose We aimed to ascertain the role of inflammation evaluated by serum CRP immunohistochemical and PCR analysis of endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) in conjunction with genetic testing in left ventricular reverse remodelling (LVRR) in 12-month follow-up. Methods 83 RODCM patients enrolled in this prospective observational study underwent 12-month echocardiographic follow up whole-exome sequencing, and EMB. Presence of cardiotropic viruses was determined by PCR analysis of the EMB samples. Inflammation was defined according to TIMIC immunohistochemical criteria as the presence of >7 CD3+ lymphocytes/mm2 and/or >14 infiltrating leukocytes (LCA+ cells/mm2). LVRR was defined as an absolute increase in LV ejection fraction > +10% and a relative decrease of LV end-diastolic diameter >−10% at 12 months. Results LVRR occurred in 28 (34%) of all cases. PCR analysis uncovered cardiotropic viruses in 55 (66%) patients, with highest prevalence of parvovirus B19 (47%). (Figure 1) EMB analysis detected inflammation in 28 (34%) cases and inflammation significantly positively predicted LVRR (P=0.019). Sequencing identified disease-related gene variants (ACMG class 3–5) in 45 (54%) patients. Carriers of non-titin gene variants showed a lowest probability of 12-month LVRR (19%) P=0.041. Combination of genetic findings and inflammation did not improve the prediction of LVRR in 12 months. (Table 1) Conclusion Both myocardial inflammation and disease-causing variants can be identified in a large proportion of RODCM cases. Prognostic value of CRP and virus detection is low. Non-titin disease-related variants carriers of are less likely to reach LVRR. In contrast, myocardial inflammation detected by EMB predicts favourable remodelling in 12 months. Figure 1 Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: None

Download Full-text

Effect of hydro-, halo- and osmopriming on seed germination and seedling performance of Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC. (winged bean)

Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology ◽

10.1007/s12892-021-00090-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

V. Kamal Kumar ◽

R. Rajalekshmi

Keyword(s):

Seed Germination ◽

Winged Bean ◽

Psophocarpus Tetragonolobus ◽

Seedling Performance

Download Full-text

Reduction of 3-Deoxyglucosone by Epigallocatechin Gallate Results Partially from an Addition Reaction: The Possible Mechanism of Decreased 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural in Epigallocatechin Gallate-Treated Black Garlic

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26164746 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (16) ◽

pp. 4746

Author(s):

An-Ting Tu ◽

Jer-An Lin ◽

Chieh-Hsiu Lee ◽

Yi-An Chen ◽

Jung-Tsung Wu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Intermediate Product ◽

Aging Process ◽

Addition Reaction ◽

Reaction System ◽

Epigallocatechin Gallate ◽

Structural Identification ◽

Underlying Mechanism ◽

Harmful Substance ◽

Relevant Research

5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) is a harmful substance generated during the processing of black garlic. Our previous research demonstrated that impregnation of black garlic with epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) could reduce the formation of 5-HMF. However, there is still a lack of relevant research on the mechanism and structural identification of EGCG inhibiting the production of 5-HMF. In this study, an intermediate product of 5-HMF, 3-deoxyglucosone (3-DG), was found to be decreased in black garlic during the aging process, and impregnation with EGCG for 24 h further reduced the formation of 3-DG by approximately 60% in black garlic compared with that in the untreated control. The aging-mimicking reaction system of 3-DG + EGCG was employed to determine whether the reduction of 3-DG was the underlying mechanism of decreased 5-HMF formation in EGCG-treated black garlic. The results showed that EGCG accelerated the decrease of 3-DG and further attenuated 5-HMF formation, which may be caused by an additional reaction with 3-DG, as evidenced by LC-MS/MS analysis. In conclusion, this study provides new insights regarding the role of EGCG in blocking 5-HMF formation.

Download Full-text

Spo0A Suppresses sin Locus Expression in Clostridioides difficile

mSphere ◽

10.1128/msphere.00963-20 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (6) ◽

Author(s):

Babita Adhikari Dhungel ◽

Revathi Govind

Keyword(s):

Diarrheal Disease ◽

Toxin Production ◽

The United States ◽

Upstream Region ◽

Pcr Analysis ◽

Bacterial Cells ◽

Master Regulator ◽

Content Type ◽

Clostridioides Difficile

ABSTRACT Clostridioides difficile is the leading cause of nosocomial infection and is the causative agent of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. The severity of the disease is directly associated with toxin production, and spores are responsible for the transmission and persistence of the organism. Previously, we characterized sin locus regulators SinR and SinR′ (we renamed it SinI), where SinR is the regulator of toxin production and sporulation. The SinI regulator acts as its antagonist. In Bacillus subtilis, Spo0A, the master regulator of sporulation, controls SinR by regulating the expression of its antagonist, sinI. However, the role of Spo0A in the expression of sinR and sinI in C. difficile had not yet been reported. In this study, we tested spo0A mutants in three different C. difficile strains, R20291, UK1, and JIR8094, to understand the role of Spo0A in sin locus expression. Western blot analysis revealed that spo0A mutants had increased SinR levels. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis of its expression further supported these data. By carrying out genetic and biochemical assays, we show that Spo0A can bind to the upstream region of this locus to regulates its expression. This study provides vital information that Spo0A regulates the sin locus, which controls critical pathogenic traits such as sporulation, toxin production, and motility in C. difficile. IMPORTANCE Clostridioides difficile is the leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrheal disease in the United States. During infection, C. difficile spores germinate, and the vegetative bacterial cells produce toxins that damage host tissue. In C. difficile, the sin locus is known to regulate both sporulation and toxin production. In this study, we show that Spo0A, the master regulator of sporulation, controls sin locus expression. Results from our study suggest that Spo0A directly regulates the expression of this locus by binding to its upstream DNA region. This observation adds new detail to the gene regulatory network that connects sporulation and toxin production in this pathogen.

Download Full-text