scholarly journals Reduction of 3-Deoxyglucosone by Epigallocatechin Gallate Results Partially from an Addition Reaction: The Possible Mechanism of Decreased 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural in Epigallocatechin Gallate-Treated Black Garlic

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (16) ◽  
pp. 4746
Author(s):  
An-Ting Tu ◽  
Jer-An Lin ◽  
Chieh-Hsiu Lee ◽  
Yi-An Chen ◽  
Jung-Tsung Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intermediate Product ◽  
Aging Process ◽  
Addition Reaction ◽  
Reaction System ◽  
Epigallocatechin Gallate ◽  
Structural Identification ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Harmful Substance ◽  
Relevant Research

5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) is a harmful substance generated during the processing of black garlic. Our previous research demonstrated that impregnation of black garlic with epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) could reduce the formation of 5-HMF. However, there is still a lack of relevant research on the mechanism and structural identification of EGCG inhibiting the production of 5-HMF. In this study, an intermediate product of 5-HMF, 3-deoxyglucosone (3-DG), was found to be decreased in black garlic during the aging process, and impregnation with EGCG for 24 h further reduced the formation of 3-DG by approximately 60% in black garlic compared with that in the untreated control. The aging-mimicking reaction system of 3-DG + EGCG was employed to determine whether the reduction of 3-DG was the underlying mechanism of decreased 5-HMF formation in EGCG-treated black garlic. The results showed that EGCG accelerated the decrease of 3-DG and further attenuated 5-HMF formation, which may be caused by an additional reaction with 3-DG, as evidenced by LC-MS/MS analysis. In conclusion, this study provides new insights regarding the role of EGCG in blocking 5-HMF formation.

scholarly journals A novel strategy for treating cancer: understanding the role of Ca2+ signaling from nociceptive TRP channels in regulating cancer progression

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-Li Hsu ◽  
Mami Noda ◽  
Tohru Yoshioka ◽  
Etsuro Ito
Keyword(s):  
Genomic Instability ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Aging Process ◽  
Transient Receptor Potential ◽  
Trp Channels ◽  
Receptor Potential ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Transient Receptor ◽  
Novel Strategy

Cancer is an aging-associated disease and caused by genomic instability that is driven by the accumulation of mutations and epimutations in the aging process. Although Ca2+ signaling, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, DNA damage response (DDR) and senescence inflammation response (SIR) are processed during genomic instability, the underlying mechanism for the cause of genomic instability and cancer development is still poorly understood and needs to be investigated. Nociceptive transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, which firstly respond to environmental stimuli, such as microbes, chemicals or physical injuries, potentiate regulation of the aging process by Ca2+ signaling. In this review, the authors provide an explanation of the dual role of nociceptive TRP channels in regulating cancer progression, initiating cancer progression by aging-induced genomic instability, and promoting malignancy by epigenetic regulation. Thus, therapeutically targeting nociceptive TRP channels seems to be a novel strategy for treating cancers.

The Formation of Intermediate Product I in a Purified System The Role of Factor IX or of its Precursor and of a Hageman Factor-PTA Fraction

1961 ◽  
Vol 6 (02) ◽  
pp. 224-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. T Yin ◽  
F Duckert
Keyword(s):  
Intermediate Product ◽  
Factor Ix ◽  
Assay Method ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Factor X ◽  
Haemophilia B ◽  
Hageman Factor ◽  
One Stage ◽  
The One

Summary1. The role of two clot promoting fractions isolated from either plasma or serum is studied in a purified system for the generation of intermediate product I in which the serum is replaced by factor X and the investigated fractions.2. Optimal generation of intermediate product I is possible in the purified system utilizing fractions devoid of factor IX one-stage activity. Prothrombin and thrombin are not necessary in this system.3. The fraction containing factor IX or its precursor, no measurable activity by the one-stage assay method, controls the yield of intermediate product I. No similar fraction can be isolated from haemophilia B plasma or serum.4. The Hageman factor — PTA fraction shortens the lag phase of intermediate product I formation and has no influence on the yield. This fraction can also be prepared from haemophilia B plasma or serum.

On everyday academic research

2017 ◽  
pp. 98-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Tirole
Keyword(s):  
Common Good ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Research Quality ◽  
Economic Research ◽  
Relevant Research ◽  
The Common ◽  
Verification Of Models ◽  
Science And Research

In the fourth chapter of the book “The economy of the common good”, the nature of economics as a science and research practices in their theoretical and empirical aspects are discussed. The author considers the processes of modeling, empirical verification of models and evaluation of research quality. In addition, the features of economic cognition and the role of mathematics in economic research are analyzed, including the example of relevant research in game theory and information theory.

scholarly journals The Role of the Reactive Species Involved in the Photocatalytic Degradation of HDPE Microplastics Using C,N-TiO2 Powders

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aranza Denisse Vital-Grappin ◽  
Maria Camila Ariza-Tarazona ◽  
Valeria Montserrat Luna-Hernández ◽  
Juan Francisco Villarreal-Chiu ◽  
Juan Manuel Hernández-López ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Reaction System ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Degradation Process ◽  
Reactive Species ◽  
Hazardous Substances ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Degradation Behaviors ◽  
Environmentally Friendly Process

Microplastics (MPs) are distributed in a wide range of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems throughout the planet. They are known to adsorb hazardous substances and can transfer them across the trophic web. To eliminate MPs pollution in an environmentally friendly process, we propose using a photocatalytic process that can easily be implemented in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). As photocatalysis involves the formation of reactive species such as holes (h+), electrons (e−), hydroxyl (OH●), and superoxide ion (O2●−) radicals, it is imperative to determine the role of those species in the degradation process to design an effective photocatalytic system. However, for MPs, this information is limited in the literature. Therefore, we present such reactive species’ role in the degradation of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) MPs using C,N-TiO2. Tert-butanol, isopropyl alcohol (IPA), Tiron, and Cu(NO3)2 were confirmed as adequate OH●, h+, O2●− and e− scavengers. These results revealed for the first time that the formation of free OH● through the pathways involving the photogenerated e− plays an essential role in the MPs’ degradation. Furthermore, the degradation behaviors observed when h+ and O2●− were removed from the reaction system suggest that these species can also perform the initiating step of degradation.

scholarly journals Inclusive digital finance: the industry of equity crowdfunding

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincenzo Butticè ◽  
Silvio Vismara
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Entrepreneurial Finance ◽  
Industrial Dynamics ◽  
Relevant Research ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Entrepreneurial Ventures ◽  
Equity Crowdfunding ◽  
Recent Developments

AbstractNowadays equity crowdfunding plays an important role in the entrepreneurial finance markets. To better understand the functioning of the industry, it is important to consider the entire equity crowdfunding process and all the actors involved. Equity crowdfunding platforms match indeed the demand of capital from entrepreneurial ventures with the supply of capital by investors. This manuscript is a first step in this direction, by (1) comparing equity crowdfunding with traditional sources of entrepreneurial finance; (2) discussing the potential and the perils of equity crowdfunding for inclusivity and democratization; (3) highlighting the role of visual information in digital finance; and (4) providing first insights on the industrial dynamics in equity crowdfunding. The paper gives researchers and practitioners orientation about recent developments in equity crowdfunding literature and provides relevant research directions.

scholarly journals Kindlin-2 mediates mechanotransduction in bone by regulating expression of Sclerostin in osteocytes

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Qin ◽  
Xuekun Fu ◽  
Jing Ma ◽  
Manxia Lin ◽  
Peijun Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Loss ◽  
Mechanical Stimulation ◽  
Fluid Shear Stress ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Long Bones ◽  
Cell Orientation ◽  
Cytoskeleton Organization

AbstractOsteocytes act as mechanosensors in bone; however, the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. Here we report that deleting Kindlin-2 in osteocytes causes severe osteopenia and mechanical property defects in weight-bearing long bones, but not in non-weight-bearing calvariae. Kindlin-2 loss in osteocytes impairs skeletal responses to mechanical stimulation in long bones. Control and cKO mice display similar bone loss induced by unloading. However, unlike control mice, cKO mice fail to restore lost bone after reloading. Osteocyte Kindlin-2 deletion impairs focal adhesion (FA) formation, cytoskeleton organization and cell orientation in vitro and in bone. Fluid shear stress dose-dependently increases Kindlin-2 expression and decreases that of Sclerostin by downregulating Smad2/3 in osteocytes; this latter response is abolished by Kindlin-2 ablation. Kindlin-2-deficient osteocytes express abundant Sclerostin, contributing to bone loss in cKO mice. Collectively, we demonstrate an indispensable novel role of Kindlin-2 in maintaining skeletal responses to mechanical stimulation by inhibiting Sclerostin expression during osteocyte mechanotransduction.

scholarly journals Rspo3 regulates the abnormal differentiation of small intestinal epithelial cells in diabetic state

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ti-Dong Shan ◽  
Han Yue ◽  
Xue-Guo Sun ◽  
Yue-Ping Jiang ◽  
Li Chen
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Bioinformatics Analysis ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial Cells ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Luciferase Reporter ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Epithelial Stem Cells ◽  
Diabetic State ◽  
Definitive Evidence

Abstract Background The complications caused by diabetes mellitus (DM) are the focus of clinical treatment. However, little is known about diabetic enteropathy (DE) and its potential underlying mechanism. Methods Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and intestinal epithelial stem cells (IESCs) were harvested from BKS.Cg-Dock7m+/+Leprdb/JNju (DM) mice, and the expression of R-Spondin 3 (Rspo3) was detected by RT-qPCR, Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. The role of Rspo3 in the abnormal differentiation of IECs during DM was confirmed by knockdown experiments. Through miRNA expression profiling, bioinformatics analysis, and RT-qPCR, we further analyzed the differentiation-related miRNAs in the IECs from mice with DM. Results Abnormal differentiation of IECs was observed in the mice with DM. The expression of Rspo3 was upregulated in the IECs from the mice with DM. This phenomenon was associated with Rspo3 overexpression. Additionally, Rspo3 is a major determinant of Lgr5+ stem cell identity in the diabetic state. Microarray analysis, bioinformatics analysis, and luciferase reporter assays revealed that microRNA (miR)-380-5p directly targeted Rspo3. Moreover, miR-380-5p upregulation was observed to attenuate the abnormal differentiation of IECs by regulating Rspo3 expression. Conclusions Together, our results provide definitive evidence of the essential role of Rspo3 in the differentiation of IECs in DM.

scholarly journals Roles of the C-Terminal Amino Acids of Non-Hexameric Helicases: Insights from Escherichia coli UvrD

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 1018
Author(s):  
Hiroaki Yokota
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Single Molecule ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
E Coli ◽  
X Ray Crystallography ◽  
Terminal Amino

Helicases are nucleic acid-unwinding enzymes that are involved in the maintenance of genome integrity. Several parts of the amino acid sequences of helicases are very similar, and these quite well-conserved amino acid sequences are termed “helicase motifs”. Previous studies by X-ray crystallography and single-molecule measurements have suggested a common underlying mechanism for their function. These studies indicate the role of the helicase motifs in unwinding nucleic acids. In contrast, the sequence and length of the C-terminal amino acids of helicases are highly variable. In this paper, I review past and recent studies that proposed helicase mechanisms and studies that investigated the roles of the C-terminal amino acids on helicase and dimerization activities, primarily on the non-hexermeric Escherichia coli (E. coli) UvrD helicase. Then, I center on my recent study of single-molecule direct visualization of a UvrD mutant lacking the C-terminal 40 amino acids (UvrDΔ40C) used in studies proposing the monomer helicase model. The study demonstrated that multiple UvrDΔ40C molecules jointly participated in DNA unwinding, presumably by forming an oligomer. Thus, the single-molecule observation addressed how the C-terminal amino acids affect the number of helicases bound to DNA, oligomerization, and unwinding activity, which can be applied to other helicases.

Consumers Complain More Fiercely Through Small-Screen Devices: The Role of Spatial Crowding Perception

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-367
Author(s):  
Yuanyuan Zhou ◽  
Bin Tian ◽  
Tingting Mo ◽  
Zhuoying Fei
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Data ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Screen Size ◽  
Design Elements ◽  
Perception Theory ◽  
Fourth Experiment ◽  
Complaint Behavior ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Small Screen

Previous research has mainly focused on the determinants of consumers’ complaint channel choices. Little attention has been paid to the behavioral consequences of different complaint channels, particularly different complaint devices. Drawing on spatial crowding perception theory, this study finds that in an online complaint context, consumers’ complaint intensity is shaped by complaint devices that differ in screen size. Crowding perception produced by visually restrictive tension mediates the relationship between the screen size of the complaint device and the complaint intensity. The results of secondary data confirm that consumers’ complaint intensity is higher while complaining through a small-screen device (as opposed to a large-screen one). Three scenario-based experiments are conducted to examine the role of perceived spatial crowding in producing a more intense complaint behavior when complaints are submitted through smaller screen devices (as opposed to larger screen devices). The fourth experiment reveals that crowding perception can be lessened by adjusting certain design elements of the interface, ultimately mitigating the intensity of the complaint submitted through a small-screen device. Our research identifies the specific causality and underlying mechanism of the influence of device type on consumers’ postconsumption behavior, thus contributing to clarify some ambiguities in the literature.

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