scholarly journals Habit formation viewed as structural change in the behavioral network

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kota Yamada ◽  
Koji Toda
Keyword(s):  
Structural Change ◽  
Network Structure ◽  
Habit Formation ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
Single System ◽  
Behavioral Studies ◽  
Network Change ◽  
Study Habit ◽  
Goal Directed Behavior

Habit formation is a process in which an action becomes involuntary. While goal-directed behavior is driven by its consequences, habits are elicited by a situation rather than its consequences. Existing theories have proposed that actions are controlled by these two distinct systems. Although canonical theories based on such distinctions are starting to be challenged, there is no theoretical framework that implements goal-directed behavior and habits within a single system. Here, we propose a novel theoretical framework by hypothesizing that behavior is a network composed of several responses. With this framework, we have shown that the transition of goal-directed actions to habits is caused by a change in a single network structure. Furthermore, we confirmed that the proposed network model behaves in a manner consistent with the existing experimental results reported in animal behavioral studies. Our results revealed that habit could be formed under the control of a single system rather than two distinct systems. By capturing habit formation as a single network change, this framework can help study habit formation for experimental and theoretical research.

scholarly journals Exploring the relationship between corporate social responsibility actions and employee retention: A human resource management perspective

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Hajar Boutmaghzoute ◽  
Karim Moustaghfir
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Organizational Identification ◽  
Employee Retention ◽  
Employee Commitment ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Behavioral Factors ◽  
The Relationship

BACKGROUND: This study builds on the little guidance in the existing literature to analyze the relationship between employee-oriented CSR actions and employee retention in a business context, while using Freeman stakeholders’ model as a theoretical research framework. This research also aims to shed light on significant behavioral factors facilitating the relationship between CSR endeavors and turnover rate. OBJECTIVE: This paper builds on the existing research gap in the literature and suggests that behavioral factors, including job satisfaction, organizational identification, and motivation facilitate the relationship between employee-oriented CSR actions and employee retention, which contributes to laying the foundations of a theoretical framework that has the potential to advance both theoretical and practitioner debates and disentangle the complexity of such a relationship, while offering strategically-focused development venues in CSR and HRM fields. METHODS: This research uses a single case study design to ensure an in-depth and detailed analysis of the phenomenon under scrutiny, while relying on a triangulation methodology for data collection, including a questionnaire used as exploratory approach, interviews to generate explanatory data, and archival data to bring confirmatory insights. Data analysis followed the procedures of a deductive approach. RESULTS: The research results show a positive relationship between employee-oriented CSR actions and employee retention, while demonstrating the facilitating role of job satisfaction, organizational identification, and motivation in moderating such a relationship. The findings also stress the importance of framing CSR interventions within the organization’s strategy and goals, while ensuring employee participation in such decision making processes to maximize the effect of CSR interventions on employee commitment and reduce turnover. CONCLUSIONS: This research has the potential to better clarify the nature of the relationship involving CSR interventions, from an employee perspective, retention, and turnover, while laying the foundations of a theoretical framework linking such constructs and other behavioral factors that underpin and support such a relationship. Building on the study’s findings and assumptions, future research is needed to gain a more comprehensive understanding of how HR-related CSR actions affect behavioral performance dimensions, resulting in employee commitment and retention. Future research should also consider multiple case study, multicultural, and ethnographic approaches for the sake of generalizability and theory building.

scholarly journals Habitual versus Goal-directed Action Control in Parkinson Disease

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 1218-1229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanne de Wit ◽  
Roger A. Barker ◽  
Anthony D. Dickinson ◽  
Roshan Cools
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson Disease ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Habit Formation ◽  
Dorsal Striatum ◽  
Dopamine Depletion ◽  
Conflict Task ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Directed Action ◽  
Goal Directed Behavior ◽  
Direct Investigation

This study presents the first direct investigation of the hypothesis that dopamine depletion of the dorsal striatum in mild Parkinson disease leads to impaired stimulus–response habit formation, thereby rendering behavior slow and effortful. However, using an instrumental conflict task, we show that patients are able to rely on direct stimulus–response associations when a goal-directed strategy causes response conflict, suggesting that habit formation is not impaired. If anything our results suggest a disease severity–dependent deficit in goal-directed behavior. These results are discussed in the context of Parkinson disease and the neurobiology of habitual and goal-directed behavior.

scholarly journals Recurrence in the evolution of air transport networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kashin Sugishita ◽  
Naoki Masuda
Keyword(s):  
Network Structure ◽  
Airline Industry ◽  
Air Transport ◽  
Transport Networks ◽  
Corporate Strategies ◽  
Airline Alliances ◽  
Network Change ◽  
Air Transport Networks ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Over Time

AbstractChanges in air transport networks over time may be induced by competition among carriers, changes in regulations on airline industry, and socioeconomic events such as terrorist attacks and epidemic outbreaks. Such network changes may reflect corporate strategies of each carrier. In the present study, we propose a framework for analyzing evolution patterns in temporal networks in discrete time from the viewpoint of recurrence. Recurrence implies that the network structure returns to one relatively close to that in the past. We applied the proposed methods to four major carriers in the US from 1987 to 2019. We found that the carriers were different in terms of the autocorrelation, strength of periodicity, and changes in these quantities across decades. We also found that the network structure of the individual carriers abruptly changes from time to time. Such a network change reflects changes in their operation at their hub airports rather than famous socioeconomic events that look closely related to airline industry. The proposed methods are expected to be useful for revealing, for example, evolution of airline alliances and responses to natural disasters or infectious diseases, as well as characterizing evolution of social, biological, and other networks over time.

scholarly journals Method of ensuring the survivability of highly mobile computer networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-165
Author(s):  
Vitalii Tkachov ◽  
Andriy Kovalenko ◽  
Heorhii Kuchuk ◽  
Iana Ni
Keyword(s):  
Computer Networks ◽  
Network Structure ◽  
Critical Values ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Local Damage ◽  
Mobile Computer ◽  
Network Nodes ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Local Destruction

The article discusses the features of the functioning of mobile computer networks based on small-sized aircraft (highly mobile computer networks). It is shown that such networks, in contrast to stationary or low-mobile ones, have a low level of survivability in case of local damage to their nodes. The purpose of the article is to develop a method for ensuring the survivability of highly mobile computer networks under conditions of destructive external influences, which leads to local destruction of network nodes or links between them, using the method of assessing survivability at all stages of network functioning, by changing the main function to implement all available strategies for the functioning of the network when determining the critical values of the integrity of the network and its ability to perform at least one of the available functions. The results obtained allow: to continue the development of theoretical research in the development of strategies for managing highly mobile computer networks in extreme situations; to develop an applied solution to ensure the survivability of highly mobile computer networks by building multifunctional or redundant structures, increasing the value of their redundancy. The studies allow us to conclude that the proposed method can be used at the design stages of highly mobile computer networks, characterized by increased survivability and capable of functioning in conditions of multiple local damages without catastrophic destructive consequences for the network structure.

scholarly journals Striatonigrostriatal Circuit Architecture for Disinhibition of Dopamine Signaling

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priscilla Ambrosi ◽  
Talia N Lerner
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Dopamine Release ◽  
Habit Formation ◽  
Open Loop ◽  
Closed Loops ◽  
Parallel Circuit ◽  
Parallel Loops ◽  
Dopamine Signaling ◽  
Goal Directed Behavior ◽  
Dorsomedial Striatum

The basal ganglia operate largely in closed parallel loops, including an associative circuit for goal-directed behavior originating from the dorsomedial striatum (DMS) and a somatosensory circuit important for habit formation originating from the dorsolateral striatum (DLS). An exception to this parallel circuit organization has been proposed to explain how information might be transferred between striatal subregions, for example from DMS to DLS during habit formation. The "ascending spiral hypothesis" proposes that DMS disinhibits dopamine signaling in DLS through a tri-synaptic, open-loop striato-nigro-striatal circuit. Here, we used transsynaptic and intersectional genetic tools to investigate both closed- and open-loop striato-nigro-striatal circuits. We found strong evidence for closed loops, which would allow striatal subregions to regulate their own dopamine release. We also found evidence for functional synapses in open loops. However, these synapses were unable to modulate tonic dopamine neuron firing, questioning the prominence of their role in mediating crosstalk between striatal subregions.

The Performance of Performance Appraisal Systems: A Theoretical Framework for Public Organizations

2021 ◽  
pp. 0734371X2110435
Author(s):  
Marta Barbieri ◽  
Lorenza Micacchi ◽  
Francesco Vidè ◽  
Giovanni Valotti
Keyword(s):  
Performance Appraisal ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
Performance Effectiveness ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Case Study Analysis ◽  
Strategic Role ◽  
Multiple Case ◽  
Appraisal Systems ◽  
Italian Context

Performance appraisal (PA) plays a strategic role in public sector human resource management (HRM), acting as a driver for better performance. Drawing from previous theoretical research on the social context of performance appraisal systems and their effectiveness, the study develops a generalizable theoretical framework for classifying performance appraisal systems according to their structural and process proximal variables: purpose, rating source, and structured face-to-face feedback sessions. Through a multiple case study analysis, the theoretical framework has been applied to a sample of Italian PA systems for senior civil servants, aiming to explore the relationship between the structural and process proximal variables of PA systems and rating discriminability, intended as a measurement of performance effectiveness. The results show that the framework accurately represents the variation of the design of performance appraisal systems in the Italian context, highlighting the central role played by multi-source feedback and face-to-face rater-ratee interactions in promoting rating discriminability.

scholarly journals Response Suppression by Automatic Retrieval of Stimulus–Stop Association: Evidence from Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 1908-1918 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Chin Chiu ◽  
Adam R. Aron ◽  
Frederick Verbruggen
Keyword(s):  
Executive Control ◽  
Test Phase ◽  
Corticospinal Excitability ◽  
Inhibition Mechanism ◽  
Response Suppression ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Active Response ◽  
Automatic Retrieval ◽  
Behavioral Studies ◽  
Goal Directed Behavior

Behavioral studies show that subjects respond more slowly to stimuli to which they previously stopped. This response slowing could be explained by “automatic inhibition” (i.e., the reinstantiation of motor suppression when a stimulus retrieves a stop association). Here we tested this using TMS. In Experiment 1, participants were trained to go or no-go to stimuli. Then, in a test phase, we compared the corticospinal excitability for go stimuli that were previously associated with stopping (no-go_then_go) with go stimuli that were previously associated with going (go_then_go). Corticospinal excitability was reduced for no-go_then_go compared with go_then_go stimuli at a mere 100 msec poststimulus. Although these results fit with automatic inhibition, there was, surprisingly, no suppression for no-go_then_no-go stimuli, although this should occur. We speculated that automatic inhibition lies within a continuum between effortful top–down response inhibition and no inhibition at all. When the need for executive control and active response suppression disappears, so does the manifestation of automatic inhibition. Therefore, it should emerge during go/no-go learning and disappear as performance asymptotes. Consistent with this idea, in Experiment 2, we demonstrated reduced corticospinal excitability for no-go versus go trials most prominently in the midphase of training but it wears off as performance asymptotes. We thus provide neurophysiological evidence for an inhibition mechanism that is automatically reinstantiated when a stimulus retrieves a learned stopping episode, but only in an executive context in which active suppression is required. This demonstrates that automatic and top–down inhibition jointly contribute to goal-directed behavior.

scholarly journals Theoretical Framework for Informal Groups of Construction Workers: A Grounded Theory Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (23) ◽  
pp. 6769 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan Fu ◽  
Gui Ye ◽  
Xiaoyu Tang ◽  
Qinjun Liu
Keyword(s):  
Grounded Theory ◽  
Construction Industry ◽  
Behavioral Science ◽  
Group Behavior ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Construction Workers ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
Informal Group ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Informal Groups

The current construction industry, which has a high accident rate and declining labor productivity, urgently requires efficient and practical management policies. Research has shown that social norms within informal groups have considerable influence on construction workers, while studies on informal groups of construction workers (IGCWs) have been scarce. Current theories of informal groups have not been analyzed in combination with construction industry characteristics. The purpose of this paper is to develop a theoretical framework of IGCWs, including definitions, types, characteristics, causes, and functions. First, on the basis of existing theoretical research of informal groups, two semistructured interviews were designed to collect data from managers and workers. Then, a qualitative approach using grounded theory with NVivo software was employed to code the interview information, and 25 subcategories were obtained: 5 types, 10 characteristics, 4 causes, and 6 functions of IGCWs. Eventually, a conceptual model was established to explain the definition of IGCWs according to the interview data and subcategories identified. This study not only contributes to improving behavioral science theory, especially group behavior theory and human relations theory, but also contributes to constructing an informal group theory of the construction industry. In practical terms, the targeted identification of IGCWs is useful for managers in taking measures to more effectively manage construction workers.

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