scholarly journals Country-level Association of Socioeconomic, Environmental and Healthcare-Related Factors with the Disease-Burden and Mortality Rate of COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tasnuva Chowdhury ◽  
Upal Mahbub ◽  
Tauhidur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Model ◽  
Cumulative Distribution ◽  
Test Statistic ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Healthcare Budget ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Backward Elimination ◽  
Best Fitting

AbstractBackgroundCOVID-19 pandemic is rapidly expanding throughout the world right now. Caused by a novel strain of the coronavirus, the manifestation of this pandemic shows a unique level of disease burden and mortality rate in different countries.ObjectiveIn this paper, we investigated the effects of several socioeconomic, environmental, and healthcare-related factors on the disease burden and mortality rate of COIVID-19 across countries. Our main objective is to provide a macro-level understanding of the most influential socioeconomic, environmental, and healthcare-related factors associated with the disease burden and mortality rate metrics without human bias.MethodsWe developed a multiple linear regression model using backward elimination to find the best fitting between reported death and cases across countries for country-level aggregated independent factors keeping COVID-19 test statistic in consideration. Notably, the method requires minimum human intervention and handles confounding effects intrinsically.ResultsOur results show that while the COVID-19 pandemic is seemingly spreading more rapidly in economically affluent countries, it Is more deadly in countries with inadequate healthcare infrastructure, lower capacity of handling epidemics, and lower allocation of the healthcare budget. We also did not find evidence of any association between environmental factors and COVID-19.ConclusionWe took the number of tests performed into account and normalized the case and mortality counts based on the cumulative distribution of cases across days. Our analysis of the standardized factors provides both the direction and relative importance of different factors leading to several compelling insights into the most influential socioeconomic and healthcare infrastructure-related factors from a country-level view.

Country-level Association of Socioeconomic, Environmental and Healthcare-Related Factors with the Disease-Burden and Mortality Rate of COVID-19 (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tasnuva Chowdhury ◽  
Upal Mahbub ◽  
Tauhidur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Model ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Cumulative Distribution ◽  
Test Statistic ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Healthcare Budget ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Backward Elimination

BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic is rapidly expanding throughout the world right now. Caused by a novel strain of the coronavirus, the manifestation of this pandemic is showing different level of disease-burden and mortality rate in different countries. OBJECTIVE In this paper, we investigated the effects of several socio-economic, environmental, and healthcare related factors on the disease burden and mortality rate of COIVID-19 across countries. Our experimental results provide a macro-level understanding of the most influential factors associated with the disease burden and mortality rate metrics. METHODS We developed a multiple-linear regression model using backward elimination to find the best fitting between reported death and cases across countries for country-level aggregated independent factors keeping COVID-19 test statistic in consideration. RESULTS Our results show that while the COVID-19 pandemic is seemed to be spreading more rapidly in economically affluent countries, it Is more deadly in countries with inadequate healthcare infrastructure, lower capacity of handling epidemics and lower allocation of healthcare budget. CONCLUSIONS Taking the number of tests performed into account and normalizing the countries based on the cumulative distribution of cases across days, our analysis on the standardized factors provide both the direction and relative importance of different factors leading to several compelling insights to the most influential socio-economic and healthcare infrastructure-related factors from a country-level view. CLINICALTRIAL N/A

scholarly journals Evaluating effect of organizational culture on strategy implementation in private chartered universities in Kenya

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-133
Author(s):  
Joyce Wanjiku Nderitu ◽  
Esther Waiganjo ◽  
George O. Orwa
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Culture ◽  
Corporate Strategy ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Model ◽  
Strategy Implementation ◽  
Cumulative Distribution ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
P Value ◽  
Test Statistic ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional

This study aimed at evaluating the effect of organizational culture on strategy implementation in Private chartered universities in Kenya. The objective of this study was to ascertain the effect of hierarchy culture on the strategy implementation in Private chartered universities in Kenya. A cross-sectional survey research design was adopted and it used both quantitative and qualitative data as it seeks the effect of organizational culture on the implementation of corporate strategy. The accessible population included University and students’ leaders. This study used both stratified random sampling and the target sample size was 194 employees. The statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 21 was used to describe the relationships between dependent and independent variables.  The study used correlation and regression techniques as well as the analysis of variance (ANOVA) to test the study hypotheses.  A multiple linear regression model was also used to derive inferential statistical indicators like the correlation, coefficient of determination, F-statistics, t-test statistic, and the p-value.  In this research Pearson’s correlation analysis was used to test for the existence of multicollinearity.  Normality testing was done to compare the cumulative distribution of the data.  Factor analysis was also carried out on all items in each variable in order to reduce the measurable and observable variables. The key finding based on the tests conducted in the study was that the variable: Hierarchy culture had an effect on the dependent variable: Strategy implementation. The p-value published showed that there was a positive effect of hierarchy culture on strategy implementation in Private chartered universities in Kenya

scholarly journals Country-level determinants of the severity of the first global wave of the COVID-19 pandemic: an ecological study

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. e042034
Author(s):  
Tiberiu A Pana ◽  
Sohinee Bhattacharya ◽  
David T Gamble ◽  
Zahra Pasdar ◽  
Weronika A Szlachetka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Ecological Study ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
International Travel ◽  
Bcg Vaccination ◽  
Country Level ◽  
The Mean

ObjectiveWe aimed to identify the country-level determinants of the severity of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic.DesignEcological study of publicly available data. Countries reporting >25 COVID-19 related deaths until 8 June 2020 were included. The outcome was log mean mortality rate from COVID-19, an estimate of the country-level daily increase in reported deaths during the ascending phase of the epidemic curve. Potential determinants assessed were most recently published demographic parameters (population and population density, percentage population living in urban areas, population >65 years, average body mass index and smoking prevalence); economic parameters (gross domestic product per capita); environmental parameters (pollution levels and mean temperature (January–May); comorbidities (prevalence of diabetes, hypertension and cancer); health system parameters (WHO Health Index and hospital beds per 10 000 population); international arrivals; the stringency index, as a measure of country-level response to COVID-19; BCG vaccination coverage; UV radiation exposure; and testing capacity. Multivariable linear regression was used to analyse the data.Primary outcomeCountry-level mean mortality rate: the mean slope of the COVID-19 mortality curve during its ascending phase.ParticipantsThirty-seven countries were included: Algeria, Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, Peru, the Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, the Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, the UK and the USA.ResultsOf all country-level determinants included in the multivariable model, total number of international arrivals (beta 0.033 (95% CI 0.012 to 0.054)) and BCG vaccination coverage (−0.018 (95% CI −0.034 to –0.002)), were significantly associated with the natural logarithm of the mean death rate.ConclusionsInternational travel was directly associated with the mortality slope and thus potentially the spread of COVID-19. Very early restrictions on international travel should be considered to control COVID-19 outbreaks and prevent related deaths.

scholarly journals Iranian midwives’ attitudes and beliefs toward physiological childbirth: a cross-sectional study

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Narges Sadeghzadeh ◽  
Leila Amiri-Farahani ◽  
Shima Haghani ◽  
Syedeh Batool Hasanpoor-Azghady
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Linear Regression Model ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Attitudes And Beliefs ◽  
Labor And Delivery ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Physiological Childbirth

Abstract Background The significant role of midwives in providing labor and delivery care underscores the necessity of the identification of attitudes and beliefs of these groups of maternity care providers toward physiological childbirth. The purpose of the current study was to describe midwives’ attitudes and beliefs toward physiological childbirth and identify its related factors. Methods This cross-sectional study was carried out on 200 midwives working in the labor and delivery wards of selected hospitals in an urban area of Tehran, Iran, through the continuous sampling method from May to July 2018. The data were collected using a two-part demographic characteristic form and Midwives’ Attitudes and Beliefs Questionnaire-Revised toward physiological childbirth. Data analysis was performed in SPSS software (version 25). The significance level was set at P < 0.05. Results The mean score of midwives’ attitudes and beliefs toward physiological childbirth were 119.90 with a standard deviation of 9.30. Moreover, of the different domains of Midwives’ Attitudes and Beliefs Questionnaire-Revised, the women’s experience of birth (78.53) and the medical model conflict (51.05) obtained the highest and lowest scores, respectively. According to the multiple linear regression model analysis, the total mean score of midwives’ attitudes and beliefs toward physiological childbirth was significantly correlated with the level of education and interest in the profession (P < 0.05). Midwives with a master degree obtained higher scores (4.32) in terms of attitudes and beliefs toward physiologic childbirth, compared to those with an associate or bachelor degree. Also, there were 0.09 increases in the attitude and belief score of midwives per one score increase in their interest in the profession. It can be concluded that these two variables explained 16% of the variation in the scores of midwives’ attitudes and beliefs to physiological childbirth. Conclusion The results of this study showed that midwives with higher levels of education and more interest in their profession had more positive attitudes and beliefs toward physiological childbirth. Therefore, it is necessary to motivate midwives to obtain higher levels of education and increase their interest in the profession to promote physiological childbirth.

scholarly journals Patient satisfaction with mental health services based on Andersen’s Behavioral Model

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilyn Fortin ◽  
Jean-Marie Bamvita ◽  
Marie-Josée Fleury
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Patient Satisfaction ◽  
Mental Health Services ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Continuity Of Care ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Model ◽  
Behavioral Model ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Negatively Associated ◽  
Andersen’S Behavioral Model

Objective: The purpose of this article was to assess the satisfaction of adult patients who received mental health services (MHS) in healthcare networks staffed by multidisciplinary professionals and offering a range of MHS, and to identify variables associated with patient satisfaction. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 325 patients with mental disorders (MDs) among 4 Quebec health service networks. Data were collected using 9 standardized instruments and participant medical records. A 3-factor conceptual framework (predisposing, enabling, and needs-related factors) based on Andersen’s Behavioral Model was used, integrating sociodemographic, clinical, needs-related, service utilization, social support, and quality-of-life (QOL) variables. An adjusted multiple linear regression model was performed. Results: The global mean score for patient satisfaction was 4.11 (minimum: 2.0; maximum: 5.0). Among the enabling factors, continuity of care, having a case manager, and help received from services were positively associated with patient satisfaction, whereas being hospitalized was negatively associated. Among the needs-related factors, the number of needs was negatively associated with satisfaction. Conclusions: Findings demonstrated higher levels of satisfaction among patients who received good continuity of care and well-managed, frequent services in relation to their needs. Dissatisfaction was higher for patients with serious unmet needs or those hospitalized, which underlines the importance of taking these particular variables into account in the interest of improving MHS delivery and patient recovery.

Country-Level Aging and Disease Burden

2011 ◽  
pp. 41-55
Author(s):  
Michael Maurice Engelgau ◽  
Sameh El-Saharty ◽  
Preeti Kudesia ◽  
Vikram Rajan ◽  
Sandra Rosenhouse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Burden ◽  
Country Level

Exploring the Relationship between ICTs and Public Health at Country Level

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viju Raghupathi ◽  
Wullianallur Raghupathi
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
Fertility Rate ◽  
Child Immunization ◽  
The Public ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Public Health Indicators ◽  
The Relationship

The authors use a health analytics approach to investigate the relationship between information and communication technology (ICT) and public health at a country level. The research uses the ICT factors of accessibility, usage, quality, affordability, trade, and applications, as well as the public delivery indicators of adolescent fertility rate, child immunization for DPT, child immunization for measles, tuberculosis detection rate, life expectancy, adult female mortality rate, and adult male mortality rate. ICT data was collected from the International Telecommunication Union ICT Indicator database. The public health data was collected from the World Bank website. Results of the analytics indicate that ICT factors are positively associated with some public health indicators. Nearly all of the ICT factors are positively associated with the public health indicators of immunization rates, TB detection rates, and life expectancy. The association with adult mortality is negative, which is also favorable. However, the association of ICT with fertility rate is negative, which is an unfavorable effect. These results offer insight into the importance of understanding the positive and adverse impacts of ICT on public health so as to guide national policy decisions in the future.

scholarly journals Life Satisfaction and mobility: Their associations with career attitudes, and health-related factors among postgraduates having studied in universities intra EU and outside EU

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Odero ◽  
Louis Chauvel ◽  
Anne Hartung ◽  
Etienne le Bihan ◽  
Michèle Baumann
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Model ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Career Adaptability ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
University Policy ◽  
Career Attitudes ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Career Optimism

Abstract Background University postgraduates’ mobility towards, and outside the EU is continuously increasing, creating a competitive context in which maintaining a high life satisfaction (LS) is a public health challenge. However, the relationship between LS and its determinants among this population are under-documented. Our aims were to measure LS indicators of mobile postgraduates (Intra EU: Who pursue part of their studies in Europe; Outside EU: Who study outside of Europe) versus non-mobile (pursue their studies in Luxembourg), and to analyze the associations between LS and career attitudes, socioeconomic characteristics, and health-related factors for each group. Method Six hundred and sixty-four (644) students obtained financial aid from the Luxembourgish government independent of their family’s socioeconomic situation. Contacted by post, they completed an online questionnaire. Analyses included a multiple linear regression model in which only significant relationships (p < 0.05) were used. Results Three groups were created: Mobile intra EU (n = 381), mobile outside EU (n = 43) and non-mobile (n = 66) postgraduates. Health satisfaction was positively linked to LS, in all groups. Among the mobile outside EU group, majority (63.2%) were men and 57.9% did not live alone - health was the only determinant which contributed to their LS. Among the mobile intra EU, majority (57.8%) were women, and 64.3% not living alone. Autonomy and career adaptability attitudes were positively associated with their LS (b: 0.210 and 0.119, respectively), whereas the worry factor was negatively (b: − 0.153 and -0.159) associated. The non-mobile, were the oldest of the three groups. Majority (51.6%) were women, and 93.7% did not live alone. Career optimism and planning attitudes were positively correlated to their LS (regression parameter estimates (b: 0.400 and 0.212, respectively). Conclusions Attention should be devoted to the LS of local and cosmopolitan students, as it seems to be a relevant health indicator. Overall, the farther the mobility was, the higher the postgraduates’ general LS (8.5/10) was; this indicator was higher than the LS indicator for the age group 25–34 years 7.53/10 (EU-28, in 2013). University’ services could promote the development of career projects and the promotion of health to enhance postgraduates’ LS. University policy makers need to ensure this for all students.

Time trends, associations and global burden of intraocular foreign bodies

2020 ◽  
pp. bjophthalmol-2020-317063
Author(s):  
Guangming Jin ◽  
Minjie Zou ◽  
Yichi Zhang ◽  
Aiming Chen ◽  
Charlotte Aimee Young ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Trends ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Foreign Bodies ◽  
Vision Loss ◽  
Global Burden ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Disease Study

PurposeTo estimate the disease burden due to intraocular foreign bodies (IOFBs) and evaluate contributions of various risk factors to IOFB-associated disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs).MethodsGlobal, regional and country-level number, rate and age-standardised rate of DALYs due to IOFBs were acquired from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 database. The Human Development Index (HDI) and other region and country-level data were obtained from open databases. Time trends for number, rate and age-standardised rate of DALYs due to IOFBs were calculated. Regression analysis was used to evaluate associations between age-standardised rate of DALYs and potential predictors.ResultsGlobal DALYs due to IOFBs rose by 43.7% between 1990 (139 (95% CI 70.8 to 233) thousand) and 2017 (202 (95% CI 105 to 335) thousand). The DALY rate remained stable while the age-standardised rate decreased during this period. Higher disease burden due to IOFBs was associated with higher glaucoma prevalence (β=0.006, 95% CI 0.003 to 0.09, p<0.001), lower refractive error prevalence (β=−0.0005, 95% CI −0.0007 to −0.0002, p<0.001), and lower income (β=−0.020, 95% CI −0.035 to −0.006, p=0.007).ConclusionPredictors of a greater burden of IOFB disability generally point to lower socioeconomic level. The association with glaucoma may reflect a complication of IOFB, increasing risk of vision loss and disability.

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