scholarly journals Likelihood of being Physically Inactive from a Nationally Representative sample of Autistic Children

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vijay Vasudevan
Keyword(s):  
Health Risks ◽  
Physical Inactivity ◽  
Comparison Group ◽  
Ecological Approach ◽  
Autistic Children ◽  
Autism Severity ◽  
Intellectual And Developmental Disability ◽  
Individual Family ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Many

Despite the many health risks of physical inactivity, studies have demonstrated individual, family, and environmental determinants of inactivity for autistic children. However, these studies never examined these correlates at the same time. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore these ecological domains concurrently when examining physical inactivity correlates for autistic children. This study used data from the 2016-2020 National Survey of Childrens Health. The authors predicted physical inactivity while controlling for child, parental/household, and neighborhood correlates with autism status as the comparison group. When controlling for covariates, children with co-occurring autism and intellectual and developmental disability (IDD) (adjusted odds ratio (aOR)= 1.91, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.36-2.68) or ASD only (aOR = 1.91, CI: 1.48-2.48) were significantly more likely to be inactive when compared to children without autism or IDD. However, autism medicine and autism severity were not predictors for obese autistic children. These findings indicate that it is important to take a holistic, ecological approach when exploring the correlates of inactivity for autistic children.

What does the concept of affordances afford?

2021 ◽  
pp. 105971232098268
Author(s):  
Rob Withagen ◽  
Alan Costall
Keyword(s):  
Lived Experience ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Ecological Approach ◽  
Design Practices ◽  
The Many ◽  
Architecture And Design ◽  
Functional Concept

Gibson once suggested that his ecological approach could provide architecture and design with a new theoretical basis. Erik Rietveld takes up this suggestion—the concept of affordances figures prominently not only in his philosophical and scientific work but also in the design practices he is engaged in. However, as Gibson introduced affordances as a functional concept, it seems ill-suited to capture the many dimensions of our lived experience of the (manufactured) environment. Can the concept of affordances also take on the expressive and aesthetic qualities of artifacts and buildings?

scholarly journals Optic Flow: Perceiving and Acting in a 3-D World

i-Perception ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 204166952098725
Author(s):  
Brian Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Visual Perception ◽  
Optic Flow ◽  
Ecological Niche ◽  
Perception And Action ◽  
Ecological Approach ◽  
Visual World ◽  
Changing Patterns ◽  
The Many ◽  
Concept Of Information ◽  
Radical Ideas

In 1979, James Gibson completed his third and final book “The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception”. That book can be seen as the synthesis of the many radical ideas he proposed over the previous 30 years – the concept of information and its sufficiency, the necessary link between perception and action, the need to see perception in relation to an animal's particular ecological niche and the meanings (affordances) offered by the visual world. One of the fundamental concepts that lies beyond all of Gibson's thinking is that of optic flow: the constantly changing patterns of light that reach our eyes and the information it provides. My purpose in writing this paper has been to evaluate the legacy of Gibson's conceptual ideas and to consider how his ideas have influenced and changed the way we study perception.

scholarly journals Early Origins of Body Mass in Later Life: Examining Childhood Risks and Adult Pathways

2021 ◽  
pp. 002214652110054
Author(s):  
Sarah A. Mustillo ◽  
Miao Li ◽  
Patricia Morton ◽  
Kenneth F. Ferraro
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Life Experiences ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Older Adulthood ◽  
Early Life Exposure ◽  
Nationally Representative

Prior research reveals that negative early-life experiences play a major role in the development of obesity in later life, but few studies identify mechanisms that alter the lifetime risk of obesity. This study examines the influence of negative childhood experiences on body mass index (BMI) and obesity (BMI ≥30) during older adulthood and the psychosocial and behavioral pathways involved. Using a nationally representative sample, we examine the influence of cumulative misfortune as well as five separate domains of misfortune on BMI and obesity. Results show that four of the five domains are associated with BMI and obesity either directly, indirectly, or both. The influence of cumulative misfortune on the outcomes is mediated by three adult factors: socioeconomic status, depressive symptoms, and physical activity. The mediators identified here provide targets for intervention among older adults to help offset the health risks of excess BMI attributable of early-life exposure to misfortune.

Older Americans’ Perceptions of the Federal Government’s Pandemic Response: Voices From the COVID-19 Coping Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 016402752110621
Author(s):  
Haley B. Gallo ◽  
Lindsay C. Kobayashi ◽  
Jessica M. Finlay
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
Older Americans ◽  
Qualitative Thematic Analysis ◽  
Pandemic Response ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Mixed Messages

There is limited understanding of how older adults evaluated the federal government’s COVID-19 response, despite their increased health risks during the pandemic and their important role in politics. We conducted qualitative thematic analysis on a nationally representative subsample of respondents aged 55+ from the COVID-19 Coping Study ( N = 500) who were asked: “How do you feel about federal government responses to and handling of the COVID-19 pandemic?” Analyses identified largely negative opinions about the federal government and former President Trump’s leadership, though some were neutral or positive. Participants expressed concerns that the federal government was undermining science, and that sending mixed messages about personal protective equipment and masks was dangerous. Perspectives were divergent and reflective of the country’s polarization surrounding COVID-19 policies. Results can inform efforts to build unity between political parties and identify strategies that governments can use to better respond to future public health crises.

scholarly journals Effect of the public disclosure of industry payments information on patients: results from a population-based natural experiment

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. e024020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Genevieve P Kanter ◽  
Daniel Carpenter ◽  
Lisa Lehmann ◽  
Michelle M Mello
Keyword(s):  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Comparison Group ◽  
Interrupted Time Series ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Longitudinal Survey ◽  
Patient Knowledge ◽  
Public Disclosure ◽  
The Public ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Open Payments

ObjectiveTo determine the effect of the public disclosure of industry payments to physicians on patients’ awareness of industry payments and knowledge about whether their physicians had accepted industry payments.DesignInterrupted time series with comparison group (difference-in-difference analyses of longitudinal survey).SettingNationally representative US population-based surveys. Surveys were conducted in September 2014, shortly prior to the public release of Open Payments information, and again in September 2016.ParticipantsAdults aged 18 and older (n=2180).Main outcome measuresAwareness of industry payments as an issue; awareness that industry payments information was publicly available; knowledge of whether own physician had received industry payments.ResultsPublic disclosure of industry payments information through Open Payments did not significantly increase the proportion of respondents who knew whether their physician had received industry payments (p=0.918). It also did not change the proportion of respondents who became aware of the issue of industry payments (p=0.470) but did increase the proportion who knew that payments information was publicly available (9.6% points, p=0.011).ConclusionsTwo years after the public disclosure of industry payments information, Open Payments does not appear to have achieved its goal of increasing patient knowledge of whether their physicians have received money from pharmaceutical and medical device firms. Additional efforts will be required to improve the use and effectiveness of Open Payments for consumers.

scholarly journals Potential risks related to anabolic steroids use on nervous, cardiovascular and reproductive systems disorders in men

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 135-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Kujawska ◽  
Joanna Androsiuk-Perkowska ◽  
Jakub Husejko ◽  
Marcin Kozuchowski ◽  
Daria Bieniek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Risks ◽  
Anabolic Steroids ◽  
Biochemical Mechanism ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Amateur Sport ◽  
Thrombotic Complications ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractAnabolic steroids (AS) have been a subject of intensive research for the last several decades. Due to wide use of AS in pharmacological treatment and in professional and amateur sport, it is, hence, worthwhile to describe the biochemical mechanism of the effects of AS usage in humans and its potential health risks. In this work, the relationship between diet and its effect on the level of testosterone in blood is described. Testosterone affects the nervous system, however, there is need for further researches to examine the influence of AS therapy on emotional and cognitive functioning. AS therapy has known negative effects on the cardiovascular system: cardiac hypertrophy can occur, blood pressure can vastly increased, thrombotic complications can come about. These effects are observed not only in patients who are treated with AS, but also in athletes. The paper also describes the relationship between AS and reproductive system diseases. Decreased libido and erectile dysfunction are only some of the many side effects of an incorrect AS treatment.

scholarly journals A Socio-Ecological Approach to Mitigating Wildfire Vulnerability in the Wildland Urban Interface: A Case Study from the 2017 Thomas Fire

Fire ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Crystal A. Kolden ◽  
Carol Henson
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Community Partnerships ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Geospatial Data ◽  
Ecological Approach ◽  
Extreme Wind ◽  
The Many ◽  
Extreme Fire ◽  
Vulnerability Mitigation

Wildfire disasters are one of the many consequences of increasing wildfire activities globally, and much effort has been made to identify strategies and actions for reducing human vulnerability to wildfire. While many individual homeowners and communities have enacted such strategies, the number subjected to a subsequent wildfire is considerably lower. Furthermore, there has been limited documentation on how mitigation strategies impact wildfire outcomes across the socio-ecological spectrum. Here we present a case report documenting wildfire vulnerability mitigation strategies undertaken by the community of Montecito, California, and how such strategies addressed exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. We utilize geospatial data, recorded interviews, and program documentation to synthesize how those strategies subsequently impacted the advance of the 2017 Thomas Fire on the community of Montecito under extreme fire danger conditions. Despite the extreme wind conditions and interviewee estimates of potentially hundreds of homes being consumed, only seven primary residences were destroyed by the Thomas Fire, and firefighters indicated that pre-fire mitigation activities played a clear, central role in the outcomes observed. This supports prior findings that community partnerships between agencies and citizens are critical for identifying and implementing place-based solutions to reducing wildfire vulnerability.

scholarly journals Study protocol of a population-based cohort investigating Physical Activity, Sedentarism, lifestyles and Obesity in Spanish youth: the PASOS study

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. e036210
Author(s):  
Santiago Felipe Gómez ◽  
Clara Homs ◽  
Julia Wärnberg ◽  
Maria Medrano ◽  
Marcela Gonzalez-Gross ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Diet Quality ◽  
Physical Inactivity ◽  
Smoking Habit ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Sedentary Behaviours ◽  
Registration Number ◽  
Representative Random Sample ◽  
Nationally Representative

IntroductionPhysical activity (PA) is essential to healthy mental and physical development in early life. However, the prevalence of physical inactivity, which is considered a key modifiable driver of childhood obesity, has reached alarming levels among European youth. There is a need to update the data for Spain, in order to establish if current measures are effective or new approaches are needed.Methods and analysisWe present the protocol for Physical Activity, Sedentarism, lifestyles and Obesity in Spanish youth (PASOS). This observational, nationally representative, multicentre study aims to determine the PA levels, sedentary behaviours and prevalence of physical inactivity (defined as <60 min of moderate to vigorous PA per day) in a representative sample of Spanish children and adolescents. The PASOS study has recruited a representative random sample of children and adolescents aged 8–16 years from 242 educational centres in the 17 ‘autonomous regions’ into which Spain is divided. The aim is to include a total of 4508 youth participants and their families. Weight, height and waist circumference will be measured by standardised procedures. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet, quality of life, sleep duration, PA and sedentary behaviour are being measured by validated questionnaires. PA is measured by the Physical Activity Unit 7-item Screener. A representative subsample (10% of participants) was randomly selected to wear accelerometers for 9 days to obtain objective data on PA. Parents are asked about their educational level, time spent doing PA, diet quality, self-perceived stress, smoking habit, weight, height, their child’s birth weight and if the child was breast fed.Ethics and disseminationThe study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain. Main findings of the study will be disseminated to the scientific community and to general public by media conferences, social media and a website.Trial registration numberISRCTN34251612.

Structure and Activities of Rape Crisis Centers in the Early 1980s

1985 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet Gornick ◽  
Martha R. Burt ◽  
Karen J. Pittman
Keyword(s):  
Human Services ◽  
Community Education ◽  
Financial Security ◽  
Human Services Agencies ◽  
Making Choices ◽  
Rape Crisis Center ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Many ◽  
Rape Crisis

Using data from a nationally representative sample of 50 rape crisis centers, this article investigates the range of center types, services offered, staffing, involvement in community networks, funding and affiliation with criminal justice, counseling, and human services agencies. The evolution of the rape crisis center from the few prototype centers opened in 1972 to the many different models existing today is traced. The most important finding is that rape crisis centers today do not fall neatly into types. Rather, they have developed to fit their communities, making choices about whom to serve, where to locate a service, how to work with other agencies in the community, how, when, and where to do community education, and how to establish financial security. A decision about one such dimension does not necessarily predict what the decision will be about the other dimensions.

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