scholarly journals Exhaled Mycobacterium tuberculosis predicts incident infection in household contacts

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline ML Williams ◽  
Abdul K Muhammad ◽  
Basil Sambou ◽  
Adama Bojang ◽  
Alhaji Jobe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
Public Health Importance ◽  
Outbreak Management ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Household Contacts ◽  
Screening Strategies ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Incident Infection ◽  
Logistical Regression Analysis

Background Halting transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) by identifying infectious individuals early is key to eradicating Tuberculosis (TB). Here we evaluate face mask sampling as a tool for stratifying infection risk in household contacts of pulmonary TB (pTB). Methods Forty-six sputum positive pTB patients in The Gambia (Aug 2016-Nov 2017) consented to mask sampling prior to commencing treatment. Incident Mtb infection was defined in their 181 household contacts as QuantiFERON (QFT) conversion or an increase in Interferon-ƴ release of ≥ 1IU/ml, 6 months after index diagnosis. Multilevel mixed-effects logistical regression analysis with cluster adjustment by household was used to identify predictors of incident infection. Findings Mtb was detected in 91% of pTB mask samples with high variation in IS6110 copies (5.3 x102 to 1.2 x107). A high mask Mtb level (≥20,000 IS6110 copies) was observed in 45% of cases and independently associated with increased likelihood of incident Mtb infection in contacts (AOR (95%CI) 3.20 (1.26 - 8.12), p=0.01), compared with cases having low/negative mask Mtb levels. Mask Mtb level was a better predictor of incident Mtb infection than sputum bacillary load, chest radiographic characteristics or sleeping proximity. Interpretation Mask sampling offers a highly sensitive and non-invasive tool to support both diagnosis of pTB and stratification of individuals who are most infectious. Our findings have the potential to revolutionise contact screening strategies and outbreak management in high TB burden settings and is of urgent public health importance.

scholarly journals Role of MRI evaluation in acute secondary inability to walk in children

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. H. Sedeek ◽  
K. Aboualfotouh ◽  
S. M. Hassanein ◽  
N. M. Osman ◽  
M. H. Shalaby
Keyword(s):  
Transverse Myelitis ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis ◽  
Limb Weakness ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
Bilateral Lower Limb ◽  
Severity Of The Disease

Abstract Background Acute bilateral lower limb weakness is a common problem in children which necessitates a rapid method for diagnosis. MRI is a non-invasive imaging technique that produces high-quality images of the internal structure of the brain and spinal cord. Results MRI was very helpful in reaching rapid and prompt diagnosis in children with acute inability to walk. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS), and acute transverse myelitis (ATM) were the most common causes in our study. MRI proved to be of high sensitivity in detecting the lesions and reaching the diagnosis in ADEM and GBS; however, there was no significant relation between the lesions’ size, enhancement pattern, and severity of the disease or prognosis, yet in ATM the site of the lesion and number of cord segment affection were significantly related to the severity of the disease and prognosis. Conclusion MRI is a quick tool to reach the diagnosis of children with acute secondary inability to walk, and to eliminate other differential diagnosis which is essential for proper treatment and rapid full recovery. It is highly sensitive in detecting the lesions, their site and size.

scholarly journals Genomic Variations in Drug Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Strains Collected from Patients with Different Localization of Infection

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Chernyaeva ◽  
Mikhail Rotkevich ◽  
Ksenia Krasheninnikova ◽  
Alla Lapidus ◽  
Dmitrii E. Polev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Treatment Success ◽  
Point Mutations ◽  
Whole Genome Sequence ◽  
Public Health Importance ◽  
Resistance Patterns

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a highly studied pathogen due to public health importance. Despite this, problems like early drug resistance, diagnostics and treatment success prediction are still not fully resolved. Here, we analyze the incidence of point mutations widely used for drug resistance detection in laboratory practice and conduct comparative analysis of whole-genome sequence (WGS) for clinical M. tuberculosis strains collected from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (XPTB) localization. A total of 72 pulmonary and 73 extrapulmonary microbiologically characterized M. tuberculosis isolates were collected from patients from 2007 to 2014 in Russia. Genomic DNA was used for WGS and obtained data allowed identifying major mutations known to be associated with drug resistance to first-line and second-line antituberculous drugs. In some cases previously described mutations were not identified. Using genome-based phylogenetic analysis we identified M. tuberculosis substrains associated with distinctions in the occurrence in PTB vs. XPTB cases. Phylogenetic analyses did reveal M. tuberculosis genetic substrains associated with TB localization. XPTB was associated with Beijing sublineages Central Asia (Beijing CAO), Central Asia Clade A (Beijing A) and 4.8 groups, while PTB localization was associated with group LAM (4.3). Further, the XPTB strain in some cases showed elevated drug resistance patterns relative to PTB isolates. HIV was significantly associated with the development of XPTB in the Beijing B0/W148 group and among unclustered Beijing isolates.

scholarly journals CECT in Pulmonary Thrombolism

2021 ◽  
pp. 284-293
Author(s):  
Shaha Pramod ◽  
Ragi Skanda ◽  
Bhoite Amol ◽  
Tamboli Asif ◽  
Gautama Amol
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Embolism ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Pulmonary Angiography ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Associated Conditions

Introduction: Pulmonary embolism (PE) is the third most common acute heart disease after myocardial infarction and stroke and is a major public health problem. PE is a disease that has high morbidity and mortality, yet it is challenging to obtain a diagnosis. Objective: The study aims to assess the role of MDCT-PA in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism, and it's associated conditions in suspected cases of pulmonary embolism. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in the department of radiology in KRISHNA INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY situated in KARAD equipped with a 16 slice MDCT scanner (EMOTION) manufactured by Siemens. Results: Through the study period of one and half year and have met the inclusion criteria, a total of 90 consecutive patients who presented with suspicion of PE were referred for MDCT-PA in the department of radio-diagnosis, Krishna Hospital, Karad. A review of all the cases was done, and the results were presented in the form of tables. Conclusion: Multidetector computed tomography pulmonary angiography can be used to confidently diagnose pulmonary embolism in which it is not contraindicated. MDCT-PA is the investigation of choice because it is a rapid, non-invasive study, highly sensitive and specific.

scholarly journals Environmental reservoirs of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the Ruaha region, Tanzania

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma R. Travis ◽  
Yujiun Hung ◽  
David Porter ◽  
Goodluck Paul ◽  
Robert James ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Mycobacterium Bovis ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Sample Type ◽  
Household Dust ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Temporal Correlations ◽  
Invasive Test ◽  
Cattle Faeces ◽  
Ruaha National Park

ABSTRACTThis study was designed to investigate the prevalence of members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) in the environment of pastoralists and villagers in the Iringa district, adjacent to the Ruaha National Park in Tanzania. Utilising specific qPCR assays, both Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis were detected in cattle faeces, boma soil, water and household dust. M. bovis was also found in goat faeces and goat boma soil. This is the first report of faecal shedding of M. bovis in goats and the first molecular survey of faecal shedding in cattle. The prevalence of both bacterial species varied by village, area, season and sample type. Geographical and temporal correlations across sample types were suggestive of cross species transmission. This non-invasive test has previously been rigorously validated for screening other mammals; in this study it has successfully been applied to detect M. bovis and M. tuberculosis in livestock faeces and the environment.

Postural freezing foretells startle-potentiation in a human fear-conditioning paradigm

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa van Ast ◽  
Floris Klumpers ◽  
Raoul P P P Grasman ◽  
Angelos-Miltiadis Krypotos ◽  
Karin Roelofs
Keyword(s):  
Fear Conditioning ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Conditioning Paradigm ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Startle Magnitude ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Human Conditioning ◽  
Conditioned Freezing ◽  
Fear And Anxiety ◽  
Active Preparation

Freezing to impending threat is a core defensive response. It has been studied primarily using fear-conditioning in non-human animals, thwarting advances in translational human anxiety-research. Here we examine postural freezing as a human conditioning-index for translational anxiety-research. We show (n=28) that human freezing is highly sensitive to fear-conditioning, generalizes to ambiguous contexts, and amplifies with threat-imminence. Intriguingly, stronger parasympathetically-driven freezing under threat, but not sympathetically-mediated skin conductance, predicts subsequent startle magnitude. These results demonstrate that humans show fear-conditioned animal-like freezing responses, known to aid in active preparation for unexpected attack, and that freezing captures real-life anxiety-expression. Conditioned freezing offers a promising new, non-invasive, and continuous, readout for human fear-conditioning, paving the way for future translational studies into human fear and anxiety.

scholarly journals Ultrasound - first imaging modality in the detection of parathyroid adenomas

2008 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 64 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Ahmed ◽  
N Khan ◽  
S Ellemdin ◽  
K Gayaparsad
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Medicine ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Imaging Modality ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Parathyroid Adenomas ◽  
Thyroid Adenomas ◽  
Invasive Method ◽  
Ultrasound Features

Abstract We present a series of 12 patients in whom the typical ultrasound features of parathyroid adenomas were accurately demonstrated. High resolution ultrasound [in experienced hands] is a highly sensitive accurate, safe and non invasive method of localizing parathyroid adenomas especially in patients with typically located glands and an absence of thyroid pathology. Our aim was to compare ultrasound with nuclear medicine as an imaging gold standard in patients with thyroid adenomas.

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