scholarly journals COVID-19 vaccination, risk-compensatory behaviours, and social contacts in four countries in the UK

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Buckell ◽  
Joel Jones ◽  
Philippa C Matthews ◽  
Ian Diamond ◽  
Emma Rourke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Compensation ◽  
Physiological Effects ◽  
Personal Safety ◽  
Risky Behaviour ◽  
Social Contacts ◽  
Behavioural Effects ◽  
Unknown Risk ◽  
Related Risk ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Mitigation Policies

The physiological effects of vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) are well documented, yet the behavioural effects are largely unknown. Risk compensation suggests that gains in personal safety, as a result of vaccination, are offset by increases in risky behaviour, such as socialising, commuting and working outside the home. This is potentially problematic because transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is driven by contacts, which could be amplified by vaccine-related risk compensation behaviours. Here, we show that social behaviours were overall unrelated to personal vaccination, but - adjusting for variation in mitigation policies - were responsive to the level of vaccination in the wider population: individuals in the UK were risk compensating when rates of vaccination were rising. This effect was observed across four nations of the UK, each of which varied policies autonomously.

An exploratory study of intangibles risk disclosure in annual reports of banking companies from the UK, US, Germany and Italy - Some descriptive insights

2013 ◽  
pp. 81-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Durst
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Capital ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
The United States ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Risk Disclosure ◽  
Related Risk ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Report Data ◽  
Key Drivers ◽  
The Uk

Intangibles are viewed as the key drivers in most industries, and current research shows that firms voluntarily disclose information about their investments in intangibles and their potential benefits. Yet little is known of the risks relating to such resources and the disclosures firms make about such risks. In order to obtain a more balanced and complete picture of firms' activities, information about the risky side of their intangibles is also needed. This exploratory study provides some descriptive insights into intangibles-related risk disclosure in a sample of 16 large banks from the United States (US), United Kingdom (UK), Germany and Italy. Annual report data is analyzed using the three Intellectual Capital dimensions. Study findings illustrate the variety of intangibles-related risk disclosure as demonstrated by the banks involved.

scholarly journals Face mask mandates and risk compensation: an analysis of mobility data during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh

2022 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. e006803
Author(s):  
Zia Wadud ◽  
Sheikh Mokhlesur Rahman ◽  
Annesha Enam
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Compensation Effect ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
Daily Activities ◽  
Risk Compensation ◽  
Risky Behaviour ◽  
Mobility Data ◽  
Community Mobility ◽  
Daily Mobility ◽  
Before And After

IntroductionConcerns have been raised about the potential for risk compensation in the context of mask mandates for mitigating the spread of COVID-19. However, the debate about the presence or absence of risk compensation for universal mandatory mask-wearing rules—especially in the context of COVID-19—is not settled yet.MethodsMobility is used as a proxy for risky behaviour before and after the mask mandates. Two sets of regressions are estimated to decipher (any) risk-compensating effect of mask mandate in Bangladesh. These include: (1) intervention regression analysis of daily activities at six types of locations, using pre-mask-mandate and post-mandate data; and (2) multiple regression analysis of daily new COVID-19 cases on daily mobility (lagged) to establish mobility as a valid proxy.Results(1) Statistically, mobility increased at all five non-residential locations, while home stays decreased after the mask mandate was issued; (2) daily mobility had a statistically significant association on daily new cases (with around 10 days of lag). Both significances were calculated at 95% confidence level.ConclusionCommunity mobility had increased (and stay at home decreased) after the mandatory mask-wearing rule, and given mobility is associated with increases in new COVID-19 cases, there is evidence of risk compensation effect of the mask mandate—at least partially—in Bangladesh.

scholarly journals Isoflavone intake in four different European countries: the VENUS approach

2003 ◽  
Vol 89 (S1) ◽  
pp. S25-S30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Agnes J. van Erp-Baart ◽  
Henny A. M. Brants ◽  
Mairead Kiely ◽  
Angela Mulligan ◽  
Aida Turrini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Analytical Data ◽  
Food Composition ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Physiological Effects ◽  
Common Basis ◽  
Isoflavone Content ◽  
Consumption Data ◽  
Food Consumption Data ◽  
The Uk

The aim of this study was to identify the level of isoflavone intake (total isoflavones, daidzein and genistein) in four European countries: Ireland, Italy, The Netherlands and the UK. For this purpose national food composition databases of isoflavone content were created in a comparable way, using the Vegetal Estrogens in Nutrition and the Skeleton (VENUS) analytical data base as a common basis, and appropriate food consumption data were selected. The isoflavone intake in Ireland, Italy, The Netherlands and the UK is on average less than 1 mg/d. Small groups of consumers of soya foods could be identified in Ireland, The Netherlands and the UK. The estimated intake levels are low compared with those found in typical Asian diets (∼20–100 mg/d) and also low compared with levels where physiological effects are expected (60–100 mg/d). The results (including a subgroup analysis of soya product consumers) showed that such levels are difficult to achieve with the European diets studied here.

Concerns that an opioid antidote could “make things worse”: Profiles of risk compensation beliefs using the Naloxone-Related Risk Compensation Beliefs (NaRRC-B) scale

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel P. Winograd ◽  
Kim B. Werner ◽  
Lauren Green ◽  
Sarah Phillips ◽  
Jenny Armbruster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Compensation ◽  
Related Risk

Risk Communication in Chemical Sector in Connection to the Role of Risk Assessment

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (sp) ◽  
pp. 603-607
Author(s):  
Akihiro Tokai ◽  
◽  
Naoya Kojima
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Risk Analysis ◽  
Risk Communication ◽  
Unknown Risk ◽  
Related Risk

Chemical related risk analysis and communication were discussed in connection with the role of risk assessment. Some of the chemicals are thought to be one of the hazards that tend to consider as dread and unknown risk. Owing to the institutionalization of Pollutant Release Transfer Register (PRTR) and development of risk assessment have gradually revealed new aspect of risk analysis and communication. In this review, we briefly discuss about the representative cases and discuss the role of risk assessment to risk communication.

scholarly journals Which Way Now? Economic Policy after a Decade of Upheaval: A CAGE Policy Report

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Cavaille ◽  
Federica Liberini ◽  
Michela Redoano ◽  
Anandi Mani ◽  
Vera E. Troeger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Real Income ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Policy Uncertainty ◽  
Social Challenges ◽  
Related Risk ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Global Financial Crisis ◽  
The Uk

Most, if not all advanced economies have suffered gravely from the 2008 global financial crisis. Growth, productivity, real income and consumption have plunged and inequality, and in some cases poverty, spiked. Some countries, like Germany and Australia, were better able to cope with the consequences but austerity has taken its toll even on the strongest economies. The UK is no exception and the more recent period of economic recovery might be halted or even reversed by the political, economic, and policy uncertainty created by the Brexit referendum. This uncertainty related risk to growth could be even greater if the UK leaves the economic and legal framework provided by the EU. This CAGE policy report offers proposals from different perspectives to answer the overarching question: What is the role of a government in a modern economy after the global financial crisis and the Brexit vote? We report on economic and social challenges in the UK and discuss potential policy responses for the government to consider. Foreword by: Lord O’Donnell of Clapham.

scholarly journals Patron offending and intoxication in night-time entertainment districts (POINTED): A study protocol

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Miller ◽  
Amy Pennay ◽  
Rebecca Jenkinson ◽  
Nicolas Droste ◽  
Tanya Chikritzhs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Study Protocol ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Drug Testing ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Risky Behaviour ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Risky Alcohol ◽  
Related Risk ◽  
Risky Alcohol Consumption

Miller, P., Pennay, A., Jenkinson, R., Droste, N., Chikritzhs, T., Tomsen, S., Wadds, P., Jones, S. C., Palmer, D., Barrie, L. & Lubman, D. I. (2013). Patron offending and intoxication in night-time entertainment districts (POINTED): A study protocol. International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research, 2(1), 69-76.   doi: 10.7895/ijadr.v2i1.74 (http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v2i1.74)Risky alcohol consumption is the subject of considerable community concern in Australia and internationally, particularly the risky drinking practices of young people consuming alcohol in the night-time economy. This study will determine some of the factors and correlates associated with alcohol-related risk-taking, offending and harm in and around licensed venues and night-time entertainment precincts across five Australian cities (three metropolitan and two regional). The primary aim of the study is to measure levels of pre-drinking, drinking in venues, intoxication, illicit drug use and potentially harmful drinking practices (such as mixing with energy drinks) of patrons in entertainment areas, and relating this to offending, risky behaviour and harms experienced. The study will also investigate the effects of license type, trading hours, duration of drinking episodes and geographical location on intoxication, offending, risk-taking and experience of harm. Data collection involves patron interviews (incorporating breathalysing and drug testing) with 7500 people attending licensed venues. Intensive venue observations (n=112) will also be undertaken in a range of venues, including pubs, bars and nightclubs. The information gathered through this study will inform prevention and enforcement approaches of policy makers, police and venue staff.

scholarly journals Connection, constraint, and coping: A qualitative study of experiences of loneliness during the COVID-19 lockdown in the UK

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. e0258344
Author(s):  
Phoebe E. McKenna-Plumley ◽  
Lisa Graham-Wisener ◽  
Emma Berry ◽  
Jenny M. Groarke
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
Social Contact ◽  
Personal Relationships ◽  
Social Connection ◽  
Foreseeable Future ◽  
Social Contacts ◽  
The Uk ◽  
And Coping

The COVID-19 pandemic has necessitated physical distancing which is expected to continue in some form for the foreseeable future. Physical distancing policies have increased reliance on digital forms of social connection and there are widespread concerns about social isolation and mental health in this context. This qualitative study sought to understand how loneliness was experienced during physical distancing in the initial national UK COVID-19 lockdown. Eight individuals who reported feeling lonely during the initial lockdown were interviewed in May 2020. Interviews were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Four main themes were identified: (1) Loss of in-person interaction causing loneliness, (2) Constrained freedom, (3) Challenging emotions, and (4) Coping with loneliness. The loss of in-person interaction contributed to feelings of loneliness and digital interaction was viewed as an insufficient alternative. Social freedom could be constrained by distancing policies and by social contacts, contributing to strained personal relationships and feelings of frustration as part of loneliness. Fluctuations in mood and difficult emotions were experienced alongside loneliness, and distraction and seeking reconnection were commonly reported methods of coping, although they were less accessible. These findings indicate that physical distancing measures can impact loneliness due to the limitations they impose on in-person social contact and the perceived insufficiency of digital contact as a substitute.

scholarly journals The fomite contribution to the transmission of COVID-19 in the UK: an evolutionary population estimate

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avery Meiksin
Keyword(s):  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Population Estimate ◽  
Reproduction Rate ◽  
Social Contacts ◽  
Seir Model ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Uk

A SEIR model with an added fomite term is used to constrain the contribution of fomites to the spread of COVID-19 under the Spring 2020 lockdown in the UK. Assuming uniform priors on the reproduction number in lockdown and the fomite transmission rate, an upper limit is found on the fomite transmission rate of less than 1 contaminated object in 7 per day per infectious person (95% CL). Basing the prior on the reproduction rate during lockdown instead on the CoMix study results for the reduction in social contacts under lockdown, and assuming the reproduction number scales with the number of social contacts, provides a much more restrictive upper limit on the transmission rate by contaminated objects of fewer than 1 in 30 per day per infectious person (95% CL). Applied to postal deliveries and groceries, the upper limit on the fomite transmission rate corresponds to a probability below 1 in 70 (95% CL) that a contaminated object transmits the infection. Fewer than about half (95% CL) of the total number of deaths during the lockdown are found to arise from fomites, and most likely fewer than a quarter. These findings apply only to fomites with a transmission rate that is unaffected by a lockdown.

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