scholarly journals Dopaminergic challenge dissociates learning from primary versus secondary sources of information

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Rybicki ◽  
S. L. Sowden ◽  
B. A. Schuster ◽  
J. L Cook
Keyword(s):  
Dopamine D2 Receptor ◽  
Social Information ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Individual Learning ◽  
Secondary Source ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Learning Mechanisms ◽  
Additional Element ◽  
Total N ◽  
Specific Learning

SummarySome theories of human cultural evolution posit that humans have social-specific learning mechanisms that are adaptive specialisations moulded by natural selection to cope with the pressures of group living. However, the existence of neurochemical pathways that are specialised for learning from social information and from individual experience is widely debated. Cognitive neuroscientific studies present mixed evidence for social-specific learning mechanisms: some studies find dissociable neural correlates for social and individual learning whereas others find the same brain areas and, dopamine-mediated, computations involved in both. Here we demonstrate that, like individual learning, social learning is modulated by the dopamine D2 receptor antagonist haloperidol when social information is the primary learning source, but not when it comprises a secondary, additional element. Two groups (total N = 43) completed a decision-making task which required primary learning, from own experience, and secondary learning from an additional source. For one group the primary source was social, and secondary was individual; for the other group this was reversed. Haloperidol affected primary learning irrespective of social/individual nature, with no effect on learning from the secondary source. Thus, we illustrate that neurochemical mechanisms underpinning learning can be dissociated along a primary-secondary but not a social-individual axis. These results resolve conflict in the literature and support an expanding field showing that, rather than being specialised for particular inputs, neurochemical pathways in the human brain can process both social and non-social cues and arbitrate between the two depending upon which cue is primarily relevant for the task at hand.

Lady mosquito at NPS Mumbai

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 691-701
Author(s):  
Vinit Singh Chauhan
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Intelligence ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Secondary Source ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Academic Level ◽  
Expression Of Emotion ◽  
Regulation Of Emotion

Theoretical basis The term emotional intelligence was coined by the researchers Peter Salavoy and John Mayer. The concept was popularized by Daniel Goleman through his book Emotional Intelligence published in 1996. According to Salavoy and Mayer (1990), emotional intelligence consists of a set of skills hypothesized to contribute to the accurate appraisal and expression of emotion in oneself and in others, the effective regulation of emotion in self and others and the use of feelings to motivate, plan and achieve in one’s life. Research methodology The case study uses two sources of information, namely, primary and secondary. Dr Dev, a senior training and development manager with a multinational company constituted the primary source. The secondary source consisted of information publicly available on various websites. The case has been disguised for various reasons. Case overview/synopsis Lady mosquito at NPS Mumbai is a case study on emotional intelligence, a much sought-after concept in management education, but not many case studies have been written on the topic. This case involves an interaction that took place between a facilitator and a learner, and it highlights the importance of emotional intelligence in day-to-day communication. The use of emotional intelligence will manifold improve the ability of the facilitator to understand the learners’ behavior in the classroom. This will further enhance the effectiveness of learning, as the motivated facilitator/trainer will be more committed to engaging the learners in their educational activities. Complexity academic level This case has been developed to be used in postgraduate and undergraduate management programs. This case can also be used in management development programs for executives. As the case provides a basic understanding of human behavior and thereby teaches to manage others just by managing oneself. As the case revolves around a facilitator and the learner, it can also be used in the trainer program for facilitators who desire to conduct training programs or want to take teaching as a full-time career.

scholarly journals Approaching mercury distribution in burial environment using PLS-R modelling

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Noemi Álvarez-Fernández ◽  
Antonio Martínez Cortizas ◽  
Zaira García-López ◽  
Olalla López-Costas
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Secondary Source ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Mercury Distribution ◽  
The Past ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Target Organs ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One

AbstractMercury environmental cycle and toxicology have been widely researched. Given the long history of mercury pollution, researching mercury trends in the past can help to understand its behaviour in the present. Archaeological skeletons have been found to be useful sources of information regarding mercury loads in the past. In our study we applied a soil multi-sampling approach in two burials dated to the 5th to 6th centuries AD. PLRS modelling was used to elucidate the factors controlling mercury distribution. The model explains 72% of mercury variance and suggests that mercury accumulation in the burial soils is the result of complex interactions. The decomposition of the bodies not only was the primary source of mercury to the soil but also responsible for the pedogenetic transformation of the sediments and the formation of soil components with the ability to retain mercury. The amount of soft tissues and bone mass also resulted in differences between burials, indicating that the skeletons were a primary/secondary source of mercury to the soil (i.e. temporary sink). Within burial variability seems to depend on the proximity of the soil to the thoracic area, where the main mercury target organs were located. We also conclude that, in coarse textured soils, as the ones studied in this investigation, the finer fraction (i.e. silt + clay) should be analysed, as it is the most reactive and the one with the higher potential to provide information on metal cycling and incipient soil processes. Finally, our study stresses the need to characterise the burial soil environment in order to fully understand the role of the interactions between soil and skeleton in mercury cycling in burial contexts.

scholarly journals Spatial and temporal dynamics of stream chemistry in a forested watershed

2009 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. B. Piatek ◽  
S. F. Christopher ◽  
M. J. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
New York State ◽  
Spatial Dynamics ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Base Cations ◽  
Secondary Source ◽  
Sampling Point ◽  
Stream Chemistry ◽  
Total N ◽  
Annual Variability

Abstract. Spatial dynamics of solute chemistry and natural abundance isotopes of nitrate (15N and 18O) were examined in seven locations and at the watershed outlet in 2001 and 2002 in a forest watershed in the Adirondack Mountains of New York State, USA. Temporal dynamics were examined during five discharge periods: winter, snowmelt, spring, summer, and fall, based on discharge levels at the watershed outlet. Solute concentrations were variable across space and time with significant (p≤0.05) interaction effects. Year*period was significant for pH, NH4+, NO3-, total N, DOC, and total Al suggesting that inter-annual variability in discharge levels was more important for these solutes than intra-annual variability. Period*sampling point was significant for pH, Mg2+, Ca2+, sum of base cations, Si, and total Al suggesting that the differences in concentration of these solutes among sampling points were moderated by discharge levels. In general, groundwater sources located in upper watershed controlled stream chemistry at higher elevations with highest pH, Ca2+, sum of base cations, Si, and SO42- concentrations, with higher values in summer, and dilution effects during snowmelt. Two low elevation wetlands had a substantial influence over stream chemistry at those locations contributing lowest NO3- and highest DOC. Snowmelt exhibited among the lowest pH, sum of base cations, and SO42-, and highest NO3-, total N, and total Al; snowmelt appeared to dilute groundwater, and flush stored soil-derived solutes. Summer discharge, composed mainly of groundwater, exhibited the lowest flow, among the highest Mg2+, Ca2+, and lowest DON, DOC, and total Al concentrations. Isotopic analysis indicated that NO3- was microbial with primary source in upper watershed soil, from where it was flushed to stream under high discharge-conditions, or drained to groundwater which became its secondary source when discharge was low. Watershed outlet did not exhibit specific solute levels found at source-areas, but represented solute dynamics in the rest of the watershed well.

Learning and Information Use in an Intergroup Context

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin G Mittman ◽  
Keelah Williams ◽  
Vikranth R Bejjanki
Keyword(s):  
Group Membership ◽  
Social Information ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Intergroup Bias ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Learning Mechanisms ◽  
Task Relevance ◽  
The Face ◽  
Learn Task

When faced with uncertainty, human observers maximize performance by effectively integrating sensory information with learned task-relevant regularities. Does this behavior similarly occur in social, intergroup settings? Here, by providing participants with repeated exposure to a probabilistic decision-making task involving social information, we characterized their ability to learn task-relevant regularities and explored how social information interacted with learning over time. In particular, we examined how a behavior typically attributed to implicit intergroup bias––taking group membership into account when irrelevant or inappropriate––might be influenced by learning mechanisms that promote efficacy in the face of uncertainty. Across two experiments we show that observers learned and utilized task-relevant regularities to inform their decisions and maximize rewards. Notably, social information was utilized only when doing so conferred reward gains. Furthermore, learning about the utility of social information had a long-term influence on observers’ ability to subsequently learn and utilize other sources of information. Taken together, our findings highlight the powerful influence of learning in intergroup contexts: human observers are sensitive to–and quickly learn–the task-relevance of social information, and are able to use this learned knowledge to flexibly reweight available sources of information.

Corruption and control from the perspective of Islam

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 355-368
Author(s):  
Waled Younes E. Alazzabi ◽  
Hasri Mustafa ◽  
Ahmed Razman Abdul Latiff
Keyword(s):  
Primary Source ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Business Community ◽  
Influential Factor ◽  
Situational Factor ◽  
Secondary Source ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Content Type ◽  
And Control

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore and provide insights into corruption and the control procedures from an Islamic perspective. Design/methodology/approach This paper adopts qualitative research approach using the holy Quran as a primary source and hadith of the Prophet Mohammed supported by the anecdotes of his companions as a secondary source and prior literature. Findings This paper offers an Islamic taxonomy of corruption that contains economic, managerial, financial, political, environmental, social and ethical corruption which is explicitly prohibited because of their consequence on societies. Islam establishes proactive, preventive, detecting and reactive procedures to control corruption and prescribes how to avoid its harmful consequences. The paper also reveals significant concepts in relation to individuals’ qualities that if taken care of, better chances to reduce corruption and better living conditions can be accomplished. Research limitations/implications The paper recommends means to the business community through providing managerial and practical procedures which can be used for limiting corruption effectively. However, this piece of work provides further explanations on corruption to improve our understanding on such a phenomenon and contributes to the literature from the perspective of Islam point of view. Originality/value The paper contributes to the debate on corruption, human, religion and control from an Islamic point of view, which is lacking. This paper finds evidence that loss of belief is a situational factor that leads to corrupt acts. Also, moral teaching in early ages is necessary for inner and self-control. Moral renovation is an influential factor that keeps individuals motivated and refrain from indulging into corrupt acts.

scholarly journals The Pursuit of the Source, or The Inevitability of Death

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mats Persson ◽  
Jan Ch. Karlsson
Keyword(s):  
Discourse Analysis ◽  
Resistance To Change ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Secondary Source ◽  
Management Research ◽  
Critical Realist ◽  
Dying Patients ◽  
False Idea

The purpose of this article is to apply the method of the genre of studying chains of references to an instance of a secondary source of the contested concept of ‘resistance to change’ back to the primary source and thereby exercise criticism of the sources. This includes discussing whether the theory itself is empirically sustainable or sufficiently scientifically grounded. In the article, we adopt a theoretical lens of Critical Realist Discourse Analysis, mainly because it is sensitive to the importance of the influence of nondiscursive social positions on discourses. The primary source of the chain of theories of resistance to change turns out to be Kübler-Ross’s model of stages of dying patients’ reactions to their immanent death. We find that the model is systematically misinterpreted to fit the empirically false idea of resistance to change of the ideological discourses of management research.

scholarly journals Dynamics of incidence and prevalence of type 1 diabetes mellitus in children in the Russian Federation (2001-2007)

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 23-27
Author(s):  
Tatiana Yur'evna Shiryaeva ◽  
Ekaterina Andreevna Andrianova ◽  
Yury Ivanovich Suntsov
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Far East ◽  
Secondary Source ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Pediatric Endocrinology ◽  
Type 1 Dm ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Aim. To study dynamics of main epidemiological characteristics (incidence and prevalence) of type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) in children in theRussian Federation (RF) and its Federal districts (FD) in 2001-2007. Materials and methods. Analysis of main epidemiological characteristics (incidence, prevalence, mortality) of type 1 DM in children of RF has beenunderway in the Institute of Pediatric Endocrinology, ERC, since 2001 based on results of questionnaire studies. The questionnaires regularly distributedamong Health Committees of RF subjects (primary sources of information) are designed to collect data on the size, age and sex compositionof childrens populations affected by DM1 and the number of newly diagnosed cases as per the end of each reporting year. The data obtainedare compared with those stored in the State Diabetes Registry (secondary source of information). Results. Major trends in the dynamics of epidemiological characteristics of type 1 DM in children of RF are similar to those worldwide. Mean annualgrowth rate is 2,8%. The incidence of DM1 remains highest in the North-West FD (15,66 per 100 000 children) followed by Central andVolga FDs (12,82 and 10,6 respectively) where its is close to the average value FDr RF (11,01). The incidence of DM1 continues to decrease in theSouthern FD (6,61% per year) and undergoes up-and-down fluctuations in Ural and Siberian FDs. It steadily grows in the Far East FD. TheNorth-South gradient of DM1 morbidity across the territory of RF has persisted during the study period. Conclusion. Monitoring main epidemiological characteristics of type 1 diabetes mellitus in children of RF is an integral component of the organizationof medical and preventive aid to these patients that creates a basis for predicting morbidity, planning measures for its control, and improvinggeneral quality of healthcare provided to diabetic children

scholarly journals Pharmacists’ Perception of the Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19) in Jordan: A Cross-Sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (21) ◽  
pp. 11541
Author(s):  
Tamara Al-Daghastani ◽  
Odate Tadros ◽  
Shereen Arabiyat ◽  
Deema Jaber ◽  
Husam AlSalamat
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Second Wave

Objectives: To analyze the role of pharmacists during the COVID-19 pandemic, to measure pharmacists’ attitude toward COVID-19 safety measures (wearing masks, wearing gloves, isolation shield, good hygiene, etc.), and explore their perspectives regarding a second wave of the virus. Methods: This cross-sectional online survey study was conducted in Jordan during the COVID-19 outbreak in July 2020 to discuss Jordanian pharmacists’ awareness of safety at their workplace during the COVID-19 outbreak, their sources of information, and their predictions for COVID-19 vaccination. Results: The participants (n = 311) were all pharmacists mostly aged between 23–30 years old (45%) and female (83%). The primary source of information about COVID-19 was social networking (38.9%). Pharmacists were committed to social distancing (86.5%) and wearing masks (76.2%). They expressed levels of agreement to their role in decreasing COVID-19 spread (94.2%) and correcting false information (94.5%); they expressed levels of expectation toward concern about a second COVID-19 wave (83%) that would be more severe than the previous one (43.4%). Pharmacists expected that an influenza vaccine might be helpful in decreasing severity and spread of the COVID-19 pandemic (56.9%). Pharmacists expected COVID-19 vaccine development within 6 months of administering our study survey (84.9%) and that vaccination might be effective in preventing COVID-19 (93%) infection. Conclusion: Pharmacists expressed positive roles on COVID-19 spread through exemplary actions, self-commitment to protection measures, and public health awareness. Social media as a source of health information should be cautiously investigated, and pharmacists should always refer to evidence-based sources. The role of pharmacists is particularly important for the upcoming era of COVID-19 vaccination administration and awareness.

scholarly journals KONSEP PENDIDIK DAN METODE PEMBELAJARAN YANG HUMANIS MENURUT IBNU KHALDUN

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-114
Author(s):  
Kiki Sumber Rejeki
Keyword(s):  
Primary Source ◽  
Secondary Source ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Learning Methods ◽  
Ibn Khaldun ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Methods Of Learning

This study aims to find out and analyze the concept of educators and humanist learning methods according to Ibn Khaldun in his book entitled "Muqaddimah". The concept of educators and methods of learning in question is the behavior of educators in providing teaching to learners. The meaning of humanist according to Ibn Khaldun is a teaching that contains elements of humanity according to his nature as a human being. The approach used in this research is qualitative descriptive by reviewing the book of Muqaddimah with publisher of Maktabah Al-Hidayah as primary source and translation book of Muqaddimah with publisher Pustaka Al-Kautsar as secondary source and other supporting book. This research produces some educational concepts and learning methods that are humanist according to Ibn Khaldun.

scholarly journals Modeling and Control of Fuel Cell/Supercapacitor Hybrid Source Based on Energetic Macroscopic Representation

2021 ◽  
Vol 297 ◽  
pp. 01049
Author(s):  
Mohamed Haidoury ◽  
Hatim Jbari ◽  
Mohammed Rachidi
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Proton Exchange Membrane ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Proton Exchange ◽  
Secondary Source ◽  
Pass Filter ◽  
Low Pass Filter ◽  
Modeling And Control ◽  
Control Approach ◽  
Dynamic Simulator

In this paper, we present a dynamic simulator that uses a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). This source, is used as a primary source with a supercapacitor (SC) considered as a secondary source. This simulator integrates a PEMFC’s dynamic model, validated on the Bahia bench and a semi-empirical model of SC. The developed model is implemented using the macroscopic energetic representation tool (EMR). The energy management system (EMS) is based on rule-based power management, where a low-pass filter splits the power among sources (PEMFC and SCs) using a cut-off frequency of 0.2Hz, and a controller block that regulates the bus voltage deduced by the EMR’s inversion-based control approach.

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