scholarly journals Transcription factor lineages in plant-pathogenic fungi, connecting diversity with fungal virulence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evan John ◽  
Kar-Chun Tan ◽  
Richard Peter Oliver ◽  
Karam Singh
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Fungal Virulence ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Dna Binding Domains ◽  
Functional Studies ◽  
Binding Domains ◽  
Plant Pathogenicity ◽  
Host Infection

Plant-pathogenic fungi span diverse taxonomic lineages. Their host-infection strategies are often specialised and require the coordinated regulation of molecular virulence factors. Transcription factors (TFs) are fundamental regulators of gene expression, controlling development and virulence in plant pathogenic fungi. Recent research has established regulatory roles for several taxonomically conserved fungal TFs, but the evolution of specific virulence regulators is not well understood. This study sought to explore the representation of TFs across a taxonomically-diverse range of fungi, with a focus on plant pathogens. A significant trend was observed among the obligate, host-associated pathogens, which possess a reduced overall TF repertoire, alluding to a lack of pressure for maintaining diversity. A novel orthology-based analysis is then presented that refined TF classifications, traditionally based on the nature of the DNA-binding domains. Using this analysis, cases of TF over/underrepresentation across fungal pathogen lineages are systematically highlighted. Specific examples are then explored and discussed that included the TF orthologues of Ste12, Pf2 and EBR1, plus phytotoxic secondary-metabolite cluster regulators, which all presented novel and distinct evolutionary insights. Ultimately, as the examples presented demonstrate, this resource can be interrogated to guide functional studies that seek to characterise virulence-specific regulators and shed light on the factors underpinning plant pathogenicity.

scholarly journals The Ustilago hordei–Barley Interaction is a Versatile System for Characterization of Fungal Effectors

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 86
Author(s):  
Bilal Ökmen ◽  
Daniela Schwammbach ◽  
Guus Bakkeren ◽  
Ulla Neumann ◽  
Gunther Doehlemann
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Expression System ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Effector Proteins ◽  
Mating Partner ◽  
Fungal Virulence ◽  
Functional Studies ◽  
Infection Structures ◽  
Ustilago Hordei

Obligate biotrophic fungal pathogens, such as Blumeria graminis and Puccinia graminis, are amongst the most devastating plant pathogens, causing dramatic yield losses in many economically important crops worldwide. However, a lack of reliable tools for the efficient genetic transformation has hampered studies into the molecular basis of their virulence or pathogenicity. In this study, we present the Ustilago hordei–barley pathosystem as a model to characterize effectors from different plant pathogenic fungi. We generate U. hordei solopathogenic strains, which form infectious filaments without the presence of a compatible mating partner. Solopathogenic strains are suitable for heterologous expression system for fungal virulence factors. A highly efficient Crispr/Cas9 gene editing system is made available for U. hordei. In addition, U. hordei infection structures during barley colonization are analyzed using transmission electron microscopy, showing that U. hordei forms intracellular infection structures sharing high similarity to haustoria formed by obligate rust and powdery mildew fungi. Thus, U. hordei has high potential as a fungal expression platform for functional studies of heterologous effector proteins in barley.

scholarly journals The Ustilago hordei-barley interaction is a versatile system to characterize fungal effectors

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bilal Ökmen ◽  
Daniela Schwammbach ◽  
Guus Bakkeren ◽  
Ulla Neumann ◽  
Gunther Doehlemann
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Expression System ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Effector Proteins ◽  
Mating Partner ◽  
Fungal Virulence ◽  
Functional Studies ◽  
Infection Structures ◽  
Expression Platform

AbstractObligate biotrophic fungal pathogens, such as Blumeria graminis and Puccinia graminis, are amongst the most devastating plant pathogens, causing dramatic yield losses in many economically important crops worldwide. However, a lack of reliable tools for the efficient genetic transformation has hampered studies into the molecular basis of their virulence/pathogenicity. In this study, we present the U. hordei-barley pathosystem as a model to characterize effectors from different plant pathogenic fungi. We have generated U. hordei solopathogenic strains, which form infectious filaments without presence of compatible mating partner. Solopathogenic strains are suitable as heterologous expression system for fungal virulence factors. A highly efficient Crispr/Cas9 gene editing system is made available for U. hordei. In addition, U. hordei infection structures during barley colonization were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy, which shows that U. hordei forms intracellular infection structures sharing high similarity to haustoria formed by obligate rust and powdery mildew fungi. Thus, U. hordei has high potential as a fungal expression platform for functional studies of heterologous effector proteins in barley.

Emerging Roles of Posttranslational Modifications in Plant-Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria

2021 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wende Liu ◽  
Lindsay Triplett ◽  
Xiao-Lin Chen
Keyword(s):  
Posttranslational Modifications ◽  
Protein Function ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Host Infection ◽  
Infection Processes

Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) play crucial roles in regulating protein function and thereby control many cellular processes and biological phenotypes in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Several recent studies illustrate how plant fungal and bacterial pathogens use these PTMs to facilitate development, stress response, and host infection. In this review, we discuss PTMs that have key roles in the biological and infection processes of plant-pathogenic fungi and bacteria. The emerging roles of PTMs during pathogen–plant interactions are highlighted. We also summarize traditional tools and emerging proteomics approaches for PTM research. These discoveries open new avenues for investigating the fundamental infection mechanisms of plant pathogens and the discovery of novel strategies for plant disease control. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Phytopathology, Volume 59 is August 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Survival and probability of transmission of plant pathogenic fungi through the digestive tract of honey bee workers

Apidologie ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 871-880 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorgiane B. Parish ◽  
Eileen S. Scott ◽  
Raymond Correll ◽  
Katja Hogendoorn
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Honey Bee ◽  
Honey Bees ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Colletotrichum Acutatum ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Honey Bee Workers

AbstractHoney bees, Apis mellifera, have been implicated as vectors of plant pathogens. However, the survival of spores of plant pathogenic fungi through the digestive tract of workers has not been investigated. As workers defecate outside the hive, transport of hives could give rise to biosecurity concerns if fungal spores remain viable following passage through the digestive tract. To determine the likelihood that honey bees serve as vectors, this study investigated the viability of spores of Botrytis cinerea and Colletotrichum acutatum after passing through the digestive tract of summer and autumn worker bees. For both fungi, the mean viability of spores in faeces suspensions was less than one percent of the initial dose fed to the bees. Although survival was low, the large number of workers per hive implies a high probability of transmission of viable spores through honey bee faeces. Hence, in the case of economically important fungal diseases, transported hives could be a source of inoculum and quarantine restrictions should be considered.

The Biocontrol Mechanism of Trichoderma asperellum Resistance Plant Pathogenic Fungi

2013 ◽  
Vol 726-731 ◽  
pp. 4525-4528
Author(s):  
Ping Yang ◽  
Qian Xu
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Hydrolytic Enzymes ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes ◽  
Antifungal Metabolites ◽  
Degrading Enzymes

T. asperellum is an important biocontrol fungus owing to their ability to antagonize plant pathogenic fungi. The biocontrol effects of T. asperellum were played by secreting many kinds of hydrolytic enzymes and antibiotics. T. asperellum producing more cell wall degrading enzymes when meeting plant pathogens. Moreover, the growth of the plant pathogens was inhibited by T. asperellum secondary metabolites. The yield of antibiotic 6-PP was 1.32 mg 6-PP/g mycelial dry weight. T. asperellum control plant pathogens through secreting cell wall degrading enzymes and producing antifungal metabolites.

scholarly journals General plant pathology: exercises

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Biruta Bankina ◽  
◽  
Gunita Bimsteine ◽  
Janis Kaneps ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathology ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Comprehensive Information

This illustrated issue provides students with currently comprehensive information about organisms from the kingdoms of Fungi, Chromista, and Protozoa – important groups of plant pathogens. It covers characterisation of the composition and reproduction of fungi, as well as basic principles of their systematics. The most important orders of plant pathogenic fungi are described, and examples of important pathogens and the description of diseases are given.

scholarly journals Secondary Metabolites of the Rice Blast Fungus Pyricularia oryzae: Biosynthesis and Biological Function

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (22) ◽  
pp. 8698
Author(s):  
Takayuki Motoyama
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Secondary Metabolism ◽  
Rice Blast ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Pyricularia Oryzae ◽  
Blast Disease ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Biosynthetic Genes

Plant pathogenic fungi produce a wide variety of secondary metabolites with unique and complex structures. However, most fungal secondary metabolism genes are poorly expressed under laboratory conditions. Moreover, the relationship between pathogenicity and secondary metabolites remains unclear. To activate silent gene clusters in fungi, successful approaches such as epigenetic control, promoter exchange, and heterologous expression have been reported. Pyricularia oryzae, a well-characterized plant pathogenic fungus, is the causal pathogen of rice blast disease. P. oryzae is also rich in secondary metabolism genes. However, biosynthetic genes for only four groups of secondary metabolites have been well characterized in this fungus. Biosynthetic genes for two of the four groups of secondary metabolites have been identified by activating secondary metabolism. This review focuses on the biosynthesis and roles of the four groups of secondary metabolites produced by P. oryzae. These secondary metabolites include melanin, a polyketide compound required for rice infection; pyriculols, phytotoxic polyketide compounds; nectriapyrones, antibacterial polyketide compounds produced mainly by symbiotic fungi including endophytes and plant pathogens; and tenuazonic acid, a well-known mycotoxin produced by various plant pathogenic fungi and biosynthesized by a unique NRPS-PKS enzyme.

scholarly journals An Evaluation of the Chemical Compositions and Antifungal Activity of Ocimum gratissimum (Nchuanwu) Leaves against Some Plant Pathogens

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Rosemary I. Uchegbu ◽  
Jacinta N. Akalazu ◽  
Chinweotuto E. Sokwaibe
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Ocimum Gratissimum ◽  
Antifungal Potential ◽  
Colletotrichum Spp

Aim: This work was carried out to determine the chemical compositions of Ocimum gratissimum leaf (Fig. 1) using GC-MS and its antifungal potential against some plant pathogenic fungi. Study Design: The study was designed to determine its chemical compositions by GC-MS and to test the inhibitory ability of the plant extract on plant pathogens. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Chemistry, Alvan Ikoku Federal College of Education, Owerri and Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria, between February to July 2017. Methodology: The ethanol extract of the leaf of Ocimum gratissimum was evaluated using GC-MS to determine the chemical compositions of the plant. The identification of compounds was done by comparing spectrum of the unknown component with the spectrum of the known components stored in the NIST library. The essential oil of the plant was used to analyze the antifungal potential of the plant. This was done against some plant pathogenic fungi using disc diffusion method and MIC using broth micro dilution method. Results: The GC-MS analysis revealed eight compounds (Fig. 2) with n- Hexadecanoic acid constituting the bulk of the oil (37.21%), followed by Oleic acid (25.38%) and Octadecanoic acid (16.19%). Other compounds present in the plant are Glycyl alcohol (2.47%), Methyl alpha –D- Glucopyranoside (8.33%), Tetradecanoic acid (5.77%), Palmitic amide (2.72%) and d-Glucose, 2,3- diethyl-4,5-dithioacetyl (1.93%). Ocimum gratissimum exhibited different degrees of antifungal activity against the mycelial growth of Aspergillus niger, Botryodiploidia theobromae, Rhizopus stolonifer, Penicillium expansum and Colletotrichum spp and Fusarium oxysporium. The maximum percentage degree inhibition of Ocimum gratissimum oil was observed on A. niger at different concentrations while the least inhibition was observed in Colletotrichum spp at different concentrations. Analysis of some of the compounds found in Ocimum gratissimum such as Methyl alpha.-d-glucopyranoside, Oleic acid etc, reveals the rich pharmacological potential of this medicinal plant and the inhibitory potential of the plant against fungi justify the use of Ocimum gratissimum as a medicine traditionally.

scholarly journals Colloidal Silver Hydrogen Peroxide: New Generation Molecule for Management of Phytopathogens

Horticulturae ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 573
Author(s):  
Hosapura Shekhararaju Mahesha ◽  
Jayasuvarnapura Umapathi Vinay ◽  
Medikeripura Rekhyanaik Ravikumar ◽  
Suryanarayana Visweswarashastry ◽  
Manikyanahalli Chandrashekhara Keerthi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Mycelium Growth ◽  
Average Size ◽  
New Generation

Plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria are a significant threat to global commercial crop production resulting in increased cost of production, reduced crop establishment and productivity. An effort was made to study the antimicrobial activity of silver hydrogen peroxide (SHP) against selected plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria under in vitro conditions. Higher antibacterial activity of SHP was observed against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac; 39.67 mm), Xanthomonas citri pv. punicae (Xap; 39.00 mm), and Ralstonia solanacearum (Rs; 36.67 mm) at 500 ppm concentration. SHP was superior to streptocycline (500 ppm) against Xac (25.33 mm) and Xcp (22.67 mm) at 100 ppm. The soil-borne fungi viz., Pythium aphanidermatum and Fusarium solani failed to initiate mycelium growth on PDA at the concentration of 5000 ppm and above. The average size of SHP particles was 462 nm in diameter, and 73.40% of particles had the size of 378 nm, which reflects the particles present in SHP solution in the form of colloids. The effective doses (100–5000 ppm) did not show any phytotoxicity symptoms in plants, while leaf necrosis was noticed at 10,000 ppm after four days of application. SHP (≤5000 ppm) can be used to effectively manage both fungal and bacterial plant pathogens by a single application. Further field studies need to be conducted for validation and commercial use of SHP.

scholarly journals A multiaccess LUCIDtrade; key to common plant pathogenic fungi causing diseases of temperate crops

2003 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 100-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.F. Neilson ◽  
T.M. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Microscopic Examination ◽  
Plant Disease ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
The Public ◽  
Taxonomic Approach ◽  
Common Plant

A LUCIDtrade; multiaccess computerbased key for identifying 175 genera of plant pathogenic fungi of temperate crops is described The key takes a pragmatic rather than a taxonomic approach to identification enabling a nonspecialist to key out many suspected plant pathogens based on microscopic examination of the fungal structures and plant disease symptoms Taxonomic jargon is kept to a minimum and images of morphological characteristics are used frequently Fact sheets on the diseases caused by common pathogens are also included in the programme The key is available in the public domain and should be useful to anyone with a microscope wishing to identify a common fungal disease

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document