scholarly journals Waning Effectiveness of the BNT162b2 Vaccine Against Infection in Adolescents

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ottavia Prunas ◽  
Daniel M. Weinberger ◽  
Virginia E. Pitzer ◽  
Sivan Gazit ◽  
Tal Patalon
Keyword(s):  
Control Design ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Vaccine Effectiveness ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Symptomatic Infection ◽  
Matched Case ◽  
Induced Immunity

Background: The short-term effectiveness of a two-dose regimen of the BioNTech/Pfizer mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine for adolescents has been demonstrated. However, little is known about the long-term effectiveness in this age group. It is known, though, that waning of vaccine-induced immunity against infection in adult populations is evident within a few months. Methods: Leveraging the centralized computerized database of Maccabi Healthcare Services (MHS), we conducted a matched case-control design for evaluating the association between time since vaccination and the incidence of infections, where two outcomes were evaluated separately: a documented SARS-CoV-2 infection (regardless of symptoms) and a symptomatic infection (COVID-19). Cases were defined as individuals aged 12 to 16 with a positive PCR test occurring between June 15 and December 8, 2021, when the Delta variant was dominant in Israel. Controls were adolescents who had not tested positive previously. Results: We estimated a peak vaccine effectiveness between 2 weeks and 3 months following receipt of the second dose, with 85% and 90% effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19, respectively. However, in line with previous findings for adults, waning of vaccine effectiveness was evident in adolescents as well. Long-term protection conferred by the vaccine was reduced to 75-78% against infection and symptomatic infection, respectively, 3 to 5 months after the second dose, and waned to 58% against infection and 65% against COVID-19 after 5 months. Conclusions: Like adults, vaccine-induced protection against both SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 wanes with time, starting three months after inoculation and continuing for more than five months.

scholarly journals Short Term Reduction in the Odds of Testing Positive for SARS-CoV-2; a Comparison Between Two Doses and Three doses of the BNT162b2 Vaccine

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tal Patalon ◽  
Sivan Gazit ◽  
Virginia E. Pitzer ◽  
Ottavia Prunas ◽  
Joshua L. Warren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Disease ◽  
Vaccination Campaign ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Third ◽  
Waning Immunity ◽  
Matched Case ◽  
Marginal Effectiveness ◽  
Duration Of Protection

With the evidence of waning immunity of the BNT162b2 vaccine, a national third dose vaccination campaign was initiated in Israel during August 2021; other countries have announced their intention to administer a booster shot as well. Leveraging data from Maccabi Healthcare Services, we conducted a preliminary retrospective study aimed at evaluating initial short-term effectiveness of a three dose versus a two dose regimen against infection due to the Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2, using two complementary approaches; a test-negative design and a matched case-control design. We found that 7-13 days after the booster shot there is a 48-68% reduction in the odds of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection and that 14-20 days after the booster the marginal effectiveness increases to 70-84%. Further studies are needed to determine the duration of protection conferred by the third dose and its effect on severe disease.

scholarly journals A probability model for evaluating the bias and precision of influenza vaccine effectiveness estimates from case-control studies

2014 ◽  
Vol 143 (7) ◽  
pp. 1417-1426 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. HABER ◽  
Q. AN ◽  
I. M. FOPPA ◽  
D. K. SHAY ◽  
J. M. FERDINANDS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Probability Model ◽  
Control Design ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Vaccine Effectiveness ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Respiratory Illnesses ◽  
Study Designs

SUMMARYAs influenza vaccination is now widely recommended, randomized clinical trials are no longer ethical in many populations. Therefore, observational studies on patients seeking medical care for acute respiratory illnesses (ARIs) are a popular option for estimating influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE). We developed a probability model for evaluating and comparing bias and precision of estimates of VE against symptomatic influenza from two commonly used case-control study designs: the test-negative design and the traditional case-control design. We show that when vaccination does not affect the probability of developing non-influenza ARI then VE estimates from test-negative design studies are unbiased even if vaccinees and non-vaccinees have different probabilities of seeking medical care against ARI, as long as the ratio of these probabilities is the same for illnesses resulting from influenza and non-influenza infections. Our numerical results suggest that in general, estimates from the test-negative design have smaller bias compared to estimates from the traditional case-control design as long as the probability of non-influenza ARI is similar among vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals. We did not find consistent differences between the standard errors of the estimates from the two study designs.

scholarly journals 717. Antibiotic treatment of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli related gastroenteritis and the risk of hemolytic uremic syndrome: a population based matched case-control study in Japan

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S409-S410
Author(s):  
Shota Myojin ◽  
Kyongsun Pak ◽  
Mayumi Sako ◽  
Tohru Kobayashi ◽  
Takuri Takahashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Matched Case ◽  
Matched Case Control Study ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Background The role of therapeutic intervention, particularly antibiotics, for Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) related infection is controversial. Methods We performed a population based matched case-control study to assess the association between treatment (antibiotics, antidiarrheal agents and probiotics) for STEC related infections and HUS development. We identified all STEC HUS patients as cases and matched five non-HUS patients as controls using the data from the National Epidemiological Surveillance of Infectious Diseases (NESID) between January 1, 2017, and December 31, 2018. Further medical information was obtained by standardized questionnaires answered by physicians who registered each patient. We used multivariate conditional logistic regression model to evaluate the association between exposures (use of antibiotics, use of antidiarrheal agents, days between disease onset and fosfomycin administration [within two or three days]) and the development of HUS, by matched odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Covariates we used were sex, age group, area code, presence of diarrhea and other factors. We also performed subgroup analyses using age (adults and children) as a stratification factor. Results 7,760 STEC related patients were registered in the NESID. We selected patients who had a record of HUS diagnosis (n=182) and matched controls without HUS (n=910). After collecting standardized paper-based questionnaires, we enrolled 90 HUS patients and 371 non-HUS patients for analysis. In the main analysis, matched OR of fosfomycin was 0.75(0.47-1.20) in all ages, 1.41(0.51-3.88) in adults and 0.58(0.34-1.01) in children. Matched OR of antidiarrheal agents was 2.07(1.07-4.03) in all ages, 1.84(0.32-10.53) in adults, 2.65(1.21-5.82) in children. Matched OR of probiotics was 0.86(0.46-1.61) in all ages, 0.76(0.21-2.71) in adults, 1.00(0.48-2.09) in children. There was no significant association between the timing of fosfomycin use in the first two or five days of illness and HUS development in any age group. Conclusion Our results suggest that fosfomycin might decrease the risk of HUS in children younger than 15 years of age with STEC confirmed bacterial gastroenteritis. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

scholarly journals Parkinson's disease and long-term exposure to outdoor air pollution: A matched case-control study in the Netherlands

2019 ◽  
Vol 129 ◽  
pp. 28-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosario Toro ◽  
George S. Downward ◽  
Marianne van der Mark ◽  
Maartje Brouwer ◽  
Anke Huss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Outdoor Air ◽  
Outdoor Air Pollution ◽  
Matched Case ◽  
Matched Case Control Study ◽  
Control Study

scholarly journals Effect of the COVID-19 lockdown on disease recognition and utilisation of healthcare services in the older population in German: a cross-sectional study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernhard Michalowsky ◽  
Wolfgang Hoffmann ◽  
Jens Bohlken ◽  
Karel Kostev
Keyword(s):  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Routine Care ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Older Population ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract Background There is little evidence about the utilisation of healthcare services and disease recognition in the older population, which was urged to self-isolate during the COVID-19 lockdown. Objectives We aimed to describe the utilisation of physician consultations, specialist referrals, hospital admissions and the recognition of incident diseases in Germany for this age group during the COVID-19 lockdown. Design Cross-sectional observational study. Setting 1,095 general practitioners (GPs) and 960 specialist practices in Germany. Subjects 2.45 million older patients aged 65 or older. Methods The number of documented physician consultations, specialist referrals, hospital admissions and incident diagnoses during the imposed lockdown in 2020 was descriptively analysed and compared to 2019. Results Physician consultations decrease slightly in February (−2%), increase before the imposed lockdown in March (+9%) and decline in April (−18%) and May (−14%) 2020 compared to the same periods in 2019. Volumes of hospital admissions decrease earlier and more intensely than physician consultations (−39 versus −6%, respectively). Overall, 15, 16 and 18% fewer incident diagnoses were documented by GPs, neurologists and diabetologists, respectively, in 2020. Diabetes, dementia, depression, cancer and stroke were diagnosed less frequently during the lockdown (−17 to −26%), meaning that the decrease in the recognition of diseases was greater than the decrease in physician consultations. Conclusion The data suggest that organisational changes were adopted quickly by practice management but also raise concerns about the maintenance of routine care. Prospective studies should evaluate the long-term effects of lockdowns on patient-related outcomes.

Specifying Kidnapping for Ransom Epidemics at the Global Level: A Matched-Case Control Design

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen F. Pires ◽  
Rob T. Guerette ◽  
Auzeen Shariati
Keyword(s):  
Control Design ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Global Level ◽  
Matched Case

scholarly journals Evaluation of Muscular Forces That Can be Applied to Flight Controls

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-145
Author(s):  
Dennis B. Beringer ◽  
Robert E. Joslin
Keyword(s):  
Flight Control ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Aircraft Accidents ◽  
Flight Controls ◽  
Design Requirements ◽  
Control Forces ◽  
Rotary Wing

Excessive pilot flight-control forces have been identified as a causal factor in aircraft accidents, incidents, and anomalous events. However, the regulatory design requirements for fixed-wing and rotary-wing air-craft that are contained in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) have not been validated or updated in decades, and data for some specific situations were never included in the specifications. Results are presented for a recent study of over 300 participants categorized by gender, pilot/nonpilot status, and age group (10-year brackets from 18 through 69). Controls examined included sticks (left, center, right), yoke, rudder pedals (left, right), and helicopter collective. Results indicated that, on average, more than half of the sample could not achieve the short-term tabled forces used as reference points. However, more than half (60 to 87%) were able to sustain the prescribed long-term forces for 4 minutes or more in some control axes. It is recommended that reference tables both internal to the CFR and referenced by the CFR be modified to accommodate a larger percentage of the current user population.

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