scholarly journals The role of collegiality in academic review, promotion, and tenure

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane Dawson ◽  
Esteban Morales ◽  
Erin C. McKiernan ◽  
Lesley A. Schimanski ◽  
Meredith T. Niles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Academic Departments ◽  
Additional Element ◽  
Promotion And Tenure ◽  
Doctoral Research ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Data Survey ◽  
Academic Review

Review, promotion, and tenure (RPT) processes at universities typically assess candidates along three dimensions: research, teaching, and service. In recent years, some have argued for the inclusion of a controversial fourth criterion: collegiality. While collegiality plays a role in the morale and effectiveness of academic departments, it is amorphic and difficult to assess, and could be misused to stifle dissent or enforce homogeneity. Despite this, some institutions have opted to include this additional element in their RPT documents and processes, but it is unknown the extent of this practice and how it varies across institution type and disciplinary units. This study is based on two sets of data: survey data collected as part of a project that explored the publishing decisions of faculty and how these related to perceived importance in RPT processes, and 864 RPT documents collected from 129 universities from the United States and Canada. We analysed these RPT documents to determine the degree to which collegiality and related terms are mentioned, if they are defined, and if and how they may be assessed during the RPT process. Results show that when collegiality and related terms appear in these documents they are most often just briefly mentioned. It is less common for collegiality and related terms to be defined or assessed in RPT documents. Although the terms are mentioned across all types of institutions, there is a statistically significant difference in how prevalent they are at each. Collegiality is more commonly mentioned in the documents of doctoral research-focused universities (60%), than of master's universities and colleges (31%) or baccalaureate colleges (15%). Results from the accompanying survey of faculty also support this finding: individuals from R-Types were more likely to perceive collegiality to be a factor in their RPT processes. We conclude that collegiality likely plays an important role in RPT processes, whether it is explicitly acknowledged in policies and guidelines or not, and point to several strategies in how it might be best incorporated in the assessment of academic careers.

scholarly journals Use of the Journal Impact Factor in academic review, promotion, and tenure evaluations

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin C. McKiernan ◽  
Lesley A. Schimanski ◽  
Carol Muñoz Nieves ◽  
Lisa Matthias ◽  
Meredith T. Niles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Impact Factor ◽  
Journal Impact Factor ◽  
The United States ◽  
Evaluation Systems ◽  
Academic Evaluation ◽  
Promotion And Tenure ◽  
Doctoral Research ◽  
Academic Units ◽  
Academic Review ◽  
Journal Impact

The Journal Impact Factor (JIF) was originally designed to aid libraries in deciding which journals to index and purchase for their collections. Over the past few decades, however, it has become a relied upon metric used to evaluate research articles based on journal rank. Surveyed faculty often report feeling pressure to publish in journals with high JIFs and mention reliance on the JIF as one problem with current academic evaluation systems. While faculty reports are useful, information is lacking on how often and in what ways the JIF is currently used for review, promotion, and tenure (RPT). We therefore collected and analyzed RPT documents from a representative sample of 129 universities from the United States and Canada and 381 of their academic units. We found that 40% of doctoral, research-intensive (R-type) institutions and 18% of master’s, or comprehensive (M-type) institutions explicitly mentioned the JIF, or closely related terms, in their RPT documents. Undergraduate, or baccalaureate (B-type) institutions did not mention it at all. A detailed reading of these documents suggests that institutions may also be using a variety of terms to indirectly refer to the JIF. Our qualitative analysis shows that 87% of the institutions that mentioned the JIF supported the metric’s use in at least one of their RPT documents, while 13% of institutions expressed caution about the JIF’s use in evaluations. None of the RPT documents we analyzed heavily criticized the JIF or prohibited its use in evaluations. Of the institutions that mentioned the JIF, 63% associated it with quality, 40% with impact, importance, or significance, and 20% with prestige, reputation, or status. In sum, our results show that the use of the JIF is encouraged in RPT evaluations, especially at research-intensive universities, and indicates there is work to be done to improve evaluation processes to avoid the potential misuse of metrics like the JIF.

scholarly journals Use of the Journal Impact Factor in academic review, promotion, and tenure evaluations

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin C. McKiernan ◽  
Lesley A. Schimanski ◽  
Carol Muñoz Nieves ◽  
Lisa Matthias ◽  
Meredith T. Niles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Impact Factor ◽  
Journal Impact Factor ◽  
The United States ◽  
Evaluation Systems ◽  
Academic Evaluation ◽  
Promotion And Tenure ◽  
Doctoral Research ◽  
Academic Units ◽  
Academic Review ◽  
Journal Impact

The Journal Impact Factor (JIF) was originally designed to aid libraries in deciding which journals to index and purchase for their collections. Over the past few decades, however, it has become a relied upon metric used to evaluate research articles based on journal rank. Surveyed faculty often report feeling pressure to publish in journals with high JIFs and mention reliance on the JIF as one problem with current academic evaluation systems. While faculty reports are useful, information is lacking on how often and in what ways the JIF is currently used for review, promotion, and tenure (RPT). We therefore collected and analyzed RPT documents from a representative sample of 129 universities from the United States and Canada and 381 of their academic units. We found that 40% of doctoral, research-intensive (R-type) institutions and 18% of master’s, or comprehensive (M-type) institutions explicitly mentioned the JIF, or closely related terms, in their RPT documents. Undergraduate, or baccalaureate (B-type) institutions did not mention it at all. A detailed reading of these documents suggests that institutions may also be using a variety of terms to indirectly refer to the JIF. Our qualitative analysis shows that 87% of the institutions that mentioned the JIF supported the metric’s use in at least one of their RPT documents, while 13% of institutions expressed caution about the JIF’s use in evaluations. None of the RPT documents we analyzed heavily criticized the JIF or prohibited its use in evaluations. Of the institutions that mentioned the JIF, 63% associated it with quality, 40% with impact, importance, or significance, and 20% with prestige, reputation, or status. In sum, our results show that the use of the JIF is encouraged in RPT evaluations, especially at research-intensive universities, and indicates there is work to be done to improve evaluation processes to avoid the potential misuse of metrics like the JIF.

scholarly journals Use of the Journal Impact Factor in academic review, promotion, and tenure evaluations

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin C. McKiernan ◽  
Lesley A. Schimanski ◽  
Carol Muñoz Nieves ◽  
Lisa Matthias ◽  
Meredith T. Niles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Impact Factor ◽  
Journal Impact Factor ◽  
The United States ◽  
Evaluation Systems ◽  
Academic Evaluation ◽  
Promotion And Tenure ◽  
Doctoral Research ◽  
Academic Units ◽  
Academic Review ◽  
Journal Impact

The Journal Impact Factor (JIF) was originally designed to aid libraries in deciding which journals to index and purchase for their collections. Over the past few decades, however, it has become a relied upon metric used to evaluate research articles based on journal rank. Surveyed faculty often report feeling pressure to publish in journals with high JIFs and mention reliance on the JIF as one problem with current academic evaluation systems. While faculty reports are useful, information is lacking on how often and in what ways the JIF is currently used for review, promotion, and tenure (RPT). We therefore collected and analyzed RPT documents from a representative sample of 129 universities from the United States and Canada and 381 of their academic units. We found that 40% of doctoral, research-intensive (R-type) institutions and 18% of master’s, or comprehensive (M-type) institutions explicitly mentioned the JIF, or closely related terms, in their RPT documents. Undergraduate, or baccalaureate (B-type) institutions did not mention it at all. A detailed reading of these documents suggests that institutions may also be using a variety of terms to indirectly refer to the JIF. Our qualitative analysis shows that 87% of the institutions that mentioned the JIF supported the metric’s use in at least one of their RPT documents, while 13% of institutions expressed caution about the JIF’s use in evaluations. None of the RPT documents we analyzed heavily criticized the JIF or prohibited its use in evaluations. Of the institutions that mentioned the JIF, 63% associated it with quality, 40% with impact, importance, or significance, and 20% with prestige, reputation, or status. In sum, our results show that the use of the JIF is encouraged in RPT evaluations, especially at research-intensive universities, and indicates there is work to be done to improve evaluation processes to avoid the potential misuse of metrics like the JIF.

scholarly journals A LIMITAÇÃO DA REMUNERAÇÃO DO ADMINISTRADOR JUDICIAL DA FALÊNCIA E RECUPERAÇÃO JUDICIAL NA PERSPECTIVA DA PRESERVAÇÃO DA EMPRESA

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (58) ◽  
pp. 544
Author(s):  
Manoel De Queiroz Pereira CALÇAS ◽  
Ruth Maria Junqueira De Andrade Pereira e SILVA ◽  
Thiago Munaro GARCIA
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Social Function ◽  
The United States ◽  
Historical Evolution ◽  
Foreign Law ◽  
Data Survey ◽  
Subsequent Reference

RESUMO Objetivo: O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a propositura da identificação de critérios objetivos de fixação da remuneração judicial; traçar uma evolução histórica do conceito de empresa, relacionando a distinção entre o papel do antigo síndico e a figura do administrador judicial; pesquisar os parâmetros da legislação brasileira, acompanhado da posterior referência ao direito estrangeiro e analisar casos brasileiros e a inconstância dos valores fixados a título de remuneração. Metodologia: A metodologia eleita seguiu uma abordagem indutiva por meio de um procedimento histórico, monográfico e comparativo, por meio do qual buscou-se analisar a legislação adotada pela Colômbia, Itália, França e Estados Unidos da América para refletir-se sobre a necessidade de adotar parâmetros mais específicos no que concerne à justa e adequada fixação da remuneração do administrador judicial na recuperação judicial. Resultados: Considerando o levantamento dos dados em torno da problemática sugerida neste artigo, a fixação da remuneração do administrador deve seguir critérios objetivos de modo a viabilizar a função social da empresa e o soerguimento desta, sem que ocorra o enriquecimento sem causa do auxiliar da Justiça. Contribuições: A principal contribuição deste estudo reside no apontamento de soluções que reflitam diretamente na manutenção dos empregos dos trabalhadores, protegendo-se os interesses dos credores, de modo a preservar a empresa e sua função social, além de promover o estímulo à atividade econômica. Palavras-chave: Recuperação judicial; falência; administrador; remuneração; razoabilidade. ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the proposal for the identification of an objective criteria for setting judicial compensation; to trace a historical evolution of the company concept, relating the distinction between the role of the former liquidator and the figure of the judicial administrator; to research the parameters of Brazilian law accompanied by the subsequent reference to foreign law; and to analyze Brazilian cases and the inconsistency of the values set as compensation. Methodology:The chosen methodology followed an inductive approach by way of a historical, monographic and comparative procedure searching to analyze the legislation adopted by Colombia, Italy, France and the United States of America to reflect on the need to adopt parameters more specific regarding the fair and adequate setting of the compensation of the judicial administrator in the judicial recovery. Results: Considering the data survey on the issues suggested in this paper, the setting of the administrator's compensation must follow objective criteria in order to make the company's social function and uplift without the unjust enrichment of the Justice assistant. Contributions: The main contribution of this study lies in pointing out solutions that directly reflect the maintenance of workers' jobs and protect the interests of creditors in order to preserve the company and its social function, in addition to promoting the stimulus to economic activity. Keywords: Judicial reorganization; bankruptcy; administrator; compensation; reasonability.

Abstract 103: Women in Leadership Positions in Academic Cardiology: A Study of Program Directors and Division Chiefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Shahzeb Khan ◽  
Kaneez Fatima ◽  
Muhammad Talha Ayub ◽  
Muhammad Shariq Usman ◽  
Tariq Jamal Siddiqi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Program Directors ◽  
The United States ◽  
Women In Leadership ◽  
Program Director ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Full Professor ◽  
Academic Rank ◽  
Leadership Positions ◽  
Significant Difference

Background: Cross-sectional studies demonstrate that women are often under-represented in key-leadership roles. We sought to examine the proportion of women in cardiology leadership positions and to compare the findings with the disparity prevalent in the overall cardiology faculty. Furthermore, we aspired to compare the proportion of women in leadership positions to the proportion in which they entered the cardiology field. Methods: Cardiology fellowship training programs of all teaching hospitals of the United States were identified from Fellowship and Residency Electronic Interactive Database (AMA FREIDA). Program directors and division chiefs were identified from the institutions’ websites, and their research statistics and years of graduation were extracted from Scopus and Doximity. Results: Data of all (n=512) cardiology fellowship program directors, as well as 69% (n=140) of cardiology division chiefs were collected. A lower percentage of women held the role of division chief (5% vs. 95%) or program director (14% vs. 86%). However, when compared to the proportion of women in the 1992 fellowship cohort, women were significantly overrepresented in the role of program directors, with no significant difference in representation at the level of division chief. When compared to the overall cardiology faculty, program directors had significantly more publications and were more likely to have an academic rank of full professor (40% vs. 28%) or associate professor (37% vs. 23%). Male program directors had a significantly higher number of research publications, H-index and academic rank than their female counterparts; however, such difference was not seen at the level of division chief. Conclusion: Gender disparity is present in both cardiology program director and division chief roles. However, when compared to the historical cohort, significant overrepresentation of women was seen in the program director position, while proportionate representation was seen in the division chief role.

Altered Folate Metabolism Maybeo the Develop Linked tment of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in African American Children.

Blood ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 114 (22) ◽  
pp. 4118-4118
Author(s):  
Qing Chen ◽  
Nancy Fassinger ◽  
Ronald Thomas ◽  
Ana C. Xavier ◽  
Yubin Ge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
African American ◽  
The United States ◽  
Folate Metabolism ◽  
High Birth Weight ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Childhood All ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Abstract 4118 Background Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is the most common form of childhood cancer in the United States. The incidence of ALL is approximately 2-3-fold higher in Caucasian compared to African American (AA) children, suggesting potential differences in genetic susceptibility and/or exogenous exposures. Multiple epidemiologic studies have examined both genetic and environmental factors linked to the development of childhood ALL, primarily in Caucasian populations. Hence, identifying factors associated with racial differences in incidence of leukemia may provide new insights into the role of endogenous versus exogenous factors in the development of leukemia. A number of studies have reported relationships between folate metabolism and the risk of developing ALL including: i)maternal folate supplementation during pregnancy (reduced risk of ALL in offspring); and ii)polymorphisms of genes encoding enzymes involved in folate metabolism, including 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) (increased and decreased risks). To date, no studies have been performed specifically examining the role of folate metabolism in AA children. The objective of this study was to identify factors associated with folate metabolism which may be linked to the development of ALL in AA children compared to healthy controls. Patients and Methods AA children with B-precursor (BP) ALL were enrolled from the Hematology/Oncology Division of Children's Hospital of Michigan, while healthy AA children were enrolled as controls. Patients' racial backgrounds were based on parental reporting. The frequencies of polymorphisms in the MTHFR [677C>T, 1298A>C], thymidylate synthase [TS 2R3R], cystathionine-β-synthase [CBS 844ins(68)], and reduced folate carrier [RFC 80G>A] genes were determined by genotyping between AA childhood BP-ALL [n=26; 14 males] and healthy AA children [n=87; 47 males]. The distributions of genotypes between cases and controls were compared using Fisher's exact test. Results The genotype distributions of the polymorphisms of the folate pathway genes are summarized in Table 1. The frequencies of the MTHFR gene variants 677 CT/TT were 2-fold higher in the ALL cohort than that in the healthy control cohort. MTHFR 677 CT/TT was significantly associated with a risk of developing ALL in the AA patients. There were no significant differences in the distributions of the TS, CBS, or RFC polymorphisms between the groups. High birth weight has been associated with an increased risk of developing ALL, though we found no significant difference in birth weights between ALL and control groups. Conclusion Our study is the first to demonstrate that there is a higher frequency of the variant MTHFR C677T polymorphism (associated with reduced enzyme activity and altered distribution of folate forms) in AA children with ALL compared to healthy controls. Low MTHFR enzyme activity leads to imbalances in the thymidylate and de novo purine biosynthetic pathways, ultimately affecting DNA synthesis and repair and likely increasing the risk of leukemia. Thus, the role of altered folate metabolism may contribute to the development of ALL in AA children similar to Caucasian children, although additional studies are still required to identify factors linked to the higher incidence of ALL in Caucasian children and/or low incidence in AA children. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Emotional Labor in the Dual Role of Teaching and Coaching

2017 ◽  
Vol 121 (5) ◽  
pp. 952-973
Author(s):  
Ye Hoon Lee ◽  
Packianathan Chelladurai ◽  
Chanho Kang
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Emotional Labor ◽  
School Teacher ◽  
High School Teacher ◽  
The United States ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Surface Acting ◽  
Emotional Displays ◽  
Significant Difference

This study investigated the emotional labor involved in two forms of sport services—teaching and coaching—as perceived by high school teacher–coaches regarding required emotional displays and the use of emotional labor strategies. A total of 403 high school teacher–coaches from 47 states in the United States completed the online questionnaires measuring their perceptions of required emotional displays and their uses of emotional labor strategies in the two occupational roles. Results showed that there was no significant difference in the perception of positive emotional displays as required among participants. However, participants perceived that the expressions of friendliness and cheerfulness were more required in teaching than in coaching. On the other side, negative emotional displays were perceived to be more required in coaching than in teaching. That is, expressing upset, disappointment, anger, unhappiness, and frustration were perceived differently among participants. Also, participants utilized more surface acting when teaching and employed more genuine expression when coaching. The findings of this study highlight that differences do exist in the perception of required emotional displays and the utilization of emotional labor strategies in the two roles of teaching and coaching. These results were discussed in light of the task and group differences between teaching and coaching.

scholarly journals Energy Problems in USA-UE Foreign Policy: Between Independence and Interdependence

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. 226-235
Author(s):  
O. Khlopov
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Eu

The article is devoted to the study of energy problems in the foreign policy of the EU and the United States. The analysis of the paper is formed on a cognitive approach in analyzing the foreign policy making process and explores the relationship between energy and foreign policy of the EU and the USA. Based on the comparative method, the study races the role of the energy factor in shaping the foreign policy of the European Union and the United States. Although the US is the world's largest hydrocarbon producer and net exporter of energy, mainly due to its shale deposits, the EU remains the world's largest energy importer. This significant difference provides an opportunity to compare the role of energy in the foreign policy process of the two participants with completely different potential for the production and export, mostly of hydrocarbon resources. The author argues that the energy security strategies of both actors are based on interaction of material and ideological factors, but they have different ideas about the interests that generate their foreign policy behavior.

Do Leucopenia Rates Change After Widespread Folic Acid Fortification in Randomized Controlled Trials of Breast Cancer Chemotherapy?

Blood ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 114 (22) ◽  
pp. 4741-4741
Author(s):  
Collin T Zimmerman ◽  
William Read
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
United States ◽  
Folic Acid ◽  
The United States ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Folic Acid Fortification ◽  
Dietary Folate ◽  
Breast Cancer Chemotherapy ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Abstract 4741 Introduction Folate is an essential nutrient functioning in a variety of one-carbon transfer reactions, is necessary for red blood cell formation and growth, and deficiency is known to cause megaloblastic anemia. The role of folate in prevention of neural tube defects has been the driving force in public health measures leading to large-scale food fortification in the United States starting in 1996. It is not known if folate fortification has an impact on hematologic toxicities of patients undergoing chemotherapy. The goal of this study is to compare rates of leucopenia reported in pre and post folic acid fortification randomized clinical trials of Adriamycin and Cyclophosphamide (AC) chemotherapy in breast cancer. Methods Randomized trials of breast cancer chemotherapy with AC conducted in the United States were searched for in the Medline database, bibliographies, and using Google Scholar. Studies were included if AC was used alone in any arm of study, at standard dosing. Only studies that included disease free survival (DFS), overall survival (OS), and rates of grade III/IV leucopenia for the AC group were included. Studies were eliminated if they included patients with known metastatic disease, “dose dense” or nonstandard AC regimens, or included growth factor support. Rates of phase III/IV leucopenia were grouped in pre and post 1996 folate fortification groups, and meta-analyzed in a random effects model using MIX, a comprehensive free software for meta-analysis of causal research data. Results Seven studies involving 14,386 patients were identified using the defined search methodology. There was no significant difference in phase III/IV leucopenia rates between prefolate (4.36% 95%CI 2.31-6.42%) and postfolate studies (7.07% 95%CI 5.41-8.73%). Conclusions This review disclosed no statistically significant difference in the rates of leucopenia in patients given AC for breast cancer before or after 1996. Postfolate studies did have 46% more leucopenia than those prior to folate fortification. The confidence intervals of the leucopenia rates overlapped but approached significance. This is contradictory to our theory that increased dietary folate might mitigate hematologic toxicities of chemotherapy. Further studies using individual patient data from institutions administering AC pre and post fortification would further elucidate the role of dietary folate in hematologic toxicities. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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