scholarly journals Quantitative morphological variation in the developing Drosophila wing

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexis Matamoro-Vidal ◽  
Yunxian Huang ◽  
Isaac Salazar-Ciudad ◽  
Osamu Shimmi ◽  
David Houle
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Variation ◽  
Natural Variation ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Wing Shape ◽  
Wing Morphology ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Adult Wing ◽  
Pupal Wing ◽  
Shape And Size

AbstractQuantitative variation in morphology is pervasive in all species and is the basis for the evolution of differences among species. The developmental causes of such variation are a relatively neglected research topic. Quantitative comparisons of variation arising at different developmental stages with the variation in the final structure enable us to determine when variation arises, and to generate hypotheses about the causes of that variation. We measured shape and size variation in the wing of Drosophila melanogaster at three developmental stages: late third instar, post-pupariation and in the adult fly. Flies of a wild-type and two mutants (shf and ds) with effects on the adult wing shape and size were studied. Despite experimental noise related to the difficulty of comparing developing structures, we found consistent differences in wing shape and size at each developmental stage between genotypes. In addition we provide linear rules allowing to link late disc morphology with early wings. Our approach provides a framework to analyze quantitative morphological variation in the developing fly wing. This framework should help to characterize the natural variation of the larval and pupal wing shape, and to measure the contribution of the processes occurring during these developmental stages to the natural variation in adult wing morphology.

scholarly journals Wing morphology in migratory North American monarchs: characterizing sources of variation and understanding changes through time

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Micah G. Freedman ◽  
Hugh Dingle
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Morphological Variation ◽  
North American ◽  
Monarch Butterfly ◽  
North American Population ◽  
Wing Size ◽  
Wing Morphology ◽  
Larval Host ◽  
Adult Wing

Abstract Monarch butterfly wing morphology varies substantially throughout their global range, both between resident and migratory populations and also within the migratory North American population. Here, we use a dataset comprising more than 1800 North American individuals collected between 1878-2017 to characterize the factors shaping continent-wide patterns of wing morphological variation. North American overwintering butterflies have forewings that are approximately 4.4% larger than those collected in summer breeding areas. Monarchs overwintering in Mexico have forewings that are approximately 1.8% larger than monarchs overwintering in California, conducive to the idea that migration distance is positively correlated with wing area. We find evidence for a latitudinal cline within North America, such that butterflies collected at higher latitudes have significantly larger and more elongated forewings. We also find a significant increase of approximately 4.9% in forewing area between 1878-2017, but no difference through time in wing elongation. This result is corroborated by a reanalysis of a recently published dataset of more than 600 butterflies from Mexican overwintering sites. We discuss possible reasons for this increase in wing size through time, including northward shifts in the monarch’s breeding range and changes in relative abundance of milkweed hosts, and present experimental data addressing the influence of larval host plant on adult wing morphology. Our analysis suggests that (1) migration is indeed an important selective force for monarch wing morphology; (2) wing size has increased through time in North America; (3) factors such as host plant identity must be considered to fully understand monarch wing morphological variation.

scholarly journals Morphometric Variability among Populations of Euglossa cordata (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Euglossini) from Different Phytophysiognomies

Sociobiology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 575
Author(s):  
Lazaro Carneiro ◽  
Cândida Maria Lima Aguiar ◽  
Willian Moura Aguiar ◽  
Elon Souza Aniceto ◽  
Lorena Andrade Nunes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Size Variation ◽  
Wing Shape ◽  
Dry Forest ◽  
Wing Size ◽  
Environmental Pressures ◽  
Chapada Diamantina ◽  
Euglossa Cordata ◽  
Statistical Variations ◽  
Two Populations ◽  
Shape And Size

Geometric morphometrics is a tool capable of measuring the response of organisms to different environmental pressures. We tested the hypothesis that E. cordata wing morphometry, as an indicator of response to environmental pressure, it would vary depending on habitat changes, in the Atlantic Forest, Savanna and dry forest (Caatinga). For analysis of wing shape and size, 18 landmarks were digitized at the intersections of the wing veins 348 individuals. Except for the two populations sampled in Chapada Diamantina, the wing shape had significant statistical variations among the populations (p < 0.05). The wing size variation was also statistically significant among populations (p < 0.05).  Although E. cordata is a species tolerant to different environments, the observed morphometric variability may be related to population adaptations to the conditions of each phytophysiognomy.

scholarly journals Extensive sexual wing shape dimorphism in Drosophila melanogaster, Ceratitis capitata, and Musca domestica

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Siomava ◽  
Ernst A. Wimmer ◽  
Nico Posnien
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Wing Shape ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Wing Morphology ◽  
Adult Wing ◽  
Evolutionary Success ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Dipteran Species

AbstractThe ability to powered flight facilitated a great evolutionary success of insects and allowed them to occupy various ecological niches. In addition to primary tasks, wings are often involved in various premating behaviors, such as courtship songs and initiation of mating in flight. These specific implications require certain wing morphology, size, and shape. Although wing properties have been extensively studied in Drosophila, a comprehensive understanding of sexual shape dimorphisms and developmental plasticity in wing morphology is missing for other Diptera. To acquire this knowledge, we applied geometric morphometrics and analyzed wing shape in three dipteran species (Drosophila, Ceratitis, and Musca) raised in different environmental conditions. We extensively studied sexual dimorphism and impact of sex and environment on the adult wing morphology. We present allometric and non-allometric shape differences between males and females and show that wing shape is influenced by rearing conditions in a sex dependent manner. We determine common trends in shape alterations and show that the anterior and posterior crossveins are likely to be plastic regions changing substantially at different environmental conditions. We discuss our data in the light of vein development and hypothesize that the observed shape differences might recapitulate different mating behaviors and flight capabilities.

scholarly journals Homeosis and delayed floral meristem termination could account for abnormal flowers in cultivars of Delphinium and Aquilegia (Ranunculaceae)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe Espinosa ◽  
Catherine Damerval ◽  
Martine Le Guilloux ◽  
Thierry Deroin ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Variation ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Floral Morphology ◽  
Genetic Alterations ◽  
Floral Meristem ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Genetic Causes ◽  
Floral Variation ◽  
Floral Diversity ◽  
High Range

Abstract Floral mutants display various deviant phenotypes and, as such, they are appropriate material with which to address the origin and the building of morphological variation. To identify the pivotal developmental stages at which floral variation may originate and to infer the putative associated genetic causes, we studied abnormal flowers in nine cultivars of Aquilegia and Delphinium of Ranunculaceae, a family displaying a high range of floral diversity. Wild-type flowers of the two genera are pentamerous and spurred, but they differ in their overall symmetry (actinomorphy vs. zygomorphy). Floral morphology of their cultivars at different developmental stages up to anthesis was observed, and the putative identity of the perianth organs and vascularization was inferred. Our results show that in the floral mutants in both genera, phyllotaxis was generally conserved, whereas floral organization, vascularization and symmetry were modified. Most of the morphological and anatomical deviations impacted the perianth, including organ number, identity and (spur) elaboration, and also led to the formation of mosaic organs. We hypothesized that the phenotypes of floral mutants in Aquilegia and Delphinium result from genetic alterations affecting frontiers between sets of organs of different identity, homeosis and length of floral meristem activity.

scholarly journals Tissue polarity genes of Drosophila regulate the subcellular location for prehair initiation in pupal wing cells.

1993 ◽  
Vol 123 (1) ◽  
pp. 209-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
L L Wong ◽  
P N Adler
Keyword(s):  
Subcellular Location ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Regular Array ◽  
Tissue Polarity ◽  
Drosophila Wing ◽  
Adult Wing ◽  
Pupal Wing ◽  
Cellular Phenotypes ◽  
Phenotypic Groups ◽  
Six Genes

The Drosophila wing is decorated with a regular array of distally pointing hairs. In the pupal wing, the hairs are formed from micro-villus like prehairs that contain large bundles of actin filaments. The distal orientation of the actin bundles reveals the proximal-distal polarity within the pupal wing epithelium. We have used F-actin staining to examine early stages of prehair development in both wild-type and mutant pupal wings. We have found a striking correlation between hair polarity and the subcellular location for assembly of the prehair. In a wild-type wing, all of the distally pointing hairs are derived from prehairs that are formed at the distal vertex of the hexagonally shaped pupal wing cells. Mutations in six tissue polarity genes result in abnormal hair polarity on the adult wing, and all also alter the subcellular location for prehair initiation. Based on their cellular phenotypes, we can place these six genes into three phenotypic groups. Double mutant analysis indicates that these phenotypic groups correspond to epistasis groups. This suggests that the tissue polarity genes function in or on a pathway that controls hair polarity by regulating the subcellular location for prehair formation.

scholarly journals Distribution and predictors of wing shape and size variability in three sister species of solitary bees

PLoS ONE ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. e0173109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Dellicour ◽  
Maxence Gerard ◽  
Jérôme G. Prunier ◽  
Alexandre Dewulf ◽  
Michael Kuhlmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solitary Bees ◽  
Wing Shape ◽  
Sister Species ◽  
Size Variability ◽  
Shape And Size

16. Physiological effects of IDH1 loss-of-function on Chondrocyte Differentiation through Hedgehog Pathway upregulation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cassie Tyson
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Hedgehog Pathway ◽  
Chondrocyte Differentiation ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Phenotypic Analysis ◽  
Growth Plate Chondrocytes ◽  
Idh Mutations ◽  
Cartilage Tumors ◽  
Deficient Mice

Cartilage tumors are the most common and terminal primary neoplasms in bone. Physiologically, bones formed through endochondral ossification are regulated by the Hedgehog pathway and Parathyroid hormone-like hormone feedback loop. The upregulation of the infamous Hedgehog pathway has been demonstrated in several non-cartilaginous neoplasms. Recently, frequent mutational events of isocitrate dehydrogenase1 (IDH1) were identified in cartilage tumors. In other neoplasms, IDH mutations produces an oncometabolite that can promote HIF1a activation, contributing to tumorigenesis. Currently, the role of IDH1 mutations in cartilage tumors remain unknown. Investigating the physiological aspect of IDH1proves useful in identifying novel therapeutic targets for cartilage tumors. IDH1 deficient and wild-type littermates, were harvested for forelimbs and hindlimbs at various developmental stages for phenotypic analysis via hematoxylin and eosin staining. Histological analysis demonstrated IDH1 homozygous deficient mice at embryonic stages exhibited dwarfism and an elongated layer of hypertrophic chondrocytes. This was verified via immunohistochemistry Type 10 Collagen staining and Quantitative PCR (qPCR) using the chondrocyte terminal differentiation marker Col10a1. Whole skeletons of IDH1 deficient mice were subjected to skeletal double staining which demonstrated delayed mineralization of underdeveloped IDH1 deficient mice contrasted with wild-type littermates. qPCR was performed to examine the status of chondrocyte differentiation through the Hedgehog pathway in cultured primarymouse growth plate chondrocytes. Interestingly, IDH1 deficient non-neoplastic cells revealed significant upregulation of Hedgehog target molecules in IDH1 deficient chondrocytes. As a result, the loss-offunction of IDH1 was identified as a potential impairment of chondrocyte differentiation and a factor towards chondrocyte tumorgenisis.

Shape and size variation of Jenynsia lineata (Jenyns 1842) (Cyprinodontiformes: Anablepidae) from different coastal environments

Hydrobiologia ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 828 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giselle Xavier Perazzo ◽  
Fabiano Corrêa ◽  
Pablo Calviño ◽  
Felipe Alonso ◽  
Walter Salzburger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Size Variation ◽  
Coastal Environments ◽  
Shape And Size

scholarly journals Phospholipid flippases enable precursor B cells to flee engulfment by macrophages

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (48) ◽  
pp. 12212-12217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katsumori Segawa ◽  
Yuichi Yanagihashi ◽  
Kyoko Yamada ◽  
Chigure Suzuki ◽  
Yasuo Uchiyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
B Cells ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Peritoneal Macrophages ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Immature B Cells ◽  
T Lymphoma ◽  
Precursor B Cells

ATP11A and ATP11C, members of the P4-ATPases, are flippases that translocate phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) from the outer to inner leaflet of the plasma membrane. Using the W3 T lymphoma cell line, we found that Ca2+ ionophore-induced phospholipid scrambling caused prolonged PtdSer exposure in cells lacking both the ATP11A and ATP11C genes. ATP11C-null (ATP11C−/y) mutant mice exhibit severe B-cell deficiency. In wild-type mice, ATP11C was expressed at all B-cell developmental stages, while ATP11A was not expressed after pro−B-cell stages, indicating that ATP11C−/y early B-cell progenitors lacked plasma membrane flippases. The receptor kinases MerTK and Axl are known to be essential for the PtdSer-mediated engulfment of apoptotic cells by macrophages. MerTK−/− and Axl−/− double deficiency fully rescued the lymphopenia in the ATP11C−/y bone marrow. Many of the rescued ATP11C−/y pre-B and immature B cells exposed PtdSer, and these cells were engulfed alive by wild-type peritoneal macrophages, in a PtdSer-dependent manner. These results indicate that ATP11A and ATP11C in precursor B cells are essential for rapidly internalizing PtdSer from the cell surface to prevent the cells’ engulfment by macrophages.

scholarly journals Differences in orthodenticle expression promote ommatidial size variation between Drosophila species

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Montserrat Torres-Oliva ◽  
Elisa Buchberger ◽  
Alexandra D. Buffry ◽  
Maike Kittelmann ◽  
Lauren Sumner-Rooney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Variation ◽  
Gene Expression Analysis ◽  
Compound Eye ◽  
Chromosomal Region ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Compound Eyes ◽  
Positional Candidate ◽  
Eye Size ◽  
Drosophila Mauritiana ◽  
Differential Timing

The compound eyes of insects exhibit extensive variation in ommatidia number and size, which affects how they see and underlies adaptations in their vision to different environments and lifestyles. However, very little is known about the genetic and developmental bases underlying differences in compound eye size. We previously showed that the larger eyes of Drosophila mauritiana compared to D. simulans is caused by differences in ommatidia size rather than number. Furthermore, we identified an X-linked chromosomal region in D. mauritiana that results in larger eyes when introgressed into D. simulans. Here, we used a combination of fine-scale mapping and gene expression analysis to further investigate positional candidate genes on the X chromosome. We found that orthodenticle is expressed earlier in D. mauritiana than in D. simulans during ommatidial maturation in third instar larvae, and we further show that this gene is required for the correct organisation and size of ommatidia in D. melanogaster. Using ATAC-seq, we have identified several candidate eye enhancers of otd as well as potential direct targets of this transcription factor that are differentially expressed between D. mauritiana and D. simulans. Taken together, our results suggest that differential timing of otd expression contributes to natural variation in ommatidia size between D. mauritiana and D. simulans, which provides new insights into the mechanisms underlying the regulation and evolution of compound eye size in insects.

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