scholarly journals Extensive sexual wing shape dimorphism in Drosophila melanogaster, Ceratitis capitata, and Musca domestica

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Siomava ◽  
Ernst A. Wimmer ◽  
Nico Posnien
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Wing Shape ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Wing Morphology ◽  
Adult Wing ◽  
Evolutionary Success ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Dipteran Species

AbstractThe ability to powered flight facilitated a great evolutionary success of insects and allowed them to occupy various ecological niches. In addition to primary tasks, wings are often involved in various premating behaviors, such as courtship songs and initiation of mating in flight. These specific implications require certain wing morphology, size, and shape. Although wing properties have been extensively studied in Drosophila, a comprehensive understanding of sexual shape dimorphisms and developmental plasticity in wing morphology is missing for other Diptera. To acquire this knowledge, we applied geometric morphometrics and analyzed wing shape in three dipteran species (Drosophila, Ceratitis, and Musca) raised in different environmental conditions. We extensively studied sexual dimorphism and impact of sex and environment on the adult wing morphology. We present allometric and non-allometric shape differences between males and females and show that wing shape is influenced by rearing conditions in a sex dependent manner. We determine common trends in shape alterations and show that the anterior and posterior crossveins are likely to be plastic regions changing substantially at different environmental conditions. We discuss our data in the light of vein development and hypothesize that the observed shape differences might recapitulate different mating behaviors and flight capabilities.

scholarly journals Conserved and Divergent Aspects of Plasticity and Sexual Dimorphism in Wing Size and Shape in Three Diptera

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Micael Reis ◽  
Natalia Siomava ◽  
Ernst A. Wimmer ◽  
Nico Posnien
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Wing Shape ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Specific Response ◽  
Wing Size ◽  
Wing Morphology ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Rearing Conditions ◽  
The Impact

The ability of powered flight in insects facilitated their great evolutionary success allowing them to occupy various ecological niches. Beyond this primary task, wings are often involved in various premating behaviors, such as the generation of courtship songs and the initiation of mating in flight. These specific functions imply special adaptations of wing morphology, as well as sex-specific wing morphologies. Although wing morphology has been extensively studied in Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen, 1830), a comprehensive understanding of developmental plasticity and the impact of sex on wing size and shape plasticity is missing for other Diptera. Therefore, we raised flies of the three Diptera species Drosophila melanogaster, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) and Musca domestica (Linnaeus, 1758) at different environmental conditions and applied geometric morphometrics to analyze wing shape. Our data showed extensive interspecific differences in wing shape, as well as a clear sexual wing shape dimorphism in all three species. We revealed an impact of different rearing temperatures on wing shape in all three species, which was mostly explained by plasticity in wing size in D. melanogaster. Rearing densities had significant effects on allometric wing shape in D. melanogaster, while no obvious effects were observed for the other two species. Additionally, we did not find evidence for sex-specific response to different rearing conditions in D. melanogaster and C. capitata, while a male-specific impact of different rearing conditions was observed on non-allometric wing shape in M. domestica. Overall, our data strongly suggests that many aspects of wing morphology underly species-specific adaptations and we discuss potential developmental and functional implications of our results.

scholarly journals Quantitative morphological variation in the developing Drosophila wing

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexis Matamoro-Vidal ◽  
Yunxian Huang ◽  
Isaac Salazar-Ciudad ◽  
Osamu Shimmi ◽  
David Houle
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Variation ◽  
Natural Variation ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Wing Shape ◽  
Wing Morphology ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Adult Wing ◽  
Pupal Wing ◽  
Shape And Size

AbstractQuantitative variation in morphology is pervasive in all species and is the basis for the evolution of differences among species. The developmental causes of such variation are a relatively neglected research topic. Quantitative comparisons of variation arising at different developmental stages with the variation in the final structure enable us to determine when variation arises, and to generate hypotheses about the causes of that variation. We measured shape and size variation in the wing of Drosophila melanogaster at three developmental stages: late third instar, post-pupariation and in the adult fly. Flies of a wild-type and two mutants (shf and ds) with effects on the adult wing shape and size were studied. Despite experimental noise related to the difficulty of comparing developing structures, we found consistent differences in wing shape and size at each developmental stage between genotypes. In addition we provide linear rules allowing to link late disc morphology with early wings. Our approach provides a framework to analyze quantitative morphological variation in the developing fly wing. This framework should help to characterize the natural variation of the larval and pupal wing shape, and to measure the contribution of the processes occurring during these developmental stages to the natural variation in adult wing morphology.

SNF1-related protein kinase 1: the many-faced signaling hub regulating developmental plasticity in plants

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammed Jamsheer K ◽  
Manoj Kumar ◽  
Vibha Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Protein Trafficking ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Inositol Phosphate ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Primary Metabolism ◽  
Related Protein ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Cellular Processes

AbstractThe Snf1-related protein kinase 1 (SnRK1) is the plant homolog of the heterotrimeric AMP-activated protein kinase/sucrose non-fermenting 1 (AMPK/Snf1), which works as a major regulator of growth under nutrient-limiting conditions in eukaryotes. Along with its conserved role as a master regulator of sugar starvation responses, SnRK1 is involved in controlling the developmental plasticity and resilience under diverse environmental conditions in plants. In this review, through mining and analyzing the interactome and phosphoproteome data of SnRK1, we are highlighting its role in fundamental cellular processes such as gene regulation, protein synthesis, primary metabolism, protein trafficking, nutrient homeostasis, and autophagy. Along with the well-characterized molecular interaction in SnRK1 signaling, our analysis highlights several unchartered regions of SnRK1 signaling in plants such as its possible communication with chromatin remodelers, histone modifiers, and inositol phosphate signaling. We also discuss potential reciprocal interactions of SnRK1 signaling with other signaling pathways and cellular processes, which could be involved in maintaining flexibility and homeostasis under different environmental conditions. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the SnRK1 signaling network in plants and suggests many novel directions for future research.

scholarly journals Differential strengths of molecular determinants guide environment specific mutational fates

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rohan Dandage ◽  
Rajesh Pandey ◽  
Gopal Jayaraj ◽  
Kausik Chakraborty
Keyword(s):  
Protein Folding ◽  
Molecular Evolution ◽  
Protein Stability ◽  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Fitness Landscape ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
The Common ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Substrate Binding Protein

AbstractUnder the influence of selection pressures imposed by natural environments, organisms maintain competitive fitness through underlying molecular evolution of individual genes across the genome. For molecular evolution, how multiple interdependent molecular constraints play a role in determination of fitness under different environmental conditions is largely unknown. Here, using Deep Mutational Scanning (DMS), we quantitated empirical fitness of ∼2000 single site mutants of Gentamicin-resistant gene (GmR). This enabled a systematic investigation of effects of different physical and chemical environments on the fitness landscape of the gene. Molecular constraints of the fitness landscapes seem to bear differential strengths in an environment dependent manner. Among them, conformity of the identified directionalities of the environmental selection pressures with known effects of the environments on protein folding proves that along with substrate binding, protein stability is the common strong constraint of the fitness landscape. Our study thus provides mechanistic insights into the molecular constraints that allow accessibility of mutational fates in environment dependent manner.Author SummaryEnvironmental conditions play a central role in both organismal adaptations and underlying molecular evolution. Understanding of environmental effects on evolution of genotype is still lacking a depth of mechanistic insights needed to assist much needed ability to forecast mutational fates. Here, we address this issue by culminating high throughput mutational scanning using deep sequencing. This approach allowed comprehensive mechanistic investigation of environmental effects on molecular evolution. We monitored effects of various physical and chemical environments onto single site mutants of model antibiotic resistant gene. Alongside, to get mechanistic understanding, we identified multiple molecular constraints which contribute to various degrees in determining the resulting survivabilities of mutants. Across all tested environments, we find that along with substrate binding, protein stability stands out as the common strong constraints. Remarkable direct dependence of the environmental fitness effects on the type of environmental alteration of protein folding further proves that protein stability is the major constraint of the gene. So, our findings reveal that under the influence of environmental conditions, mutational fates are channeled by various degrees of strengths of underlying molecular constraints.

scholarly journals Sympatric Atlantic puffins and razorbills show contrasting responses to adverse marine conditions during winter foraging within the North Sea

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katie St. John Glew ◽  
Sarah Wanless ◽  
Michael P. Harris ◽  
Francis Daunt ◽  
Kjell Einar Erikstad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Trophic Position ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Overwinter Survival ◽  
The North ◽  
Winter Conditions ◽  
The North Sea

Abstract Background Natural environments are dynamic systems with conditions varying across years. Higher trophic level consumers may respond to changes in the distribution and quality of available prey by moving to locate new resources or by switching diets. In order to persist, sympatric species with similar ecological niches may show contrasting foraging responses to changes in environmental conditions. However, in marine environments this assertion remains largely untested for highly mobile predators outside the breeding season because of the challenges of quantifying foraging location and trophic position under contrasting conditions. Method Differences in overwinter survival rates of two populations of North Sea seabirds (Atlantic puffins (Fratercula arctica) and razorbills (Alca torda)) indicated that environmental conditions differed between 2007/08 (low survival and thus poor conditions) and 2014/15 (higher survival, favourable conditions). We used a combination of bird-borne data loggers and stable isotope analyses to test 1) whether these sympatric species showed consistent responses with respect to foraging location and trophic position to these contrasting winter conditions during periods when body and cheek feathers were being grown (moult) and 2) whether any observed changes in moult locations and diet could be related to the abundance and distribution of potential prey species of differing energetic quality. Results Puffins and razorbills showed divergent foraging responses to contrasting winter conditions. Puffins foraging in the North Sea used broadly similar foraging locations during moult in both winters. However, puffin diet significantly differed, with a lower average trophic position in the winter characterised by lower survival rates. By contrast, razorbills’ trophic position increased in the poor survival winter and the population foraged in more distant southerly waters of the North Sea. Conclusions Populations of North Sea puffins and razorbills showed contrasting foraging responses when environmental conditions, as indicated by overwinter survival differed. Conservation of mobile predators, many of which are in sharp decline, may benefit from dynamic spatial based management approaches focusing on behavioural changes in response to changing environmental conditions, particularly during life history stages associated with increased mortality.

Extracellular matrix in plasticity and epileptogenesis

2008 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 235-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Dityatev ◽  
Tommaso Fellin
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Mossy Fibers ◽  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Neural Cells ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Extracellular Proteases ◽  
Mature Brain ◽  
The Brain

Extracellular matrix (ECM) in the brain is composed of molecules synthesized and secreted by neurons and glial cells in a cell-type-specific and activity-dependent manner. During development, ECM plays crucial roles in proliferation, migration and differentiation of neural cells. In the mature brain, ECM undergoes a slow turnover and supports multiple physiological processes, while restraining structural plasticity. In the first part of this review, we discuss the contribution of ECM molecules to different forms of plasticity, including developmental plasticity in the cortex, long-term potentiation and depression in the hippocampus, homeostatic scaling of synaptic transmission and metaplasticity. In the second part, we focus on pathological changes associated with epileptogenic mutations in ECM-related molecules or caused by seizure-induced remodeling of ECM. The available data suggest that ECM components regulating physiological plasticity are also engaged in different aspects of epileptogenesis, such as dysregulation of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission, sprouting of mossy fibers, granule cell dispersion and gliosis. At the end, we discuss combinatorial approaches that might be used to counteract seizure-induced dysregulation of both ECM molecules and extracellular proteases. By restraining ECM modification and preserving the status quo in the brain, these treatments might prove to be valid therapeutic interventions to antagonize the progression of epileptogenesis.

Testing the resource economic monopolization hypothesis and its consequences for the mating system ofAlpheus estuariensis(Decapoda, Caridea, Alpheidae)

2018 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 639-647
Author(s):  
Danillo Barroso ◽  
Douglas Fernandes Rodrigues Alves ◽  
Gustavo L. Hirose
Keyword(s):  
Mating System ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Social Behaviour ◽  
Random Distribution ◽  
Great Abundance ◽  
North East ◽  
The Social ◽  
Average Abundance ◽  
Males And Females

The aim of the present study is to test the resource economic monopolization hypothesis and the hypothesis of monogamy using the shrimpAlpheus estuariensisas a model. The shrimps were collected in two areas in the Vaza-Barriz estuary, north-east Brazil, from August to November 2016. The average abundance of refuges was obtained through 30 random replicates. The shrimp presented a random distribution in both areas. Males and females found together showed a weak relation between their sizes, with males being larger than females. In addition, the cheliped of males grows proportionally more than that of females. The great abundance of refuges present in the environment, added to the aforementioned results, do not support the idea of refuge-guarding behaviour or monogamy. These results, which are in disagreement with those already found for some shrimps of the same family, genus, and even species, reinforce the idea that Alpheidae can be used as a model in the study of how environmental conditions are capable of shaping the social behaviour of a species.

Corrigendum to: Size, depth and position affect the diversity and structure of rock pool communities in an urban estuary

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (7) ◽  
pp. 1045
Author(s):  
Nina Schaefer ◽  
Katherine A. Dafforn ◽  
Emma L. Johnston ◽  
Mariana Mayer-Pinto
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Outer Zone ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Rocky Shores ◽  
Rock Pools ◽  
Rock Pool ◽  
Taxa Richness ◽  
Urban Estuary ◽  
Sydney Harbour

Rock pools provide a range of ecological niches that can support diverse assemblages on rocky shores. As intertidal shores are increasingly lost to developments, understanding the drivers of diversity in rock pools is important for the conservation and construction of these key habitats. In this study we investigated relationships between physical characteristics of rock pools and their biota in an urban estuary. We sampled the biota every 6 weeks for 1 year at sites in the inner and outer zones of Sydney Harbour. In the well-flushed and exposed outer zone, sessile and mobile taxa richness was positively related to rock pool width, whereas only mobile taxa richness was related to depth and volume. In the more urbanised and less exposed inner zone, mobile taxa richness was positively related to rock pool width and volume. In both zones, sessile taxa richness decreased with increasing height on shore. Our results suggest that the biodiversity of intertidal rock pools varies depending on their position in Sydney Harbour and the available species pool. Therefore, restoration efforts should consider rock pool size parameters and local environmental conditions, including location, so designs can be optimised to maximise species diversity in these pools.

scholarly journals Large-scale diversification without genetic isolation in nematode symbionts of figs

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. e1501031 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladislav Susoy ◽  
Matthias Herrmann ◽  
Natsumi Kanzaki ◽  
Meike Kruger ◽  
Chau N. Nguyen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Divergence ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Genetic Isolation ◽  
Remarkable Case ◽  
Alternative Phenotypes ◽  
Single Genotype

Diversification is commonly understood to be the divergence of phenotypes accompanying that of lineages. In contrast, alternative phenotypes arising from a single genotype are almost exclusively limited to dimorphism in nature. We report a remarkable case of macroevolutionary-scale diversification without genetic divergence. Upon colonizing the island-like microecosystem of individual figs, symbiotic nematodes of the genusPristionchusaccumulated a polyphenism with up to five discrete adult morphotypes per species. By integrating laboratory and field experiments with extensive genotyping of individuals, including the analysis of 49 genomes from a single species, we show that rapid filling of potential ecological niches is possible without diversifying selection on genotypes. This uncoupling of morphological diversification and speciation in fig-associated nematodes has resulted from a remarkable expansion of discontinuous developmental plasticity.

scholarly journals The evolution of avian wing shape and previously unrecognized trends in covert feathering

2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1816) ◽  
pp. 20151935 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xia Wang ◽  
Julia A. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Foraging Behaviour ◽  
Wing Shape ◽  
Flight Performance ◽  
Wing Morphology ◽  
Wing Loading ◽  
Linear Measurements ◽  
Geometric Morphometric ◽  
Body Sizes ◽  
Wing Tip ◽  
Plastic Character

Avian wing shape has been related to flight performance, migration, foraging behaviour and display. Historically, linear measurements of the feathered aerofoil and skeletal proportions have been used to describe this shape. While the distribution of covert feathers, layered over the anterior wing, has long been assumed to contribute to aerofoil properties, to our knowledge no previous studies of trends in avian wing shape assessed their variation. Here, these trends are explored using a geometric–morphometric approach with landmarks describing the wing outline as well as the extent of dorsal and ventral covert feathers for 105 avian species. We find that most of the observed variation is explained by phylogeny and ecology but shows only a weak relationship with previously described flight style categories, wing loading and an investigated set of aerodynamic variables. Most of the recovered variation is in greater primary covert feather extent, followed by secondary feather length and the shape of the wing tip. Although often considered a plastic character strongly linked to flight style, the estimated ancestral wing morphology is found to be generally conservative among basal parts of most major avian lineages. The radiation of birds is characterized by successive diversification into largely distinct areas of morphospace. However, aquatic taxa show convergence in feathering despite differences in flight style, and songbirds move into a region of morphospace also occupied by basal taxa but at markedly different body sizes. These results have implications for the proposed inference of flight style in extinct taxa.

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