scholarly journals Bayes-Like Integration of a New Sensory Skill with Vision

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Negen ◽  
Lisa Wen ◽  
Lore Thaler ◽  
Marko Nardini
Keyword(s):  
Decision Rule ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Cue Combination ◽  
Visual Cue ◽  
Empirical Results ◽  
Probabilistic Information ◽  
Sensory Apparatus ◽  
Multisensory Learning

ABSTRACTHumans are effective at dealing with noisy, probabilistic information in familiar settings. One hallmark of this is Bayesian Cue Combination: combining multiple noisy estimates to increase precision beyond the best single estimate, taking into account their reliabilities. Here we show that adults also combine a novel audio cue to distance, akin to human echolocation, with a visual cue. Following two hours of training, subjects were more precise given both cues together versus the best single cue. This persisted when we changed the novel cue’s auditory frequency. Reliability changes also led to a re-weighting of cues without feedback, showing that they learned something more flexible than a rote decision rule for specific stimuli. The main findings replicated with a vibrotactile cue. These results show that the mature sensory apparatus can learn to flexibly integrate new sensory skills. The findings are unexpected considering previous empirical results and current models of multisensory learning.

The Effects of Cue Reliability on Crossmodal Recalibration in Adults and Children

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Sophie Rohlf ◽  
Patrick Bruns ◽  
Brigitte Röder
Keyword(s):  
Multisensory Integration ◽  
Sound Localization ◽  
Visual Stimulus ◽  
Cue Combination ◽  
Single Exposure ◽  
Visual Cue ◽  
Cue Reliability ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
Ventriloquist Effect

Abstract Reliability-based cue combination is a hallmark of multisensory integration, while the role of cue reliability for crossmodal recalibration is less understood. The present study investigated whether visual cue reliability affects audiovisual recalibration in adults and children. Participants had to localize sounds, which were presented either alone or in combination with a spatially discrepant high- or low-reliability visual stimulus. In a previous study we had shown that the ventriloquist effect (indicating multisensory integration) was overall larger in the children groups and that the shift in sound localization toward the spatially discrepant visual stimulus decreased with visual cue reliability in all groups. The present study replicated the onset of the immediate ventriloquist aftereffect (a shift in unimodal sound localization following a single exposure of a spatially discrepant audiovisual stimulus) at the age of 6–7 years. In adults the immediate ventriloquist aftereffect depended on visual cue reliability, whereas the cumulative ventriloquist aftereffect (reflecting the audiovisual spatial discrepancies over the complete experiment) did not. In 6–7-year-olds the immediate ventriloquist aftereffect was independent of visual cue reliability. The present results are compatible with the idea of immediate and cumulative crossmodal recalibrations being dissociable processes and that the immediate ventriloquist aftereffect is more closely related to genuine multisensory integration.

scholarly journals Learning with hidden structure in Optimality Theory and Harmonic Grammar: beyond Robust Interpretive Parsing

Phonology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaja Jarosz
Keyword(s):  
Full Advantage ◽  
Optimality Theory ◽  
Learning Algorithms ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Stochastic Formulation ◽  
Harmonic Grammar ◽  
Probabilistic Information ◽  
Structural Ambiguity ◽  
The Face ◽  
Constraint Ranking

This paper explores the relative merits of constraint rankingvs. weighting in the context of a major outstanding learnability problem in phonology: learning in the face of hidden structure. Specifically, the paper examines a well-known approach to the structural ambiguity problem, Robust Interpretive Parsing (RIP; Tesar & Smolensky 1998), focusing on its stochastic extension first described by Boersma (2003). Two related problems with the stochastic formulation of RIP are revealed, rooted in a failure to take full advantage of probabilistic information available in the learner's grammar. To address these problems, two novel parsing strategies are introduced and applied to learning algorithms for both probabilistic ranking and weighting. The novel parsing strategies yield significant improvements in performance, asymmetrically improving performance of OT learners. Once RIP is replaced with the proposed modifications, the apparent advantage of HG over OT learners reported in previous work disappears (Boersma & Pater 2008).

Taylor Kriging Metamodeling for Stochastic Simulation Interpolation

2013 ◽  
pp. 25-39
Author(s):  
Heping Liu ◽  
Yanli Chen
Keyword(s):  
Stochastic Simulation ◽  
Ordinary Kriging ◽  
Taylor Expansion ◽  
Kriging Model ◽  
Kriging Interpolation ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Empirical Results ◽  
Simple Kriging ◽  
Kriging Metamodeling

This paper applies a novel Kriging model to the interpolation of stochastic simulation with high computational expense. The novel Kriging model is developed by using Taylor expansion to construct a drift function for Kriging, thus named Taylor Kriging. The interpolation capability of Taylor Kriging for stochastic simulation is empirically compared with those of Simple Kriging and Ordinary Kriging according to two stochastic simulation cases. Results show that the interpolation of Taylor Kriging is more accurate than Simple Kriging and Ordinary Kriging. The authors analyze two key factors in stochastic simulation, simulation replications and variance, which influence the accuracy of Kriging interpolation, and obtain some important empirical results.

scholarly journals Audio-Visual Cue Combination in Depth Perception

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (8) ◽  
pp. 699-699 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Ecker ◽  
L. M. Heller
Keyword(s):  
Depth Perception ◽  
Cue Combination ◽  
Visual Cue

scholarly journals Simplified Clinical Decision Rule Using Clinically Important Events for Risk Prediction in Pediatric Head Injury: A Retrospective Cohort Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (22) ◽  
pp. 5248
Author(s):  
Naoki Yogo ◽  
Chiaki Toida ◽  
Takashi Muguruma ◽  
Masayasu Gakumazawa ◽  
Mafumi Shinohara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Head Injury ◽  
Diagnostic Accuracy ◽  
Decision Rule ◽  
Retrospective Cohort Study ◽  
Retrospective Cohort ◽  
Characteristic Curve ◽  
Clinical Decision ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Clinical Decision Rule

Computed tomography (CT) scans are useful for confirming head injury diagnoses. However, there is no standard clinical decision rule (CDR) for determining the need for CT scanning in pediatric patients with head injuries. We developed a CDR and conducted a retrospective cohort study to evaluate its diagnostic accuracy in identifying children with clinically important traumatic brain injury (ciTBI). We selected predictors based on three existing CDRs: CATCH, CHALICE, and PECARN. Of the 2569 eligible patients, 645 (439 (68%) boys, median age: five years) were included in this study. In total, 59 (9%) patients showed ciTBI, and 129 (20%) were admitted to hospital. The novel CDR comprised six predictors of abnormal CT findings. It had a sensitivity of 79.5% (95% confidence interval (CI): 65.5–89.0%) and a specificity of 50.9% (95% CI: 48.9–52.3%). The area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (0.72, 95% CI: 0.67–0.77) was non-inferior to those of CATCH, CHALICE, and PECARN (0.71, 95% CI: 0.66–0.77; 0.67, 95% CI: 0.61–0.74; and 0.69, 95% CI: 0.64–0.73, respectively; p = 0.57). The novel CDR was statistically noninferior in diagnostic accuracy compared to the three existing CDRs. Further development and validation studies are needed before clinical application.

scholarly journals Improving Communication of Uncertainty and Risk of High-Impact Weather Through Innovative Forecaster Workshops

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Brian A. Colle ◽  
Rosemary Auld ◽  
Kenneth Johnson ◽  
Christine O’Connell ◽  
Temis G. Taylor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Services ◽  
High Impact ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
The Novel ◽  
The Public ◽  
Probabilistic Information ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
Tv Media ◽  
High Impact Weather ◽  
Oral Presentations

AbstractIt is challenging to communicate uncertainty for high-impact weather events to the public and decision makers. As a result, there is an increased emphasis and training within the National Weather Service (NWS) for “impact-based decision support.” A Collaborative Science, Technology, And Research (CSTAR) project led by Stony Brook University (SBU) in collaboration with the Alan Alda Center for Communicating Science, several NWS forecast offices, and NWS operational centers held two workshops at SBU on effective forecast communication of probabilistic information for high-impact weather. Trainers in two 1.5-day workshops helped 15-20 forecasters learn to distill their messages, engage audiences, and more effectively communicate risk and uncertainty to decision makers, media, and the general public. The novel aspect of the first workshop focused on using improvisational techniques to connect with audiences along with exercises to improve communication skills using short, clear, conversational statements. The same forecasters participated in the second workshop, which focused on matching messages to intended audiences and stakeholder interaction. Using a recent high-impact weather event, representatives in emergency management, TV media, departments of transportation, and emergency services provided feedback on the forecaster oral presentations (2-3 minute) and a visual slide. This article describes our innovative workshop approach, illustrates some of the techniques used, and highlights participant feedback.

scholarly journals An Improved Approach to the Construct of Virtual Work Based On Estonian Service Sector Organisations

2011 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-22
Author(s):  
Kandela Õun ◽  
Gerda Mihhailova
Keyword(s):  
Service Sector ◽  
Virtual Work ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
The Novel ◽  
New Model ◽  
Empirical Results ◽  
Virtual Teamwork ◽  
User Friendly

The use of virtual teamwork is still a relatively new field for academic research and, even when researchedempirically, case study, interviewing or other small sample approaches are usually used. The aim of the paper is to present animproved construct of virtual work based on the Estonian service sector. The novel and theoretical contributions of the paperstem from presenting the improved approach in a new model that uses virtuality; a comparison is also made betweenvirtuality indices of easy and hard work. The empirical results presented in the paper are based on a sample of 781 respondentsfrom 93 service sector organisations. It was found that the improved index is linked to the initial index but differencesbetween respondent groups are clearer, and the improved index is much more user-friendly than the first virtuality index suggestedby the authors.

Information Value in Weed Management

1990 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
William J. Gillmeister ◽  
L. Joe Moffitt ◽  
Prasanta C. Bhowmik ◽  
P. Geoffrey Allen
Keyword(s):  
Decision Rule ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Economic Model ◽  
Treatment Decisions ◽  
Expected Value ◽  
Information Value ◽  
Economic Threshold ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Empirical Results ◽  
Herbicide Treatment

Use of the economic threshold to improve the efficiency of preemergent-herbicide treatment decisions is limited by a lack of weed information. An economic model for assessing the expected value of weed information needed to implement a threshold decision rule is developed. Empirical results suggest that early season weed information can have value in cabbage weed management in Massachusetts.

Regulatory Scope and Its Mental and Social Supports

2020 ◽  
pp. 174569162095069
Author(s):  
Yaacov Trope ◽  
Alison Ledgerwood ◽  
Nira Liberman ◽  
Kentaro Fujita
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Functioning ◽  
Social Supports ◽  
Construal Level Theory ◽  
Construal Level ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Empirical Results ◽  
Low Level ◽  
High Level ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Current Experience

Adaptive functioning requires the ability to both immerse oneself in the here and now as well as to move beyond current experience. We leverage and expand construal-level theory to understand how individuals and groups regulate thoughts, feelings, and behavior to address both proximal and distal ends. To connect to distant versus proximal events in a way that meaningfully informs and guides responses in the immediate here and now, people must expand versus contract their regulatory scope. We propose that humans have evolved a number of mental and social tools that enable the modulation of regulatory scope and address the epistemic, emotive, and executive demands of regulation. Critically, across these tools, it is possible to distinguish a hierarchy that varies in abstractness. Whereas low-level tools enable contractive scope, high-level tools enable expansion. We review empirical results that support these assertions and highlight the novel insights that a regulatory-scope framework provides for understanding diverse phenomena.

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