scholarly journals Visual features contribute differently to preferences for different item categories

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiran Oren ◽  
Tal Sela ◽  
Dino J. Levy ◽  
Tom Schonberg
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Measurement Methods ◽  
Visual Features ◽  
Snack Food ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Multiple Item ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Method Of Measurement ◽  
Item Types

AbstractLow-level visual features have been known to play a role in value-based decision-making. However, thus far, mainly single features were tested on one type of item using one method of measurement. Here, we test the contribution of low-level visual features on three items types: fractal-art images, faces, and snack food items. We test the role of visual features on preferences using both subjective ratings and choices. We show that low-level visual features contribute to value-based decision-making even after controlling for higher level configural features of faces like eye-distance and market features of snacks like calories. Importantly, we show that while low-level visual features consistently contribute to value-based decision-making, different features contribute to different types of items when using different measurement methods. Our study highlights the necessity of using multiple item types and multiple measurement methods to construct a unifying framework regarding the contribution of low-level features to value-based decision-making.

scholarly journals EMPIRICAL STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF SECONDARY OBJECT AND SPATIAL IMAGERY ON A LITERARY TEXT TRANSLATION

2021 ◽  
pp. 266-273
Author(s):  
Алексей Григорьевич Шипулин
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Empirical Study ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Literary Text ◽  
Mental Images ◽  
Spatial Imagery ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Moderate Negative Correlation

Статья посвящена исследованию влияния вторичных образов различного типа на перевод художественного текста. Результаты эксперимента подтверждают ведущую роль предметных образов для нахождения адекватных решений. Также показано наличие умеренной обратной корреляции между уровнем образного мышления в целом и количеством неадекватных трансформаций в переводе. Выявлено негативное влияние на результаты перевода низкого пространственного воображения. The article aims to investigate the influence of different types of secondary mental images on literary text translation. Our experimental data confirm a stone role of object imagery for finding adequate translation solutions, as well as suggest a moderate negative correlation between individual imagery scores and the number of inadequate translation solutions. A low level of spatial imagery may negatively affect the translator’s choices.

scholarly journals Feature-Specific Neural Reactivation during Episodic Memory

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael B. Bone ◽  
Fahad Ahmad ◽  
Bradley R. Buchsbaum
Keyword(s):  
Frontal Cortex ◽  
Visual Features ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Visual Hierarchy ◽  
Strict Interpretation ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
High Level ◽  
Hierarchical Representations

AbstractWhen recalling an experience of the past, many of the component features of the original episode may be, to a greater or lesser extent, reconstructed in the mind’s eye. There is strong evidence that the pattern of neural activity that occurred during an initial perceptual experience is recreated during episodic recall (neural reactivation), and that the degree of reactivation is correlated with the subjective vividness of the memory. However, while we know that reactivation occurs during episodic recall, we have lacked a way of precisely characterizing the contents—in terms of its featural constituents—of a reactivated memory. Here we present a novel approach, feature-specific informational connectivity (FSIC), that leverages hierarchical representations of image stimuli derived from a deep convolutional neural network to decode neural reactivation in fMRI data collected while participants performed an episodic recall task. We show that neural reactivation associated with low-level visual features (e.g. edges), high-level visual features (e.g. facial features), and semantic features (e.g. “terrier”) occur throughout the dorsal and ventral visual streams and extend into the frontal cortex. Moreover, we show that reactivation of both low- and high-level visual features correlate with the vividness of the memory, whereas only reactivation of low-level features correlates with recognition accuracy when the lure and target images are semantically similar. In addition to demonstrating the utility of FSIC for mapping feature-specific reactivation, these findings resolve the relative contributions of low- and high-level features to the vividness of visual memories, clarify the role of the frontal cortex during episodic recall, and challenge a strict interpretation the posterior-to-anterior visual hierarchy.

Democracy and the Transnational Dimensions of Low-Level Conflict and State Repression

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Roessler ◽  
Patrick Zwerschke ◽  
Jonathan Old
Keyword(s):  
Simple Model ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
The Other ◽  
State Repression ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Opposing Effects ◽  
Conflict Intensity

Abstract This paper examines the transnational dimensions of low-level conflict and state repression. In this regard, special emphasis is placed on the role of political regimes. Drawing on a simple model, we argue that democracy has opposing effects on conflict intensity. On one hand, democracy satisfies demand for political participation and thus reduces conflict potential, while, on the other hand, we highlight that domestic democracy may spur dissatisfaction and conflict abroad, which, in turn, may induce conflict spillovers. As a result, the net effect of democracy on low-level conflict and state repression is ambiguous and depends on the level of democracy in the neighborhood: We predict that democracy is more pacifying in democratic environments and may spur conflict in autocratic environments. By the symmetry of the model, we also predict that democratic environments are more pacifying for democratic countries and may spur conflict in autocracies. Empirical evidence using panel data on different types of low-level conflict and state repression for 160 countries in the period from 1950 to 2011 supports these hypotheses. Additionally, two case studies illustrate the mechanisms of our model.

Role of Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy and Risk of Career Options on Career Decision-Making of Chinese Graduates

2014 ◽  
Vol 114 (2) ◽  
pp. 625-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yinghua Ye
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Career Counseling ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Career Decisions ◽  
Career Decision ◽  
Career Decision Making ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Career Options ◽  
Different Levels

This study investigated the influence of Chinese graduates' career decision-making self-efficacy (CDMSE) and the moderating effect of career options on career decisions. Graduates (92 men, 119 women, 5 unreported gender; M age = 22.3 yr., SD = 1.2) from four different types of universities in Zhejiang Province participated in the study. CDMSE was measured with the CDMSE Scale for University Students, and participants rated their choices on 3 career options with different levels of risk. The results showed that participants were more likely to choose a high-risk option, and that career options moderated the relation between graduates' CDMSE and career decision. Graduate career counseling programs should encourage students to develop more reasonable career goals that match their skills.

scholarly journals Rapid detection of social interactions is the result of domain general attentional processes

PLoS ONE ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. e0258832
Author(s):  
Jonathan C. Flavell ◽  
Harriet Over ◽  
Tim Vestner ◽  
Richard Cook ◽  
Steven P. Tipper
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Visual Features ◽  
Search Performance ◽  
Attentional Processes ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Attention Orienting ◽  
Primary Mechanism ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Additional Role

Using visual search displays of interacting and non-interacting pairs, it has been demonstrated that detection of social interactions is facilitated. For example, two people facing each other are found faster than two people with their backs turned: an effect that may reflect social binding. However, recent work has shown the same effects with non-social arrow stimuli, where towards facing arrows are detected faster than away facing arrows. This latter work suggests a primary mechanism is an attention orienting process driven by basic low-level direction cues. However, evidence for lower level attentional processes does not preclude a potential additional role of higher-level social processes. Therefore, in this series of experiments we test this idea further by directly comparing basic visual features that orient attention with representations of socially interacting individuals. Results confirm the potency of orienting of attention via low-level visual features in the detection of interacting objects. In contrast, there is little evidence for the representation of social interactions influencing initial search performance.

scholarly journals The Role of Information in Assessing the Risk of Conducting Bankruptcy Proceedings

Risks ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 64
Author(s):  
Michał Baran ◽  
Kinga Bauer
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Wrong Decision ◽  
Managerial Decisions ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
The Right ◽  
Role Of Information

Modern management means making managerial decisions in many situations—including the administrative ordering of matters of a bankrupt enterprise. The situation in which the court approves the opening of bankruptcy proceedings is strictly regulated by law. This does not mean, however, that such a decision is made under conditions of certainty as to its consequences. The risk of making a wrong decision has significant consequences for everyone who is interested in it (the bankrupt company, its partners, employees, banks, the tax office). The purpose of this article is to explain the importance and significance of the various types of information that are used to reliably assess the value of a failing enterprise’s assets. The information of individual types is analyzed in the decision-making process which leads to the right decision on whether to start bankruptcy proceedings. Therefore, in the theoretical part, the authors prepare a list of types of information used in the mentioned process. Then the authors present the results of a survey (103 specialists in the field of bankruptcy), which allows to assess the real meaning of information of individual types. The main contribution for which the present paper is responsible is the description of the verified tool which functioned in the form of the survey that was applied in the study and the result arising from conducting it. This survey was used to achieve the main objective that was focused on constructing the hierarchy of significance of different types of information relating to the risk of conducting bankruptcy proceedings. The main findings show that in general insolvency specialists prioritize the information (financial and also not financial) not originating from financial reporting.

Effect of different types of noises on the formations of swarming systems: the sensing-noise and the acting-noise

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (23) ◽  
pp. 1450186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-Qiang Tian ◽  
Dan Gao ◽  
Ju-Feng Luo ◽  
Wei-Yi Zhang ◽  
Ying-Guan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Numerical Simulations ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Neighbor Distance ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Way

In this paper, different types of noises, the sensing-noise and the acting-noise, are brought into the extended adaptive Attractive/Repulsive (A/R) swarming models to explore the role of noise in swarming formations. The difference between these two extended A/R models consists in the way in which the noise is introduced. The sensing-noise is added to the inputs of the swarming system which results in the uncertainty of the sensed information for agents, and it affects the whole processes of the swarming system. The acting-noise is added to the outputs of the swarming system, which does not affect the information-sensing and decision-making processes of the system, but it directly affects the action of swarms. With numerical simulations and analyses, the results show that the convergence of the expected swarming formation and the cohesiveness of the swarms may be affected to various degrees and suffered from certain negative impact due to the interference of different noises. We conclude that both the convergence and the cohesiveness are much more sensitive to the sensing-noise, and the model with acting-noise will be robust compared with the model with sensing-noise. Meanwhile we point out that, in the model with the interference of sensing-noise, too strong noises will lead to erroneous judgments of A/R function for agents. The sensed neighbor distance may fall into the zone of attraction, the zone of repulsion, or it may even fall into the zone of Non-A/R area. The original definite A/R function which is determined by the definite neighbor distance will evolve into the indefinite A/R function which is determined by the indefinite sensed neighbor distance. Along with the increase of the probability of such misjudgments, the effect of the A/R model will be progressively weakened. However, such phenomenon does not exist in the A/R model with the interference of acting-noise, in which the strong acting-noise leads the agents move randomly and spread apart gradually.

scholarly journals GENERIC STRUCTURE POTENTIAL OF COURSE DESCRIPTION

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 83
Author(s):  
Ho Tuong Thanh ◽  
Nguyen Thi Minh Tam
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Purchase Decision ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Comprehensive Understanding ◽  
Generic Structure ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Major Emphasis

Generic Structure Potential (GSP), which is a “range of textual structures available within a genre” (Hasan, 1984, p. 79) was developed based on the need for a “generic structure” of a text to gain a comprehensive understanding of a genre (Halliday, 1978). Despite various research into different types of academic and promotional genres, there has been little attention given to the course description. This research seeks to unveil the GSP of course description and identify differences between formal course descriptions and online ones, analyzed based on a fourteen-element analytical framework. The findings revealed four more elements apart from those available in the original analytical framework. Most importantly, the course description was discovered to play the role of both informing and promotional, yet the former role is dominant. Regarding the difference between conventional and online descriptions, online ones were found to possess a higher number of promotional elements but still focus on informing students and promoting the course at the same time. The sequence of these elements seems to resemble the purchase decision-making process of customers significantly. On the contrary, the traditional description puts major emphasis on the informative purpose and shows negligence to the promotional aspects.

scholarly journals Physician Aid in Dying for Dementia: The Problem With the Early vs. Late Disease Stage Distinction

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Elisabeth Nicolini
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Functional Model ◽  
Disease Stage ◽  
Stage Disease ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Aid In Dying ◽  
Disease Stages ◽  
Late Disease Stage

Background: Physician aid in dying (PAD) based on dementia is a contentious, highly debated topic. Several countries are considering extending their existing laws to include requests in incompetent patients based on a previously written advance directive. Discussions about this issue often invoke a distinction based on disease stage. The Dutch practice uses this distinction in classifications of dementia PAD cases and in guidance for clinicians. This paper explores the problem with this distinction for assessments of persons at the margins of competence.The Problem: Dutch guidance for clinicians uses an early vs. late-stage disease distinction to refer to requests from competent and incompetent persons. However, the use of disease stages is problematic, both conceptually and empirically. Conceptually, because it goes against very functional model of competence that guidance recognizes. Empirically, because it creates problems for classifying and evaluating patients at the margins of competence.Possible Ways Forward: Classification of cases and guidance should be based on competence, not disease stage. This requires rethinking decision-making for patients with dementia. Several possibilities are described, ranging from redefining the scope and role of advance directives in this context to exploring different types of decision-making frameworks.

scholarly journals The Possibilities of GIS-technologies in Systematization of Information on Cultural Heritage (on the Example of Bryansk Region)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Григорий Лобанов ◽  
Grigoriy Lobanov ◽  
Руслан Прокопишин ◽  
Ruslan Prokopishin ◽  
Дарья Абадонова ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Thematic Layers ◽  
Gis Technologies ◽  
Heritage Site ◽  
Generalized Information ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Visualization Of Data

The article analyzes the experience of creating a database of spatial data (BPD) on the cultural heritage of the Bryansk region as a basis for decision-making support in the organization of the tourism and recreational industry in the region. Methodical and technological decisions for physical, conceptual and logical level of design are given, their scientific and methodical and normative legal bases are discussed. The structure and content of BPD – electronic maps, layers, spatial and attribute characteristics of objects are described. The generalized information about the method of filling thematic layers, problems of data collection, systematization, visualization is given. The role of different types of software in the collection, systematization and visualization of data on cultural heritage is discussed. The tasks that are solved or proposed to be solved on the basis of the BPD are considered: collection of information about the area surrounding the heritage site, sorting and grouping of data, scientific reference mapping. Directions of use of BPD in the solution of branch tasks and prospects of development as an information resource are shown.

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