scholarly journals Physician Aid in Dying for Dementia: The Problem With the Early vs. Late Disease Stage Distinction

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Elisabeth Nicolini
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Functional Model ◽  
Disease Stage ◽  
Stage Disease ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Aid In Dying ◽  
Disease Stages ◽  
Late Disease Stage

Background: Physician aid in dying (PAD) based on dementia is a contentious, highly debated topic. Several countries are considering extending their existing laws to include requests in incompetent patients based on a previously written advance directive. Discussions about this issue often invoke a distinction based on disease stage. The Dutch practice uses this distinction in classifications of dementia PAD cases and in guidance for clinicians. This paper explores the problem with this distinction for assessments of persons at the margins of competence.The Problem: Dutch guidance for clinicians uses an early vs. late-stage disease distinction to refer to requests from competent and incompetent persons. However, the use of disease stages is problematic, both conceptually and empirically. Conceptually, because it goes against very functional model of competence that guidance recognizes. Empirically, because it creates problems for classifying and evaluating patients at the margins of competence.Possible Ways Forward: Classification of cases and guidance should be based on competence, not disease stage. This requires rethinking decision-making for patients with dementia. Several possibilities are described, ranging from redefining the scope and role of advance directives in this context to exploring different types of decision-making frameworks.

Types of evidence used in Canadian provincial sport organisations

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurtis Pankow ◽  
Katherine A Tamminen ◽  
Martin Camiré ◽  
Dany J MacDonald ◽  
Leisha Strachan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
Analysis Procedure ◽  
Qualitative Description ◽  
Sport Science ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Sport Organisation

Different types of evidence can be used to inform organisational decision making. The purpose of this study was to identify types of evidence used in sport organisations. Data were collected via interviews with 60 Canadian Provincial Sport Organisation representatives from five provinces. A qualitative description approach was used and data were subjected to an inductive-to-deductive thematic analysis procedure, with the deductive component guided by a classification of evidence types. Results demonstrated that knowledge and information (reported by 38 participants) and ideas and interests (28 participants) were the most frequently reported evidence types, whereas research (12 participants), political (2 participants), and economic (12 participants) evidence types were least frequently reported. These findings suggest that sport science researchers could communicate in the form of, and through mediums dedicated to, knowledge and information and ideas and interests in order to reach sport organisations.

scholarly journals The digital ecosystem: The new politics of party organization in parliamentary democracies

2020 ◽  
pp. 135406882090766
Author(s):  
Katharine Dommett ◽  
Glenn Kefford ◽  
Sam Power
Keyword(s):  
Party Organization ◽  
Organizational Boundaries ◽  
Parliamentary Democracies ◽  
New Politics ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Digital Ecosystem ◽  
Different Types ◽  
External Actors

Since at least the 1980s, scholars have highlighted parties’ reliance on external actors, with Panebianco’s ‘electoral–professional’ party model spotlighting the increasing role of professionals in supporting party activities and campaigns. Over successive decades, our understanding of the role of external actors, and particularly consultants, has grown. As parties have begun to embrace digital tools and technologies, however, it has become apparent that our understanding of party organization does not reflect the array of actors who support party activities. In this article, we draw on extensive interview data from Australia and the United Kingdom to offer a new conceptual framework – that we call the ‘party-centred digital ecosystem’ – to highlight the functions that different types of external actor provide for parties. Introducing the classification of CLANS to describe these different actors, we discuss the significance of this trend, highlighting the potential for increasingly porous organizational boundaries as parties call on different types of external actor for support.

scholarly journals Qualitative Analysis of the Dynamics of a Two-Component Chiral Cosmological Model

Universe ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 195
Author(s):  
Viktor Zhuravlev ◽  
Sergey Chervon
Keyword(s):  
Asymptotic Behavior ◽  
Cosmological Model ◽  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
Critical Points ◽  
Scalar Fields ◽  
Two Component ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Asymptotic Dynamics

We present a qualitative analysis of chiral cosmological model (CCM) dynamics with two scalar fields in the spatially flat Friedman–Robertson–Walker Universe. The asymptotic behavior of chiral models is investigated based on the characteristics of the critical points of the selfinteraction potential and zeros of the metric components of the chiral space. The classification of critical points of CCMs is proposed. The role of zeros of the metric components of the chiral space in the asymptotic dynamics is analysed. It is shown that such zeros lead to new critical points of the corresponding dynamical systems. Examples of models with different types of zeros of metric components are represented.

Grain boundary structure intergranular fracture and the role of segregants as embrittling agents

1980 ◽  
Vol 295 (1413) ◽  
pp. 165-165 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Boundary ◽  
Intergranular Fracture ◽  
Boundary Region ◽  
Boundary Structure ◽  
Orientation Relation ◽  
Substantial Evidence ◽  
Grain Boundary Structure ◽  
Different Types

There is substantial evidence, from studies of annealed and crept aluminium, which indicates that once a dislocation has entered the boundary region between two grains it dissociates to form several grain boundary dislocations of Burgers vectors determined by the orientation relation between the grains. Subsequent behaviour depends on boundary structure, the dissociation products remaining bunched together in certain boundaries and moving apart in others, indicative of a friction type stress active in the boundary. A simple classification of the different types of boundary, where friction stresses were either high or low, into coincidence and non-coincidence boundaries, however, was not possible.

Sex differences in CSF biomarkers vary by Alzheimer disease stage and APOE ε4 genotype

Neurology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 95 (17) ◽  
pp. e2378-e2388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosha Babapour Mofrad ◽  
Betty M. Tijms ◽  
Philip Scheltens ◽  
Frederik Barkhof ◽  
Wiesje M. van der Flier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Alzheimer Disease ◽  
Clinical Disease ◽  
Disease Stage ◽  
Subjective Cognitive Decline ◽  
Csf Biomarkers ◽  
Β Amyloid ◽  
Disease Stages ◽  
T Tau

ObjectiveTo evaluate sex differences in CSF biomarkers, taking the potential modifying role of clinical disease stage and APOE ε4 genotype into account.MethodWe included participants (n = 1,801) with probable Alzheimer disease (AD) dementia (n = 937), mild cognitive impairment (MCI; n = 437), and subjective cognitive decline (SCD; n = 427). Main outcomes were CSF β-amyloid1–42 (Aβ42), total tau (t-Tau), and tau phosphorylated at threonine 181 (p-Tau) levels. Age-corrected 3-way interactions between sex, disease stage (i.e., syndrome diagnosis at baseline), and APOE ε4 were tested with linear regression analyses for each outcome measure. In case of significant interactions (p < 0.05), sex differences were further evaluated by stratifying analyses for clinical disease stage and APOE ε4 genotype, including age as a covariate.ResultsThree-way interactions were significant for t-Tau (p < 0.001) and p-Tau (p < 0.01) but not Aβ42. In APOE ε4 carriers, women showed higher p-Tau concentrations than men in SCD (Cohen d [95% confidence interval]: t-Tau = 0.52 [0.19–0.84], p < 0.001; p-Tau = 0.44 [0.11–0.77] p = 0.004) and MCI (Cohen d [95% CI]: t-Tau = 0.54 [0.28–0.80], p < 0.001; p-Tau = 0.52 [0.26–0.77], p < 0.001) but not in AD dementia. In APOE ε4 noncarriers, women showed higher p-Tau concentrations in MCI (Cohen d [95% CI]: t-Tau = 0.49 [0.17–0.80], p = 0.002; p-Tau = 0.47 [0.16–0.78], p = 0.003) and AD dementia (Cohen d [95% CI]: t-Tau = 0.42 [0.19–0.65], p < 0.001; p-Tau = 0.38 [0.15–0.61] p = 0.002) but not in SCD.ConclusionsWithin APOE ε4 carriers, sex differences in CSF p-Tau are more evident in early disease stages, whereas for APOE ε4 noncarriers, sex differences are more evident in advanced disease stages. These findings suggest that the effect of APOE ε4 on sex differences in CSF biomarkers depends on disease stage in AD.

scholarly journals Evaluation Methods for the Impacts of Shared Mobility: Classification and Critical Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
pp. 10504
Author(s):  
Anastasia Roukouni ◽  
Gonçalo Homem de Almeida Correia
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Shared Mobility ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Pros And Cons

In recent years, shared mobility services have had a growing presence in cities all over the world. Developing methodologies to measure and evaluate the impacts of shared mobility has therefore become of critical importance for city authorities. This paper conducts a thorough review of the different types of methods that can be used for this evaluation and suggests a classification of them. The pros and cons of each method are also discussed. The added value of the paper is twofold; first, we provide a systematic recording of the state of the art and the state of the practice regarding the evaluation of the impacts of shared mobility, from the perspective of city authorities, reflecting on their role, needs, and expectations. Second, by identifying the existing gaps in the literature, we highlight the specific needs for research and practice in this field that can help society figure out the role of urban shared mobility.

Role of Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy and Risk of Career Options on Career Decision-Making of Chinese Graduates

2014 ◽  
Vol 114 (2) ◽  
pp. 625-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yinghua Ye
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Career Counseling ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Career Decisions ◽  
Career Decision ◽  
Career Decision Making ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Career Options ◽  
Different Levels

This study investigated the influence of Chinese graduates' career decision-making self-efficacy (CDMSE) and the moderating effect of career options on career decisions. Graduates (92 men, 119 women, 5 unreported gender; M age = 22.3 yr., SD = 1.2) from four different types of universities in Zhejiang Province participated in the study. CDMSE was measured with the CDMSE Scale for University Students, and participants rated their choices on 3 career options with different levels of risk. The results showed that participants were more likely to choose a high-risk option, and that career options moderated the relation between graduates' CDMSE and career decision. Graduate career counseling programs should encourage students to develop more reasonable career goals that match their skills.

scholarly journals The culture of participation and participatory strategies in museum pedagogics

2020 ◽  
pp. 97-102
Keyword(s):  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Participatory Practices

The article covers the following issues: notions of „participation culture”, participatory museum, classification of participatory strategies. The author suggests examples from domestic and foreign participatory practices, conditions for successful implementation of participatory strategies and the role of volunteers in this process. The article deals with the peculiarities of organizing a participatory museum and the directions of its activities. The author draws attention to theoretical aspects of the problem and gives the most striking examples of the implementation of participatory strategies in various museums in Russia and abroad. The article contains different approaches to the classification of the participative strategies, the influence of different types of strategies on the museum’s activity with a visitor and its results is analyzed. The author also cites possible risks of the museum in organizing participatory activities.

scholarly journals A Functional Approach to Audio Description

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Iwona Mazur
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Functional Model ◽  
Translation Studies ◽  
Functional Approach ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Source Text ◽  
Audio Description ◽  
Text Types ◽  
Selection Of

The article discusses a functional approach to audio description (AD) and first proposes a classification of text types, followed by a model of source text (ST) analysis which encompasses three layers: the contextual, the macrotextual and the microtextual. The functional model helps identify the functional priorities in a given ST, which may then guide the audio describer’s decision-making process: the results of contextual and macrotextual analyses will assist the describer in the selection of the so-called macro strategy, while the microtextual analysis may help in making lower-level decisions called micro strategies. Although the model has been designed primarily for didactic purposes, its principles may also be useful for more experienced describers. Additionally, the model constitutes a theoretical conceptualisation of AD and attempts to better integrate AD within the field of translation studies.

PSYCHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF SOCIAL MEDIA USERS’ ACTIVITY

2019 ◽  
pp. 160-181
Author(s):  
O. P. Sosniuk ◽  
I. V. Оstapenko
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Psychological Characteristics ◽  
Active Participant ◽  
Media Impact ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Psychological Features ◽  
Civic Competence

The article deals with the analysis of psychological features of social media users’ activity. The authors discuss the main approaches to the classification of social media, clarify the definition of this concept. The article presents the analysis of the typologies of social media users. According to the results of the qualitative study, the authors identified eight types of social media users, (considering the specifics of their activity: 1) generator of creolized content; 2) initiator of the discussion; 3) active participant in the discussion; 4) spreader of the creolized content; 5) imitator; 6) conformist; 7) observer; 8) inactive user. The psychological characteristics of the activity of these types of users of social media are identified. It has been proved that there are some differences in the ratio of different types of users for the most popular social networks (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter) and messengers (Telegram, Viber). It is determined that the leading types of users are: for the Facebook – discussion initiator, active discussion participant, conformist; for the Instagram – generator of creolized content, spreader of the creolized content, and a follower; for the Twitter – generator of creolized content, spreader of the creolized content and a discussion initiator; for Telegram – discussion initiator, active discussion participant, spreader of the creolized content; for Viber messenger – initiator of discussions, active participant of discussions, conformist. The prospects for further research are outlined: verification of the typology of social media users in an expanded sample, specification of the psychological profile of different types of social media users, creation of technologies for development of personality’s media competence, identification of preconditions for constructive social media impact on users, exploration of the role of social media in the process of building a personality’s civic competence.

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