scholarly journals How to build a mycelium: tradeoffs in fungal architectural traits

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anika Lehmann ◽  
Weishuang Zheng ◽  
Katharina Soutschek ◽  
Matthias C. Rillig
Keyword(s):  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Fungal Mycelium ◽  
Model Species ◽  
Internodal Length ◽  
Developmental Patterns ◽  
Functional Complementarity ◽  
Fungal Biology ◽  
Hyphal Diameter ◽  
Architectural Traits

AbstractThe fungal mycelium represents the essence of the fungal lifestyle, and understanding how a mycelium is constructed is of fundamental importance in fungal biology and ecology. Previous studies have examined initial developmental patterns or focused on a few strains, often mutants of model species, and frequently grown under non-harmonized growth conditions; these factors currently collectively hamper systematic insights into rules of mycelium architecture. To address this, we here use a broader suite of fungi (31 species including members of the Ascomycota, Basidiomycota and Mucoromycotina), all isolated from the same soil, and test for ten architectural traits under standardized laboratory conditions.We find great variability in traits among the saprobic fungal species, and detect several clear tradeoffs in mycelial architecture, for example between internodal length and hyphal diameter. Within the constraints so identified, we document otherwise great versatility in mycelium architecture in this set of fungi, and there was no evidence of trait ‘syndromes’ as might be expected.Our results point to an important dimension of fungal properties with likely consequences for coexistence within local communities, as well as for functional complementarity (e.g. decomposition, soil aggregation).

scholarly journals Tradeoffs in hyphal traits determine mycelium architecture in saprobic fungi

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anika Lehmann ◽  
Weishuang Zheng ◽  
Katharina Soutschek ◽  
Julien Roy ◽  
Andrey M. Yurkov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Fungal Mycelium ◽  
Model Species ◽  
Internodal Length ◽  
Developmental Patterns ◽  
Saprobic Fungi ◽  
Functional Complementarity ◽  
Fungal Biology ◽  
Hyphal Diameter

Abstract The fungal mycelium represents the essence of the fungal lifestyle, and understanding how a mycelium is constructed is of fundamental importance in fungal biology and ecology. Previous studies have examined initial developmental patterns or focused on a few strains, often mutants of model species, and frequently grown under non-harmonized growth conditions; these factors currently collectively hamper systematic insights into rules of mycelium architecture. To address this, we here use a broader suite of fungi (31 species including members of the Ascomycota, Basidiomycota and Mucoromycota), all isolated from the same soil, and tested for ten architectural traits under standardized laboratory conditions. We find great variability in traits among the saprobic fungal species, and detect several clear tradeoffs in mycelial architecture, for example between internodal length and hyphal diameter. Within the constraints so identified, we document otherwise great versatility in mycelium architecture in this set of fungi, and there was no evidence of trait ‘syndromes’ as might be expected. Our results point to an important dimension of fungal properties with likely consequences for coexistence within local communities, as well as for functional complementarity (e.g. decomposition, soil aggregation).

scholarly journals Modeling of fungal mycelium growth by fourth-class continuous stochastic cellular automaton with continuously defined growth conditions

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 98-102
Author(s):  
Anatoliy Sergeevich Shumilov ◽  
Sergey Alexandrovich Blagodatsky
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Cellular Automaton ◽  
Colony Growth ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Fungal Mycelium ◽  
Mycelium Growth ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Area Unit ◽  
Fungal Colony

The aim of this work was to simulate the growth and spatial structure of the fungal mycelium using a cellular automaton based on the synthesis of various model approaches. The spatial structure of the mycelium is described in the structural submodel of the cellular automaton, which determines the growth rate in the direction of larger resource amount and the number of branches of the mycelium per area unit. The amount of available substrate determines the probability of unidirectional apical growth. Another, biochemical part of the model allows us to describe the rate of transport of resources into the cell, their transport within the mycelium, and also their excretion, and is intended to describe the vertical and horizontal migration in the soil of two nutrients. The proposed model makes it possible to quantitatively describe such a feature of fungal colony growth as more active absorption of resources by external cells, compared to central ones due to separation of transport resources into active and passive resources. The active transport was described using the Michaelis-Menten kinetics. We were able to simulate the stockpiling of surplus resources and their redistribution over the mycelium after the exhaustion of reserves in the external environment, and also to simulate typical growth patterns of mycelial colonies that were observed in experiments published in the literature.

scholarly journals Mycotoxins in Crude Building Materials from Water-Damaged Buildings

2000 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 1899-1904 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tapani Tuomi ◽  
Kari Reijula ◽  
Tom Johnsson ◽  
Kaisa Hemminki ◽  
Eeva-Liisa Hintikka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Aspergillus Versicolor ◽  
Chemical Analyses ◽  
Bulk Materials ◽  
Toxigenic Fungi ◽  
Three Samples

ABSTRACT We analyzed 79 bulk samples of moldy interior finishes from Finnish buildings with moisture problems for 17 mycotoxins, as well as for fungi that could be isolated using one medium and one set of growth conditions. We found the aflatoxin precursor, sterigmatocystin, in 24% of the samples and trichothecenes in 19% of the samples. Trichothecenes found included satratoxin G or H in five samples; diacetoxyscirpenol in five samples; and 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, deoxynivalenol, verrucarol, or T-2-tetraol in an additional five samples. Citrinine was found in three samples. Aspergillus versicolor was present in most sterigmatocystin-containing samples, and Stachybotrys spp. were present in the samples where satratoxins were found. In many cases, however, the presence of fungi thought to produce the mycotoxins was not correlated with the presence of the expected compounds. However, when mycotoxins were found, some toxigenic fungi usually were present, even if the species originally responsible for producing the mycotoxin was not isolated. We conclude that the identification and enumeration of fungal species present in bulk materials are important to verify the severity of mold damage but that chemical analyses are necessary if the goal is to establish the presence of mycotoxins in moldy materials.

scholarly journals Attach Me If You Can: Murine Norovirus Binds to Commensal Bacteria and Fungi

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 759 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasmine L. Madrigal ◽  
Sutonuka Bhar ◽  
Samantha Hackett ◽  
Haley Engelken ◽  
Ross Joseph ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Commensal Bacteria ◽  
Murine Norovirus ◽  
Human Norovirus ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Murine Noroviruses

The presence of commensal bacteria enhances both acute and persistent infection of murine noroviruses. For several enteric viral pathogens, mechanisms by which these bacteria enhance infection involve direct interactions between the virus and bacteria. While it has been demonstrated that human noroviruses bind to a variety of commensal bacteria, it is not known if this is also true for murine noroviruses. The goal of this study was to characterize interactions between murine noroviruses and commensal bacteria and determine the impact of bacterial growth conditions, incubation temperature and time, on murine norovirus attachment to microbes that comprise the mammalian microbiome. We show that murine noroviruses bind directly to commensal bacteria and show similar patterns of attachment as human norovirus VLPs examined under the same conditions. Furthermore, while binding levels are not impacted by the growth phase of the bacteria, they do change with time and incubation temperature. We also found that murine norovirus can bind to a commensal fungal species, Candida albicans.

scholarly journals Growth model for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (24) ◽  
pp. 773-784 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Schnepf ◽  
T Roose ◽  
P Schweiger
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Foraging Strategies ◽  
Fungal Mycelium ◽  
Hyphal Length ◽  
Solute Uptake ◽  
Acaulospora Laevis

In order to quantify the contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi to plant phosphorus nutrition, the development and extent of the external fungal mycelium and its nutrient uptake capacity are of particular importance. We develop and analyse a model of the growth of AM fungi associated with plant roots, suitable for describing mechanistically the effects of the fungi on solute uptake by plants. The model describes the development and distribution of the fungal mycelium in soil in terms of the creation and death of hyphae, tip–tip and tip–hypha anastomosis, and the nature of the root–fungus interface. It is calibrated and corroborated using published experimental data for hyphal length densities at different distances away from root surfaces. A good agreement between measured and simulated values was found for three fungal species with different morphologies: Scutellospora calospora (Nicol. & Gerd.) Walker & Sanders; Glomus sp.; and Acaulospora laevis Gerdemann & Trappe associated with Trifolium subterraneum L. The model and findings are expected to contribute to the quantification of the role of AM fungi in plant mineral nutrition and the interpretation of different foraging strategies among fungal species.

scholarly journals Bioremoval capacity of phenol by some selected endophytic fungi isolated from Hibiscus sabdariffa and batch biodegradation of phenol in paper and pulp effluents

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doaa Montaser Ahmed Khali ◽  
Mohamed Salah Massoud ◽  
Soad A El-Zayat ◽  
Magdi A El-Sayed
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Hibiscus Sabdariffa ◽  
Phenol Biodegradation ◽  
Paper And Pulp ◽  
Industrial Samples ◽  
Different Parts

Background and Objectives: The use of endophytic fungi for management of phenol residue in paper and pulp industries has been shown as cost-effective and eco-friendly approach. In this study, isolation of endophytic fungi from roots, stems, and leaves of Hibiscus sabdariffa was conducted. Additionally, the isolated fungi were examined for their ability to degrade phenol and its derivatives in paper and pulp industrial samples, using different growth conditions. Materials and Methods: Out of 35 isolated endophyitc fungi, 31 were examined for their phenol biodegradation capacity using Czapek Dox broth medium containing Catechol and Resorcinol as a sole carbon source at final concentrations of 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8%. Results: A total of 35 fungal species belonging to 18 fungal genera were isolated and identified from different parts of H. sabdariffa plants. All strains have the capability for degrading phenol and their derivatives with variable extents. The optimum condition of degrading phenol in paper and pulp effluent samples by Fusarium poae11r7 were at pH 3-5, temperature at 28-35°C, good agitation speed at no agitation and 100 rpm. Conclusion: All endophytic fungal species can utilize phenol and its derivatives as a carbon source and be the potential to degrade phenol in industrial contaminants.

scholarly journals Conserved Patterns in Developmental Processes and Phases, Rather than Genes, Unite the Highly Divergent Bilateria

Life ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 182
Author(s):  
Luca Ferretti ◽  
Andrea Krämer-Eis ◽  
Philipp H. Schiffer
Keyword(s):  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Model Species ◽  
Enrichment Method ◽  
Developmental Processes ◽  
Developmental Patterns ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Go Enrichment ◽  
Conserved Genes ◽  
Phylotypic Stage

Bilateria are the predominant clade of animals on Earth. Despite having evolved a wide variety of body plans and developmental modes, they are characterized by common morphological traits. By default, researchers have tried to link clade-specific genes to these traits, thus distinguishing bilaterians from non-bilaterians, by their gene content. Here we argue that it is rather biological processes that unite Bilateria and set them apart from their non-bilaterian sisters, with a less complex body morphology. To test this hypothesis, we compared proteomes of bilaterian and non-bilaterian species in an elaborate computational pipeline, aiming to search for a set of bilaterian-specific genes. Despite the limited confidence in their bilaterian specificity, we nevertheless detected Bilateria-specific functional and developmental patterns in the sub-set of genes conserved in distantly related Bilateria. Using a novel multi-species GO-enrichment method, we determined the functional repertoire of genes that are widely conserved among Bilateria. Analyzing expression profiles in three very distantly related model species—D. melanogaster, D. rerio and C. elegans—we find characteristic peaks at comparable stages of development and a delayed onset of expression in embryos. In particular, the expression of the conserved genes appears to peak at the phylotypic stage of different bilaterian phyla. In summary, our study illustrate how development connects distantly related Bilateria after millions of years of divergence, pointing to processes potentially separating them from non-bilaterians. We argue that evolutionary biologists should return from a purely gene-centric view of evolution and place more focus on analyzing and defining conserved developmental processes and periods.

scholarly journals Identification of Penicillium species by MALDI-TOF MS analysis of spores collected by dielectrophoresis

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A Reeve ◽  
Denise Bachmann ◽  
Thelma S Caine
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Translational Motion ◽  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Fungal Mycelium ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Ionization Mass ◽  
Penicillium Species ◽  
Triboelectric Effect

Abstract In matrix-assisted laser-desorption and ionization mass spectrometry, spectral differences are frequently observed using different growth media on agar plates and/or different growth times in culture, which add undesirable analytical variance. In this article, we explore an approach to the above problem based upon the rationale that, while protein expression in fungal mycelium may well vary under different growth conditions, this might not apply to the same extent in fungal spores. To this end, we have exploited the fact that while mycelium is generally anchored to the fungal-growth substrate, some fungi produce physically-isolated spores which, as such, are amenable to manipulation using dielectrophoresis (the translational motion of charged or uncharged matter caused by polarization effects in a non-uniform electrical field). Such fields can be conveniently generated through the charging of an insulator using the triboelectric effect (the transfer of charge between two objects through friction when they are rubbed together). In this study, polystyrene microbiological inoculating loops were used in combination with nylon-fabric rubbing to harvest fungal spores from five species from within the genus Penicillium, which were grown on agar plates containing two different media over an extended time course. In terms of average Bruker spectral-comparison scores, our method generated higher scores in 80% of cases tested and, in terms of average coefficients of variation, our method generated lower spectral variability in 93% of cases tested. Harvesting of spores using a rapid, inexpensive and simple dielectrophoretic method, therefore, facilitates improved fungal identification for the Penicillium species tested.

scholarly journals Lignin-degrading activity and ligninolytic enzymes of different white-rot fungi: effects of manganese and malonate

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamara Vares ◽  
Annele Hatakka
Keyword(s):  
Lignin Peroxidase ◽  
Manganese Peroxidase ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Ligninolytic Enzymes ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Trametes Hirsuta ◽  
Air Atmosphere ◽  
Trametes Trogii

Ten species of white-rot fungi, mainly belonging to the family Polyporaceae (Basidiomycotina), were studied in terms of their ability to degrade14C-ring labelled synthetic lignin and secrete ligninolytic enzymes in liquid cultures under varying growth conditions. Lignin mineralization by the fungi in an air atmosphere did not exceed 14% within 29 days. Different responses to the elevated Mn2+concentration and the addition of a manganese chelator (sodium malonate) were observed among various fungal species. This could be related with the utilization of either lignin peroxidase (LiP) or manganese peroxidase (MnP) for lignin depolymerization, i.e., some fungi apparently had an LiP-dominating ligninolytic system and others an MnP-dominating ligninolytic system. The LiP isoforms were purified from Trametes gibbosa and Trametes trogii. Isoelectric focusing of purified ligninolytic enzymes revealed the expression of numerous MnP isoforms in Trametes gibbosa, Trametes hirsuta, Trametes trogii, and Abortiporus biennis grown under a high (50-fold) Mn2+level (120 μM) with the addition of the chelator. In addition, two to three laccase isoforms were detected. Key words: white-rot fungi, lignin degradation, lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, manganese, malonate.

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