scholarly journals Do We See Scale?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Linton
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Motion Parallax ◽  
Angular Size ◽  
Absolute Distance ◽  
Familiar Size ◽  
Effective Distance ◽  
Distance Information ◽  
Vertical Disparity ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
The Cost

The visual system is supposed to extract distance information from the environment in order to scale the size and distance of objects in the visual scene. The purpose of this article is to challenge this account in three stages: First, I identify three shortcomings of the literature on vergence as our primary cue to near distances. Second, I present the results from two experiments that control for these shortcomings, but at the cost of eradicating vergence and accommodation as effective distance cues (average gain of y = 0.161x + 38.64). Third, I argue that if all our cues to distance are either (a) ineffective (vergence; accommodation; motion parallax), (b) merely relative (angular size; diplopia), or (c) merely cognitive (familiar size; vertical disparity), then the visual system does not appear to extract absolute distance information, and we should be open to the possibility that vision functions without scale.

scholarly journals Depth perception as a function of motion parallax and absolute-distance information.

1986 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mika E. Ono ◽  
Josée Rivest ◽  
Hiroshi Ono
Keyword(s):  
Depth Perception ◽  
Motion Parallax ◽  
Absolute Distance ◽  
Distance Information

scholarly journals Utilization of Local Plant as Fermented Feed and Supplements for Livestock in Sendang Village, Wonogiri District

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Yeni Farida ◽  
Heru Sasongko ◽  
. Sugiyarto
Keyword(s):  
Herbal Medicine ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Feed Cost ◽  
Fermented Feed ◽  
Local Plant ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Growth Of Animals

Raising livestock has been used as sidejob by farmers in Sendang because of availability of feed is problem, especially in the dry season. The utilization of local plant is expected to reduce the proportion of the cost for animal feed cost. In addition, supplementation of feed or herbal medicine is expected to accelerate the growth of animals to increase farmers' profits. This program aimed to provided solutions for feed endurance as well as provided knowledge to farmers about the use of medicinal plants to accelerate the growth of livestock. This program consists of three stages as followed: socialization and counseling, fermentation and herbal weightlifting ration formulation training and then evaluation. This program conducted for 45 days. The result was farmer awareness of local feed potency in Sendang village, increasing of farmer understanding about fermentation and supplement ration, ration formulation utilized directly by participant. To support the sustainability of the program, team created modules, supervised and coordinated with the head of the farmer group.

scholarly journals Isolation of thermo-tolerant and ethanol-tolerant yeast from local fermented foods and their potential as bioethanol producers

2021 ◽  
Vol 924 (1) ◽  
pp. 012077
Author(s):  
M Nurcholis ◽  
A Setiawan ◽  
J Kusnadi ◽  
J M Maligan
Keyword(s):  
High Temperatures ◽  
Fermented Food ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Fermented Foods ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Liquid Chemical ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Tolerance To Ethanol ◽  
Descriptive Method ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract Bioethanol is a liquid chemical produced from sugar-, starch-or lignocellulosic-based biomass through fermentation by ethanol-producing microbes. Ethanol-producing yeast generally has limited tolerance to ethanol and has limitation to high temperatures above 40°C. High-temperature tolerant yeast is required because it potentially reduces the risk of contamination and it also reduces the cost of the cooling process. This study aims to determine ethanol-producing yeasts that have tolerance to ethanol and high temperatures from local fermented food products. This study uses a descriptive method conducted in three stages. Isolation and selection of yeast were performed from 18 local fermented foods in Indonesia. Temperature and ethanol tolerance of selected yeast were performed by using a spot test method. The ethanol content was tested using Gas Chromatography (GC). The results exhibited that isolate F08b had the highest tolerance to ethanol and temperature. The isolate was able to grow up to a temperature of 50°C and a concentration of 18% ethanol. Meanwhile, isolate F10 was able to produce the highest ethanol concentration at 3.37% (v/v) in 48th-hour fermentation.

The Familiar-Size Cue to Depth under Reduced-Cue Viewing Conditions

Perception ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 23 (11) ◽  
pp. 1301-1312 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Predebon ◽  
Jacob Steven Woolley
Keyword(s):  
Motion Parallax ◽  
Verbal Report ◽  
Major Determinant ◽  
Relative Distance ◽  
Head Motion ◽  
Familiar Size ◽  
Verbal Reports ◽  
Direct Reports ◽  
Visual Conditions

The familiar-size cue to perceived depth was investigated in five experiments. The stimuli were stationary familiar objects viewed monocularly under otherwise completely darkened visual conditions. Perceived depth was measured directly with the method of verbal report and indirectly with the head-motion procedure. Although the familiar-size cue influenced verbal reports of the distances of the objects, it did not determine perceived depth as assessed with the head-motion procedure. These findings support the claim that familiar size is not a major determinant of perceived depth, and that cognitive or nonperceptual factors mediate the effects of familiar size on direct reports of depth and distance. Possible reasons for the failure of familiar size to influence the head-motion-derived measures of perceived depth are discussed with particular emphasis on the role of motion parallax in determining perceptions of depth and relative distance.

Intake, digestibility in vivo and nitrogen balance in sheep of pea-wheat bi-crop silages harvested at three stages of maturity

1999 ◽  
Vol 1999 ◽  
pp. 80-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.T. Adesogan ◽  
M.B. Salawu ◽  
M.D. Fraser ◽  
S.T. Evans ◽  
R. Fychan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
N Balance ◽  
Animal Performance ◽  
Fertilizer Nitrogen ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
The Cost

The production and utilization of complementary cereal/legume bi-crops as ruminant feeds is beneficial for several reasons. The nitrogen fixation by the legume reduces the amount of fertilizer nitrogen required by the cereal. The cereal in turn supports the legume, thereby preventing the lodging that typifies pure stands of mature forage peas. When bi-crops are fed, the legume and cereal components respectively provide relatively low cost protein and energy, which may be synchronously supplied to the animal. In Denmark, pea-barley bi-crops are reported to reduce the cost of feeding without reducing intake and animal performance (Kristensen, 1992). However, little is known about the intake potential and level of animal performance sustainable from such bi-crops when produced and fed under UK conditions. Therefore this study determined the intake, in vivo digestibility and nitrogen (N) balance in sheep of spring sown, peawheat bi-crop silages harvested at three stages of maturity.

scholarly journals Increasing the energy efficiency of an enterprise by point compensating of power quality distortions

2019 ◽  
Vol 140 ◽  
pp. 04010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Egor Zamyatin ◽  
Irina Voytyuk ◽  
Elena Zamyatina
Keyword(s):  
Power Quality ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Implementation Costs ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Pareto Method ◽  
Compensating Devices ◽  
Quality Of Electrical Energy ◽  
The Cost

The cost of any product includes the cost of electrical energy in its production. Enterprises use various methods to reduce the cost of electric energy. One of the most common methods is to reduce the loss of active power in the distribution network of an enterprise. This is achieved by compensating for distortions in the power quality of electrical energy using compensating devices. The method presented in the article offers point compensation of distortions in the power quality indicators of electric energy. Point connection of compensating devices allows their small number to be used. But, at the same time, a greater effect is achieved. The connection points of compensating devices are determined by the developed method. The method includes three stages: collecting data on consumers of electric energy at an enterprise and on the topology of the distribution electric network, analyzing the results obtained using the developed algorithm, and determining connection points using the Pareto method. Also, the developed method was compared with the classical ones according to the criterion of the ratio of implementation costs to the effect of its application.

Localization of a Time-Delayed, Monocular Virtual Object Superimposed on a Real Environment

2000 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey W. McCandless ◽  
Stephen R. Ellis ◽  
Bernard D. Adelstein
Keyword(s):  
Time Delay ◽  
Time Delays ◽  
Motion Parallax ◽  
Virtual Object ◽  
Distance Information ◽  
Object Position ◽  
Real Environment ◽  
Judgment Error ◽  
Projected Position ◽  
Apparent Stability

Observers adjusted a pointer to match the depicted distance of a monocular virtual object viewed in a see-through, had-mounted display. Distance information was available through motion parallax produced as the observers rocked side to side. The apparent stability of the virtual object was impaired by a time delay between the observers' head motions and the corresponding change in the object position on the display. Localizations were made for four time delays (31 ms, 64 ms, 131 ms, and 197 ms) and three depicted distances (75 cm, 95 cm, and 113 cm). The errors in localizations increased systematically with time delay and depicted distance. A model of the results shows that the judgment error and lateral projected position of the virtual object are each linearly related to time delay.

Vertical disparity, egocentric distance and stereoscopic depth constancy: a new interpretation

1989 ◽  
Vol 237 (1289) ◽  
pp. 445-469 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Striate Cortex ◽  
Stereoscopic Depth ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Threshold Values ◽  
Egocentric Distance ◽  
Distance Information ◽  
Independent Information ◽  
New Interpretation ◽  
Depth Constancy

There has long been a problem concerning the presence in the visual cortex of binocularly activated cells that are selective for vertical stimulus disparities because it is generally believed that only horizontal dis­parities contribute to stereoscopic depth perception. The accepted view is that stereoscopic depth estimates are only relative to the fixation point and that independent information from an extraretinal source is needed to scale for absolute or egocentric distance. Recently, however, theor­etical computations have shown that egocentric distance can be esti­mated directly from vertical disparities without recourse to extraretinal sources. There has been little impetus to follow up these computations with experimental observations, because the vertical disparities that normally occur between the images in the two eyes have always been regarded as being too small to be of significance for visual perception and because experiments have consistently shown that our conscious appre­ciation of egocentric distance is rather crude and unreliable. Neverthe­less, the veridicality of stereoscopic depth constancy indicates that accurate distance information is available to the visual system and that the information about egocentric distance and horizontal disparity are processed together so as to continually recalibrate the horizontal dis­parity values for different absolute distances. Computations show that the recalibration can be based directly on vertical disparities without the need for any intervening estimates of absolute distance. This may partly explain the relative crudity of our conscious appreciation of egocentric distance. From published data it has been possible to calculate the magnitude of the vertical disparities that the human visual system must be able to discriminate in order for depth constancy to have the observed level of veridicality. From published data on the induced effect it has also been possible to calculate the threshold values for the detection of vertical disparities by the visual system. These threshold values are smaller than those needed to provide for the recalibration of the horizontal disparities in the interests of veridical depth constancy. An outline is given of the known properties of the binocularly activated cells in the striate cortex that are able to discriminate and assess the vertical disparities. Experi­ments are proposed that should validate, or otherwise, the concepts put forward in this paper.

scholarly journals Does Vision Extract Absolute Distance from Vergence?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Linton
Keyword(s):  
Binocular Disparity ◽  
Motion Parallax ◽  
Absolute Distance ◽  
Angular Rotation ◽  
Visual Scale ◽  
First Time ◽  
Real Challenge

AbstractSince Kepler (1604) and Descartes (1638), ‘vergence’ (the angular rotation of the eyes) has been thought of as one of our most important absolute distance cues. But vergence has never been tested as an absolute distance cue divorced from obvious confounding cues such as binocular disparity. In this article we control for these confounding cues for the first time by gradually manipulating vergence, and find that observers fail to accurately judge distance from vergence. We consider a number of different interpretations of these results, and argue that the most principled response to these results is to question the general effectiveness of vergence as an absolute distance cue. Given other absolute distance cues (such as motion parallax and vertical disparities) are limited in application, this poses a real challenge to our contemporary understanding of visual scale.

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