scholarly journals Loss of leaf-out and flowering synchrony under global warming

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Constantin M. Zohner ◽  
Lidong Mo ◽  
Susanne S. Renner
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Phenological Stages ◽  
Flowering Synchrony ◽  
Climate Manipulation

AbstractThe temporal overlap of phenological stages, phenological synchrony, crucially influences ecosystem functioning. For flowering, among-individual synchrony influences gene flow. For leaf-out, it affects interactions with herbivores and competing plants. If individuals differ in their reaction to the ongoing change in global climate, this should affect population-level synchrony. Here, we use climate-manipulation experiments, Pan-European long-term (>15 years) observations, and common garden monitoring data on up to 72 woody and herbaceous species to study the effects of increasing temperatures on the extent of within-population leaf-out and flowering synchrony. Warmer temperatures reduce in situ leaf-out and flowering synchrony by up to 55%, and experiments on European beech provide a mechanism for how individual genetic differences may explain this finding. The rapid loss of reproductive and vegetative synchrony in European plants predicts changes in their gene flow and trophic interactions, but community-wide consequences remain largely unknown.

scholarly journals Global warming reduces leaf-out and flowering synchrony among individuals

eLife ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Constantin M Zohner ◽  
Lidong Mo ◽  
Susanne S Renner
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Editorial Note ◽  
Flowering Synchrony ◽  
Chilling Sensitivity ◽  
Climate Manipulation

The temporal overlap of phenological stages, phenological synchrony, crucially influences ecosystem functioning. For flowering, among-individual synchrony influences gene flow. For leaf-out, it affects interactions with herbivores and competing plants. If individuals differ in their reaction to the ongoing change in global climate, this should affect population-level synchrony. Here, we use climate-manipulation experiments, Pan-European long-term (>15 years) observations, and common garden monitoring data on up to 72 woody and herbaceous species to study the effects of increasing temperatures on the extent of leaf-out and flowering synchrony within populations. Warmer temperatures reduce in situ leaf-out and flowering synchrony by up to 55%, and experiments on European beech provide a mechanism for how individual differences in day-length and/or chilling sensitivity may explain this finding. The rapid loss of reproductive and vegetative synchrony in European plants predicts changes in their gene flow and trophic interactions, but community-wide consequences remain largely unknown.Editorial note: This article has been through an editorial process in which the authors decide how to respond to the issues raised during peer review. The Reviewing Editor's assessment is that all the issues have been addressed (<xref ref-type="decision-letter" rid="SA1">see decision letter</xref>).

Decade of permafrost thaw in a subarctic palsa mire alters carbon fluxes without affecting net carbon balance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Olid ◽  
Jonatan Klaminder ◽  
Sylvain Monteux ◽  
Margareta Johansson ◽  
Ellen Dorrepaal
Keyword(s):  
Global Climate ◽  
Net Ecosystem Production ◽  
Climate System ◽  
Winter Warming ◽  
Permafrost Thaw ◽  
C Storage ◽  
C Balance ◽  
Ecosystem Production

&lt;p&gt;Snow depth increases observed in some artic regions and its insulations effects have led to a winter-warming of permafrost-containing peatlands. Permafrost thaw and the temperature-dependent decomposition of previously frozen carbon (C) is currently considered as one of the most important feedbacks between the artic and the global climate system. However, the magnitude of this feedback remains uncertain because winter effects are rarely integrated and predicted from mechanisms active in both surface (young) and thawing deep (old) peat layers.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Laboratory incubation studies of permafrost soils, in situ carbon flux measurements in ecosystem-scale permafrost thaw experiments, or measurements made across naturally degrading permafrost gradients have been used to improve our knowledge about the net effects of winter-warming in permafrost C storage. The results from these studies, however, are biased by imprecision in long-term (decadal to millennial) effects due to the short time scale of the experiments. Gradient studies may show longer-term responses but suffer from uncertainties because measurements are usually taken during the summer, thus ignoring the long cold season. The need for robust estimates of the long-term effect of permafrost thaw on the net C balance, which integrates year-round C fluxes sets the basis of this study.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Here, we quantified the effects of long-term in situ permafrost thaw in the net C balance of a permafrost-containing peatland subjected to a 10-years snow manipulation experiment. In short, we used a peat age modelling approach to quantify the effect of winter-warming on net ecosystem production as well as on the underlying changes in surface C inputs and losses along the whole peat continuum. Contrary to our hypothesis, winter-warming did not affect the net ecosystem production regardless of the increased old C losses. This minimum overall effect is due to the strong reduction on the young C losses from the upper active layer associated to the new water saturated conditions and the decline in bryophytes. Our findings highlight the need to incorporate long-term year-round responses in C fluxes when estimating the net effect of winter-warming on permafrost C storage. We also demonstrate that thaw-induced changes in moisture conditions and plant communities are key factors to predicting future climate change feedbacks between the artic soil C pool and the global climate system.&lt;/p&gt;

Multidecadal Trends and Interannual Variability of Rainfall as Observed from Five Lowland Stations at Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 349-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Insa Otte ◽  
Florian Detsch ◽  
Ephraim Mwangomo ◽  
Andreas Hemp ◽  
Tim Appelhans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Cover Time ◽  
Term Trend ◽  
Positive Indian Ocean Dipole ◽  
Kilimanjaro Region ◽  
Long Term Trend

Abstract Future rainfall dynamics in the Kilimanjaro region will mainly be influenced by both global climate and local land-cover change. An increase in rainfall is expected, but rising temperatures are also predicted for the ecosystem. In situ rainfall of five stations is analyzed to determine seasonal variability and multidecadal trends in the lowlands and lower elevations of the Kilimanjaro region. Monthly rainfall totals are obtained from the Tanzanian Meteorological Agency, from two mission stations, and from a sugar cane plantation. The datasets of the two mission stations cover time spans of 64 and 62 years, starting in 1940 and 1942, while rainfall data obtained from the Tanzanian Meteorological Agency and from the sugar cane plantation start in 1973 and 1974 and thus cover 40–41 years. In one out of five stations, a significant weak negative linear long-term trend in rainfall is observable, which is also evident in the other locations but is not significant. However, humid and dry decades are evident and seasonality has changed, especially during the long rains between March and May. El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in combination with positive Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) leads to enhanced rainfall during the year of ENSO onset and the following year. During La Niña years, rainfall increases in the following year, while during the onset year rainfall patterns are more diverse. Positive IOD leads to enhanced rainfall amounts.

Assessing Performance of Leaf Area Index in a Monitored Mountain Ecosystem on Mount Elgon-Uganda

2019 ◽  
pp. 791-808
Author(s):  
Tonny Oyana ◽  
Ellen Kayendeke ◽  
Samuel Adu-Prah
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Temporal Differences ◽  
Mountain Ecosystem ◽  
Mount Elgon

This study investigated the performance of leaf area index (LAI) and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in a mountain ecosystem. The authors hypothesized that significant spatial and temporal differences exist in LAI and PAR values in the Manafwa catchment on Mt. Elgon. This was accomplished through field measurements of actual LAI and PAR values of diverse vegetation types along a ~900m altitudinal gradient (1141–2029 masl) in the catchment. In-situ measurements were obtained from 841 micro-scale study plots in 28 sampling plots using high resolution LAI sensors. The findings showed a significant positive relationship exists between elevation and observed LAI (r = 0.45, p = 0.01). A regression model further shows that elevation and curvature of the landscape slope were highly significant (p < 0.00002) predictors of LAI. Finally, the authors detected significant spatial and temporal differences in LAI and PAR values in the study area. The study provides a critical basis for setting up long-term monitoring plans to understand mountain ecosystems and global climate change.

scholarly journals Gene flow at the leading range edge: The long‐term consequences of isolation in European Beech ( Fagus sylvatica L. Kuhn)

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (12) ◽  
pp. 2787-2799 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Jennifer Sjölund ◽  
Patricia González‐Díaz ◽  
Jose J. Moreno‐Villena ◽  
Alistair S. Jump
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Fagus Sylvatica ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Range Edge ◽  
Fagus Sylvatica L ◽  
Long Term Consequences

scholarly journals The genetics of assisted gene flow: immediate costs and long-term benefits

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jared A. Grummer ◽  
Tom R. Booker ◽  
Remi Matthey-Doret ◽  
Pirmin Nietlisbach ◽  
Andréa T. Thomaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Gene Flow ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Physiological Adaptation ◽  
Outbreeding Depression ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Animal Populations

ABSTRACTPlant and animal populations are facing several novel risks such as human-mediated habitat fragmentation and climate change that threaten their long-term productivity and persistence. With the genetic health of many populations deteriorating due to climate change outpacing physiological adaptation, human interventions in the form of assisted gene flow (AGF) may provide genetic variation to adapt populations to predicted climate change scenarios and result in more robust and productive populations. We ran genetic simulations to mimic a variety of AGF scenarios and measured their outcomes on population-level fitness to answer the question: in which circumstances is it worthwhile to perform AGF? Based on the parameters we explored, AGF may be harmful in certain situations over the short term (e.g., the first ∼10-20 generations), due to outbreeding depression and introducing deleterious genetic variation. Moreover, under many parameter sets, the benefits of AGF were relatively weak or took many generations to accrue. In general, when the adaptive trait is controlled by many loci of small effect, the benefits of assisted gene flow take much longer to realize–potentially too long for most climate-related management decisions. We also show that when translocation effort is divided across several generations and outbreeding depression is strong, the recipient population experiences a smaller decrease in fitness as compared to moving all individuals in a single effort. Importantly, in most cases, we show that the genomic integrity of the recipient population remains relatively intact following AGF; the amount of genetic material from the donor population typically ends up constituting no more of the recipient population’s genome than the fraction introduced. Our results will be useful for conservation practitioners and silviculturists, for instance, aiming to intervene and adaptively manage so that populations maintain a robust genetic health and maintain productivity into the future given anthropogenic climate change.

Assessing Performance of Leaf Area Index in a Monitored Mountain Ecosystem on Mount Elgon-Uganda

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tonny Oyana ◽  
Ellen Kayendeke ◽  
Samuel Adu-Prah
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Temporal Differences ◽  
Mountain Ecosystem ◽  
Mount Elgon

This study investigated the performance of leaf area index (LAI) and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in a mountain ecosystem. The authors hypothesized that significant spatial and temporal differences exist in LAI and PAR values in the Manafwa catchment on Mt. Elgon. This was accomplished through field measurements of actual LAI and PAR values of diverse vegetation types along a ~900m altitudinal gradient (1141–2029 masl) in the catchment. In-situ measurements were obtained from 841 micro-scale study plots in 28 sampling plots using high resolution LAI sensors. The findings showed a significant positive relationship exists between elevation and observed LAI (r = 0.45, p = 0.01). A regression model further shows that elevation and curvature of the landscape slope were highly significant (p < 0.00002) predictors of LAI. Finally, the authors detected significant spatial and temporal differences in LAI and PAR values in the study area. The study provides a critical basis for setting up long-term monitoring plans to understand mountain ecosystems and global climate change.

Cores for concern: Peatland carbon dynamics in a changing climate; a multidisciplinary approach.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luke Andrews ◽  
James Rowson ◽  
Richard Payne ◽  
Simon Caporn ◽  
Nancy Dise ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Global Climate Models ◽  
Carbon Accumulation ◽  
Gas Fluxes ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Fluxes ◽  
Climate Manipulation

&lt;p&gt;The effects of 21&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; century climate change are projected to be most severe in the northern hemisphere, where the majority of peatlands are located. Peatlands represent important long-term terrestrial stores of carbon (C), containing an estimated c.600-1055GT C, despite covering only 3% of total land area globally. In addition, pristine peatlands act as net sinks of atmospheric CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, imparting a negative feedback mechanism cooling global climate, whilst simultaneously acting as sources of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;. Peatlands remain net sinks of C as long as the rate of carbon sequestration exceeds that of decomposition. Projected changes in temperature, precipitation and other environmental variables threaten to disrupt this precarious balance, however, and the future direction of carbon feedback mechanisms are poorly understood, due to the complex nature of the peatland carbon cycle.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Two methods are used in order to help understand future the carbon dynamics of peat bogs under climate change. These are experimental studies, which measure greenhouse gas fluxes under manipulated climatic and environmental conditions (warmer, drier), and palaeoecological studies, which examine the effects of past climate change upon carbon sequestration throughout the peat profile. However, both methods fundamentally contradict each other. Palaeoecological studies suggest that carbon accumulation increases during warming periods, whereas warming experiments observe greater carbon loss with increased temperature.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The aim of this project is to link contemporary experimental and palaeoecological approaches to explain this discrepancy. This will be achieved by comparing greenhouse gas fluxes between plots which have been subjected to 10 years of passive warming and drought simulation at an experimental climate manipulation site on Cors Fochno, Ceredigion, Wales. Long term rates of carbon accumulation will be compared with net ecosystem contemporary carbon budgets from each plot. Surface samples from each plot will be analysed by a range of palaeoenvironmental proxies to test how well the climate manipulations are represented by each proxy. Finally, a high-resolution multi-proxy palaeoenvironmental reconstruction spanning the past 1000 years will be compared with reconstructions derived from short-cores from each plot covering the duration of the experiment from each treatment, to see how faithfully climate manipulation mirrors real periods of climate change.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Understanding the future role of peatlands in future carbon sequestration and storage is of vital importance for modelling future climate change, in terms of both quantifying the potential ecosystem services peatlands may offer in mitigating the effects of climate change, as well as enhancing the predictive capabilities of global climate models. Currently, the uncertainty associated with peatland carbon cycling is such that peatlands are rarely included in global climate models.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals A long-term (2005–2016) dataset of hourly integrated land–atmosphere interaction observations on the Tibetan Plateau

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 2937-2957
Author(s):  
Yaoming Ma ◽  
Zeyong Hu ◽  
Zhipeng Xie ◽  
Weiqiang Ma ◽  
Binbin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
The Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Atmosphere Interaction

Abstract. The Tibetan Plateau (TP) plays a critical role in influencing regional and global climate, via both thermal and dynamical mechanisms. Meanwhile, as the largest high-elevation part of the cryosphere outside the polar regions, with vast areas of mountain glaciers, permafrost and seasonally frozen ground, the TP is characterized as an area sensitive to global climate change. However, meteorological stations are biased and sparsely distributed over the TP, owing to the harsh environmental conditions, high elevations, complex topography and heterogeneous surfaces. Moreover, due to the weak representation of the stations, atmospheric conditions and the local land–atmosphere coupled system over the TP as well as its effects on surrounding regions are poorly quantified. This paper presents a long-term (2005–2016) in situ observational dataset of hourly land–atmosphere interaction observations from an integrated high-elevation and cold-region observation network, composed of six field stations on the TP. These in situ observations contain both meteorological and micrometeorological measurements including gradient meteorology, surface radiation, eddy covariance (EC), soil temperature and soil water content profiles. Meteorological data were monitored by automatic weather stations (AWSs) or planetary boundary layer (PBL) observation systems. Multilayer soil temperature and moisture were recorded to capture vertical hydrothermal variations and the soil freeze–thaw process. In addition, an EC system consisting of an ultrasonic anemometer and an infrared gas analyzer was installed at each station to capture the high-frequency vertical exchanges of energy, momentum, water vapor and carbon dioxide within the atmospheric boundary layer. The release of these continuous and long-term datasets with hourly resolution represents a leap forward in scientific data sharing across the TP, and it has been partially used in the past to assist in understanding key land surface processes. This dataset is described here comprehensively for facilitating a broader multidisciplinary community by enabling the evaluation and development of existing or new remote sensing algorithms as well as geophysical models for climate research and forecasting. The whole datasets are freely available at the Science Data Bank (https://doi.org/10.11922/sciencedb.00103; Ma et al., 2020) and additionally at the National Tibetan Plateau Data Center (https://doi.org/10.11888/Meteoro.tpdc.270910, Ma 2020).

On Climate Change Risks of Long-Term Socio-Economic Development in Russia

2019 ◽  
pp. 79-95
Author(s):  
N.E. Terentiev
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Technological Innovation ◽  
Global Climate Change ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Climate Risk ◽  
Climate Change Risks ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
Management Policies

Based on the latest data, paper investigates the dynamics of global climate change and its impact on economic growth in the long-term. The notion of climate risk is considered. The main directions of climate risk management policies are analyzed aimed, first, at reducing anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions through technological innovation and structural economic shifts; secondly, at adaptation of population, territories and economic complexes to the irreparable effects of climate change. The problem of taking into account the phenomenon of climate change in the state economic policy is put in the context of the most urgent tasks of intensification of long-term socio-economic development and parrying strategic challenges to the development of Russia.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document