scholarly journals Global warming reduces leaf-out and flowering synchrony among individuals

eLife ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Constantin M Zohner ◽  
Lidong Mo ◽  
Susanne S Renner
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Editorial Note ◽  
Flowering Synchrony ◽  
Chilling Sensitivity ◽  
Climate Manipulation

The temporal overlap of phenological stages, phenological synchrony, crucially influences ecosystem functioning. For flowering, among-individual synchrony influences gene flow. For leaf-out, it affects interactions with herbivores and competing plants. If individuals differ in their reaction to the ongoing change in global climate, this should affect population-level synchrony. Here, we use climate-manipulation experiments, Pan-European long-term (>15 years) observations, and common garden monitoring data on up to 72 woody and herbaceous species to study the effects of increasing temperatures on the extent of leaf-out and flowering synchrony within populations. Warmer temperatures reduce in situ leaf-out and flowering synchrony by up to 55%, and experiments on European beech provide a mechanism for how individual differences in day-length and/or chilling sensitivity may explain this finding. The rapid loss of reproductive and vegetative synchrony in European plants predicts changes in their gene flow and trophic interactions, but community-wide consequences remain largely unknown.Editorial note: This article has been through an editorial process in which the authors decide how to respond to the issues raised during peer review. The Reviewing Editor's assessment is that all the issues have been addressed (<xref ref-type="decision-letter" rid="SA1">see decision letter</xref>).

scholarly journals Loss of leaf-out and flowering synchrony under global warming

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Constantin M. Zohner ◽  
Lidong Mo ◽  
Susanne S. Renner
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Phenological Stages ◽  
Flowering Synchrony ◽  
Climate Manipulation

AbstractThe temporal overlap of phenological stages, phenological synchrony, crucially influences ecosystem functioning. For flowering, among-individual synchrony influences gene flow. For leaf-out, it affects interactions with herbivores and competing plants. If individuals differ in their reaction to the ongoing change in global climate, this should affect population-level synchrony. Here, we use climate-manipulation experiments, Pan-European long-term (>15 years) observations, and common garden monitoring data on up to 72 woody and herbaceous species to study the effects of increasing temperatures on the extent of within-population leaf-out and flowering synchrony. Warmer temperatures reduce in situ leaf-out and flowering synchrony by up to 55%, and experiments on European beech provide a mechanism for how individual genetic differences may explain this finding. The rapid loss of reproductive and vegetative synchrony in European plants predicts changes in their gene flow and trophic interactions, but community-wide consequences remain largely unknown.

Systematics and evolution of Lentibulariaceae: III. Utricularia

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard W. Jobson ◽  
Paulo C. Baleeiro ◽  
Cástor Guisande
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Species Diversity ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Oceanic Islands ◽  
Vulnerable Species ◽  
Phylogenetic Studies ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic

Utricularia is a morphologically and ecologically diverse genus currently comprising more than 230 species divided into three subgenera—Polypompholyx, Utricularia, and Bivalvaria—and 35 sections. The genus is distributed worldwide except on the poles and most oceanic islands. The Neotropics has the highest species diversity, followed by Australia. Compared to its sister genera, Utricularia has undergone greater rates of speciation, which are linked to its extreme morphological flexibility that has resulted in the evolution of habitat-specific forms: terrestrial, rheophytic, aquatic, lithophytic, and epiphytic. Molecular phylogenetic studies have resolved relationships for 44% of the species across 80% of the sections. Scant data are available for phylogeography or population-level processes such as gene flow, hybridization, or pollination. Because nearly 90% of the species are endemics, data are urgently needed to determine how to protect vulnerable species and their habitats.

scholarly journals Genetic differentiation in seed stands of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in part of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Genetika ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 895-906
Author(s):  
Dalibor Ballian ◽  
Vasilije Isajev ◽  
Vanja Danicic ◽  
Branislav Cvjetkovic ◽  
Faruk Bogunic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Fagus Sylvatica ◽  
Biochemical Analysis ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Forest Trees ◽  
Individual Gene ◽  
Enzyme Systems ◽  
Fagus Sylvatica L ◽  
High Quality Seed

Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) is one of the most important forest trees in Bosnia and Herzegovina in both economic and environmental terms. The total area of forest in which beech is present is approx. 1,652,400 ha. There is a proportionate need to plant new forests and produce genetically high quality seed and saplings. Biochemical analysis of the genetic structure of eight populations of beech using ten enzyme systems from 16 isoenzyme gene loci revealed significant differences between the populations analyzed. Variance levels were high in some gene loci, while in some populations monomorphism was recorded only for individual gene loci. The average number of alleles per locus ranged from 2.1875 to 2.5625, and the average number of genotypes per locus varied from 2.6875 to 3.2500. The multilocus genetic diversity at the population level ranged from 63.276 to 162.001, and the genofund diversity varied from 1.2708 to 1.3416.The average differentiation value obtained for all populations was fairly low (Dj=5.81), indicating a percentage of overall variance of about 94.194%.

scholarly journals Intraspecific phenotypic variation in life history traits ofDaphnia galeatapopulations in response to fish kairomones

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e5746 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verena Tams ◽  
Jennifer Lüneburg ◽  
Laura Seddar ◽  
Jan-Phillip Detampel ◽  
Mathilde Cordellier
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Environmental Change ◽  
Phenotypic Variation ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Geometric Morphometric ◽  
Fish Kairomones ◽  
Geometric Morphometric Analysis ◽  
Clonal Lines

Phenotypic plasticity is the ability of a genotype to produce different phenotypes depending on the environment. It has an influence on the adaptive potential to environmental change and the capability to adapt locally. Adaptation to environmental change happens at the population level, thereby contributing to genotypic and phenotypic variation within a species. Predation is an important ecological factor structuring communities and maintaining species diversity. Prey developed different strategies to reduce their vulnerability to predators by changing their behaviour, their morphology or their life history. Predator-induced life history responses inDaphniahave been investigated for decades, but intra-and inter-population variability was rarely addressed explicitly. We addressed this issue by conducting a common garden experiment with 24 clonal lines of EuropeanDaphnia galeataoriginating from four populations, each represented by six clonal lines. We recorded life history traits in the absence and presence of fish kairomones. Additionally, we looked at the shape of experimental individuals by conducting a geometric morphometric analysis, thus assessing predator-induced morphometric changes. Our data revealed high intraspecific phenotypic variation within and between fourD. galeatapopulations, the potential to locally adapt to a vertebrate predator regime as well as an effect of the fish kairomones on morphology ofD. galeata.

scholarly journals High differentiation in functional traits but similar phenotypic plasticity in populations of a soil specialist along a climatic gradient

2020 ◽  
Vol 125 (6) ◽  
pp. 969-980 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Matesanz ◽  
Marina Ramos-Muñoz ◽  
Mario Blanco-Sánchez ◽  
Adrián Escudero
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Functional Traits ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Population Level ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Moisture Variation ◽  
Neutral Genetic Variation

Abstract Background and Aims Plants experiencing contrasting environmental conditions may accommodate such heterogeneity by expressing phenotypic plasticity, evolving local adaptation or a combination of both. We investigated patterns of genetic differentiation and plasticity in response to drought in populations of the gypsum specialist Lepidium subulatum. Methods We created an outdoor common garden with rain exclusion structures using 60 maternal progenies from four distinct populations that substantially differ in climatic conditions. We characterized fitness, life history and functional plasticity in response to two contrasting treatments that realistically reflect soil moisture variation in gypsum habitats. We also assessed neutral genetic variation and population structure using microsatellite markers. Key Results In response to water stress, plants from all populations flowered earlier, increased allocation to root tissues and advanced leaf senescence, consistent with a drought escape strategy. Remarkably, these probably adaptive responses were common to all populations, as shown by the lack of population × environment interaction for almost all functional traits. This generally common pattern of response was consistent with substantial neutral genetic variation and large differences in population trait means. However, such population-level trait variation was not related to climatic conditions at the sites of origin. Conclusions Our results show that, rather than ecotypes specialized to local climatic conditions, these populations are composed of highly plastic, general-purpose genotypes in relation to climatic heterogeneity. The strikingly similar patterns of plasticity among populations, despite substantial site of origin differences in climate, suggest past selection on a common norm of reaction due to similarly high levels of variation within sites. It is thus likely that plasticity will have a prevalent role in the response of this soil specialist to further environmental change.

Vulnerability of megapodes (Megapodiidae, Aves) to climate change and related threats

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 396-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
PAUL M. RADLEY ◽  
ROBERT A. DAVIS ◽  
RENÉ W.R.J. DEKKER ◽  
SHAUN W. MOLLOY ◽  
DAVID BLAKE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Gene Flow ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Genetic Connectivity ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Mean Annual Temperature ◽  
Climate Variables ◽  
Microbial Decomposition ◽  
Anthropogenic Habitat

SUMMARYAspects of species life histories may increase their susceptibility to climate change. Owing to their exclusive reliance on environmental sources of heat for incubation, megapodes may be especially vulnerable. We employed a trait-based vulnerability assessment to weigh their exposure to projected climate variables of increasing temperatures, fluctuating rainfall and sea level rise and their biological sensitivity and capacity to adapt. While all 21 species were predicted to experience at least a 2 °C increase in mean annual temperature, 12 to experience a moderate or greater fluctuation in rainfall and 16 to experience rising seas, the most vulnerable megapodes are intrinsically rare and range restricted. Species that employ microbial decomposition for incubation may have an adaptive advantage over those that do not and may be more resilient to climate change. The moderate microclimate necessary for mound incubation, however, may in some areas be threatened by anthropogenic habitat loss exacerbated by warmer and seasonally drier conditions. As with many avian species, little is known about the capacity of megapodes to adapt to a changing climate. We therefore recommend that future research efforts investigate megapode fecundity, gene flow and genetic connectivity at the population level to better determine their adaptive capacity.

scholarly journals Pollen-mediated gene flow ensures connectivity among spatially discrete sub-populations of Phalaenopsis pulcherrima, a tropical food-deceptive orchid

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhe Zhang ◽  
Stephan W. Gale ◽  
Ji-Hong Li ◽  
Gunter A. Fischer ◽  
Ming-Xun Ren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Gene Flow ◽  
Polynomial Regression ◽  
Genetic Erosion ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Hainan Island ◽  
Paternity Analysis ◽  
Genetic Structuring ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
High Genetic Diversity

Abstract Background Gene flow in plants via pollen and seeds is asymmetrical at different geographic scales. Orchid seeds are adapted to long-distance wind dispersal but pollinium transfer is often influenced by pollinator behavior. We combined field studies with an analysis of genetic diversity among 155 physically mapped adults and 1105 F1 seedlings to evaluate the relative contribution of pollen and seed dispersal to overall gene flow among three sub-populations of the food-deceptive orchid Phalaenopsis pulcherrima on Hainan Island, China. Results Phalaenopsis pulcherrima is self-sterile and predominantly outcrossing, resulting in high population-level genetic diversity, but plants are clumped and exhibit fine-scale genetic structuring. Even so, we detected low differentiation among sub-populations, with polynomial regression analysis suggesting gene flow via seed to be more restricted than that via pollen. Paternity analysis confirmed capsules of P. pulcherrima to each be sired by a single pollen donor, probably in part facilitated by post-pollination stigma obfuscation, with a mean pollen flow distance of 272.7 m. Despite limited sampling, we detected no loss of genetic diversity from one generation to the next. Conclusions Outcrossing mediated by deceptive pollination and self-sterility promote high genetic diversity in P. pulcherrima. Long-range pollinia transfer ensures connectivity among sub-populations, offsetting the risk of genetic erosion at local scales.

scholarly journals Populations Are Differentiated in Biological Rhythms without Explicit Elevational Clines in the Plant Mimulus laciniatus

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 452-464
Author(s):  
Päivi H. Leinonen ◽  
Matti J. Salmela ◽  
Kathleen Greenham ◽  
C. Robertson McClung ◽  
John H. Willis
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Circadian Clock ◽  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Population Differentiation ◽  
Plant Traits ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Circadian Period ◽  
Population Means ◽  
Seasonal Responses

Environmental variation along an elevational gradient can yield phenotypic differentiation resulting from varying selection pressures on plant traits related to seasonal responses. Thus, genetic clines can evolve in a suite of traits, including the circadian clock, that drives daily cycling in varied traits and that shares its genetic background with adaptation to seasonality. We used populations of annual Mimulus laciniatus from different elevations in the Sierra Nevada in California to explore among-population differentiation in the circadian clock, flowering responses to photoperiod, and phenological traits (days to cotyledon emergence, days to flowering, and days to seed ripening) in controlled common-garden conditions. Further, we examined correlations of these traits with environmental variables related to temperature and precipitation. We observed that the circadian period in leaf movement was differentiated among populations sampled within about 100 km, with population means varying by 1.6 h. Significant local genetic variation occurred within 2 populations in which circadian period among families varied by up to 1.8 h. Replicated treatments with variable ecologically relevant photoperiods revealed marked population differentiation in critical day length for flowering that ranged from 11.0 to 14.1 h, corresponding to the time period between late February and mid-May in the wild. Flowering time varied among populations in a 14-h photoperiod. Regardless of this substantial population-level diversity, obvious linear clinality in trait variability across elevations could not be determined based on our genotypic sample; it is possible that more complex spatial patterns of variation arise in complex terrains such as those in the Sierra Nevada. Moreover, we did not find statistically significant bivariate correlations between population means of different traits. Our research contributes to the understanding of genetic variation in the circadian clock and in seasonal responses in natural populations, highlighting the need for more comprehensive investigations on the association between the clock and other adaptive traits in plants.

Effect of water availability and genetic diversity on flowering phenology, synchrony and reproductive investment in summer squash

2012 ◽  
Vol 151 (6) ◽  
pp. 775-786 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. G. CAMPBELL ◽  
J. LUO ◽  
K. L. MERCER
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Flowering Synchrony ◽  
Female Function ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Female Flowers

SUMMARYCurrent agricultural practices rely on crops with developmental phenologies adapted to local climate, photoperiods and soils; however, global climate change will alter some abiotic factors (e.g. temperature and precipitation). Previously adapted varieties may be poorly prepared for these changing conditions, if such conditions induce mismatched phenologies. Crops that depend on cross-pollination and synchronous flowering may be most susceptible, e.g. monoecious plants have separate male and female flowers, and changes in flowering synchrony may alter yield. Using genetically diverse (open-pollinated (OP)) and genetically homogeneous (hybrid) varieties of a monoecious crop, courgette, also known as zuchinni (Cucurbita pepo), phenological responses to experimentally manipulated moisture conditions were explored in an agricultural context. Under drier and wetter conditions, the hybrid courgette plants shifted towards a male-biased floral sex ratio due to the reduced production of female flowers. However, flowering synchrony and fruit production were unaffected by moisture treatment in both varieties. The hybrid and OP varieties differed in many traits related to floral sex ratios, phenology, synchrony and fruit production. Further, the OP variety displayed more phenotypic variation than the hybrid in many traits. Being in a population context rather than relying on self-pollination increased the availability of potential mates for a given female flower in both the hybrid and, particularly, the OP variety. Thus, the increased genetic diversity found in OP v. hybrid varieties may buffer the possible environmental effects on flowering synchrony within a cropping context. Finally, the likelihood of female flowers setting fruit increased with the number of male flowers within a population, and the rate of increase was higher in the hybrid variety. In summary, climate change is predicted to reduce investment in female function in some monoecious crops and genetically diverse varieties may play an important role in maintaining reproductive synchrony in altered environments.

Influence of soil temperature on growth traits of European beech seedlings

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 246-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ines Štraus ◽  
Tanja Mrak ◽  
Mitja Ferlan ◽  
Peter Železnik ◽  
Hojka Kraigher
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Specific Root Length ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
One Year

European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) is an economically and ecologically important forest tree species in Europe. Expected future temperature increases due to global climate change may significantly affect growth of beech trees and consequently influence carbon cycling in beech forests. We tested the hypothesis that soil temperature influences the growth of both belowground and aboveground parts of beech seedlings. One-year-old seedlings were transferred into rhizotrons and subjected to two different soil temperatures for 2 years while the soil moisture level was kept constant. The main effect of the soil temperature was a changed biomass of the woody part of the seedlings. Soil temperature significantly influenced the biomass of shoots and roots and diameter of the stem, which were the highest for the seedlings grown in conditions of soil temperatures maintained in the range of summer soil temperatures from the site of origin of the seedlings. Increased soil temperature also resulted in increased specific root length and specific root tip density. Root-to-shoot ratio and leaf parameters (leaf mass, number of leaves, and specific leaf area), except for leaf area ratio, were not influenced by soil temperature.

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